Skip to main content
Biochemical Journal logoLink to Biochemical Journal
. 1998 Mar 1;330(Pt 2):951–958. doi: 10.1042/bj3300951

The NADP+-linked glutamate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi: sequence, genomic organization and expression.

P Barderi 1, O Campetella 1, A C Frasch 1, J A Santomé 1, U Hellman 1, U Pettersson 1, J J Cazzulo 1
PMCID: PMC1219230  PMID: 9480915

Abstract

NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (NADP+-GluDH, EC 1.4.1.4) has been purified to homogeneity from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi by an improved procedure, and the amino acid sequences of 11 internal peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin, endopeptidase Lys-C, endopeptidase Arg-C or CNBr have been obtained. Using oligonucleotide primers synthesized according to the amino acid sequence of the N-terminus of the mature enzyme and to the nucleotide sequence of a clone corresponding to the C-terminus, obtained by immunological screening of an expression library, two complete open reading frames (TcGluDH1 and TcGluDH2) were isolated and sequenced. The sequences obtained are most similar to that of the NADP+-GluDH of Escherichia coli (70-72% identity), and less similar (50-56%) to those of lower eukaryotes. Using TcGluDH1 as a probe, evidence for the presence of several genes and developmental regulation of the expression of NADP+-GluDH in different parasite stages was obtained. TcGluDH1 encodes an enzymically active protein, since its expression in E. coli resulted in the production of a GluDH activity with kinetic parameters similar to those of the natural enzyme.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (501.6 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Andrews N. W., Colli W. Adhesion and interiorization of Trypanosoma cruzi in mammalian cells. J Protozool. 1982 May;29(2):264–269. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1982.tb04024.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bansal A., Dayton M. A., Zalkin H., Colman R. F. Affinity labeling of a glutamyl peptide in the coenzyme binding site of NADP+-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Salmonella typhimurium by 2-[(4-bromo-2,3-dioxobutyl)thio]-1,N6-ethenoadenosine 2',5'-bisphosphate. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jun 15;264(17):9827–9835. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Benachenhou-Lahfa N., Labedan B., Forterre P. PCR-mediated cloning and sequencing of the gene encoding glutamate dehydrogenase from the archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae: identification of putative amino-acid signatures for extremophilic adaptation. Gene. 1994 Mar 11;140(1):17–24. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90725-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Benachenhou N., Baldacci G. The gene for a halophilic glutamate dehydrogenase: sequence, transcription analysis and phylogenetic implications. Mol Gen Genet. 1991 Dec;230(3):345–352. doi: 10.1007/BF00280290. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bontempi E. J., Búa J., Aslund L., Porcel B., Segura E. L., Henriksson J., Orn A., Pettersson U., Ruiz A. M. Isolation and characterization of a gene from Trypanosoma cruzi encoding a 46-kilodalton protein with homology to human and rat tyrosine aminotransferase. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1993 Jun;59(2):253–262. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(93)90223-k. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bradford M. M. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976 May 7;72:248–254. doi: 10.1006/abio.1976.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Börmann E. R., Eikmanns B. J., Sahm H. Molecular analysis of the Corynebacterium glutamicum gdh gene encoding glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol Microbiol. 1992 Feb;6(3):317–326. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01474.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Campetella O., Henriksson J., Aslund L., Frasch A. C., Pettersson U., Cazzulo J. J. The major cysteine proteinase (cruzipain) from Trypanosoma cruzi is encoded by multiple polymorphic tandemly organized genes located on different chromosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1992 Feb;50(2):225–234. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(92)90219-a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Campetella O., Martínez J., Cazzulo J. J. A major cysteine proteinase is developmentally regulated in Trypanosoma cruzi. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1990 Jan 15;55(1-2):145–149. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(90)90184-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Carneiro V. T., Caldas R. A. Regulatory studies of L-glutamate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1983;75(1):61–64. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(83)90040-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Cazzulo J. J., Couso R., Raimondi A., Wernstedt C., Hellman U. Further characterization and partial amino acid sequence of a cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1989 Feb;33(1):33–41. