Abstract
Ras-like small GTP-binding proteins of the Rab family regulate trafficking of the secretory or endocytic pathways. Rab3 proteins within the Rab family are expressed at high levels in neurons and endocrine cells, where they regulate release of dense-core granules and synaptic vesicles (SVs). Rab3A is present as either the soluble or the SV membrane-bound form in neurons that are dependent on the GDP- or GTP-bound states respectively. GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) is known to induce the dissociation of Rab3A from synaptic membranes when GTP is depleted. In an earlier study, Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM) was also shown to dissociate Rab3A from synaptic membranes by forming an equimolar complex with Rab3A in vitro. We have examined a possible role for Ca(2+)/CaM in modulating both the binding of guanine nucleotides to Rab3A and the GTPase activity of Rab3A. The basal level of Rab3A GTPase activity was not affected by an association with Ca(2+)/CaM. Ca(2+)/CaM-Rab3A complex that was formed in synaptic membranes was able to bind guanine nucleotides, whereas the Rab3A-GDI complex could not. In addition, Ca(2+)/CaM led to the replacement of the GDP molecule in the Rab3A-GDI complex with GTP in Rab3A. Taken together, these results suggest that CaM may have a role in stimulating GTP binding to Rab3A that is complexed with