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90039-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Cazzulo J. J., Franke de Cazzulo B. M., Engel J. C., Cannata J. J. End products and enzyme levels of aerobic glucose fermentation in trypanosomatids. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1985 Sep;16(3):329–343. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(85)90074-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Cazzulo J. J., Juan S. M., Segura E. L. Glutamate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase in Trypanosoma cruzi. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1977;56(3):301–303. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(77)90020-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cazzulo J. J. Protein and amino acid catabolism in Trypanosoma cruzi. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1984;79(3):309–320. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90381-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cazzulo J. J., de Cazzulo B. M., Higa A. I., Segura E. L. NAD-linked glutamate dehydrogenase in Trypanosoma cruzi. Comp Biochem Physiol B. 1979;64(1):129–131. doi: 10.1016/0305-0491(79)90197-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Chomczynski P., Sacchi N. Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction. Anal Biochem. 1987 Apr;162(1):156–159. doi: 10.1006/abio.1987.9999. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chávez S., Reyes J. C., Chauvat F., Florencio F. J., Candau P. The NADP-glutamate dehydrogenase of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803: cloning, transcriptional analysis and disruption of the gdhA gene. Plant Mol Biol. 1995 Apr;28(1):173–188. doi: 10.1007/BF00042048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Cock J. M., Kim K. D., Miller P. W., Hutson R. G., Schmidt R. R. A nuclear gene with many introns encoding ammonium-inducible chloroplastic NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase(s) in Chlorella sorokiniana. Plant Mol Biol. 1991 Nov;17(5):1023–1044. doi: 10.1007/BF00037142. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. De Zoysa P. A., Connerton I. F., Watson D. C., Johnston J. R. Cloning, sequencing and expression of the Schwanniomyces occidentalis NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene. Curr Genet. 1991 Aug;20(3):219–224. doi: 10.1007/BF00326236. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Duschak V. G., Cazzulo J. J. Subcellular localization of glutamate dehydrogenases and alanine aminotransferase in epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1991 Oct 1;67(2):131–135. doi: 10.1016/0378-1097(91)90343-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Fleischmann R. D., Adams M. D., White O., Clayton R. A., Kirkness E. F., Kerlavage A. R., Bult C. J., Tomb J. F., Dougherty B. A., Merrick J. M. Whole-genome random sequencing and assembly of Haemophilus influenzae Rd. Science. 1995 Jul 28;269(5223):496–512. doi: 10.1126/science.7542800. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Gillin F. D., Reiner D. S., McCaffery J. M. Cell biology of the primitive eukaryote Giardia lamblia. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1996;50:679–705. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.679. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hawkins A. R., Gurr S. J., Montague P., Kinghorn J. R. Nucleotide sequence and regulation of expression of the Aspergillus nidulans gdhA gene encoding NADP dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol Gen Genet. 1989 Jul;218(1):105–111. doi: 10.1007/BF00330572. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hein J. Unified approach to alignment and phylogenies. Methods Enzymol. 1990;183:626–645. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)83041-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Henriksson J., Aslund L., Macina R. A., Franke de Cazzulo B. M., Cazzulo J. J., Frasch A. C., Pettersson U. Chromosomal localization of seven cloned antigen genes provides evidence of diploidy and further demonstration of karyotype variability in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1990 Sep-Oct;42(2):213–223. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(90)90164-h. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Henriksson J., Porcel B., Rydåker M., Ruiz A., Sabaj V., Galanti N., Cazzulo J. J., Frasch A. C., Pettersson U. Chromosome specific markers reveal conserved linkage groups in spite of extensive chromosomal size variation in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1995 Jul;73(1-2):63–74. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)00096-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Ibañez C. F., Affranchino J. L., Frasch A. C. Antigenic determinants of Trypanosoma cruzi defined by cloning of parasite DNA. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1987 Sep;25(2):175–184. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(87)90006-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Juan S. M., Segura E. L., Cazzulo J. J. Purification and some properties of the NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Int J Biochem. 1978;9(6):395–400. doi: 10.1016/0020-711x(78)90052-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Kinnaird J. H., Fincham J. R. The complete nucleotide sequence of the Neurospora crassa am (NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase) gene. Gene. 1983 Dec;26(2-3):253–260. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90195-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Laemmli U. K. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970 Aug 15;227(5259):680–685. doi: 10.1038/227680a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Martinez J., Campetella O., Frasch A. C., Cazzulo J. J. The major cysteine proteinase (cruzipain) from Trypanosoma cruzi is antigenic in human infections. Infect Immun. 1991 Nov;59(11):4275–4277. doi: 10.1128/iai.59.11.4275-4277.1991. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. McCarthy-Burke C., Taylor Z. A., Buck G. A. Characterization of the spliced leader genes and transcripts in Trypanosoma cruzi. Gene. 1989 Oct 15;82(1):177–189. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(89)90043-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Nagasu T., Hall B. D. Nucleotide sequence of the GDH gene coding for the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene. 1985;37(1-3):247–253. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(85)90279-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Renlund S., Klintrot I. M., Nunn M., Schrimsher J. L., Wernstedt C., Hellman U. Peptide mapping on HIV polypeptides expressed in Escherichia coli. Quality control of different batches and identification of tryptic fragments containing residues of aromatic amino acids or cysteine. J Chromatogr. 1990 Jul 20;512:325–335. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)89499-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Sanger F., Nicklen S., Coulson A. R. DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1977 Dec;74(12):5463–5467. doi: 10.1073/pnas.74.12.5463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Schaap P. J., Müller Y., Baars J. J., Op den Camp H. J., Sonnenberg A. S., van Griensven L. J., Visser J. Nucleotide sequence and expression of the gene encoding NADP+- dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA) from Agaricus bisporus. Mol Gen Genet. 1996 Feb 25;250(3):339–347. doi: 10.1007/BF02174392. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Souto-Padrón T., Campetella O. E., Cazzulo J. J., de Souza W. Cysteine proteinase in Trypanosoma cruzi: immunocytochemical localization and involvement in parasite-host cell interaction. J Cell Sci. 1990 Jul;96(Pt 3):485–490. doi: 10.1242/jcs.96.3.485. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Studier F. W., Rosenberg A. H., Dunn J. J., Dubendorff J. W. Use of T7 RNA polymerase to direct expression of cloned genes. Methods Enzymol. 1990;185:60–89. doi: 10.1016/0076-6879(90)85008-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Tomás A. M., Kelly J. M. Stage-regulated expression of cruzipain, the major cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi is independent of the level of RNA1. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996 Feb-Mar;76(1-2):91–103. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(95)02545-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Urbina J. A., Azavache V. Regulation of energy metabolism in Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi epimastigotes. II. NAD+-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1984 Apr;11:241–255. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(84)90069-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Valle F., Becerril B., Chen E., Seeburg P., Heyneker H., Bolivar F. Complete nucleotide sequence of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene from Escherichia coli K-12. Gene. 1984 Feb;27(2):193–199. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(84)90140-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Walter R. D., Ebert F. Evidence for NADH- and NADPH-linked glutamate dehydrogenases in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes. J Protozool. 1979 Nov;26(4):653–656. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1979.tb04214.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Yee J., Dennis P. P. Isolation and characterization of a NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase gene from the primitive eucaryote Giardia lamblia. J Biol Chem. 1992 Apr 15;267(11):7539–7544. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Zelada C., Montemartini M., Cazzulo J. J., Nowicki C. Purification and partial structural and kinetic characterization of an alanine aminotransferase from epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 1996 Aug;79(2):225–228. doi: 10.1016/0166-6851(96)02652-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Biochemical Journal are provided here courtesy of The Biochemical Society

RESOURCES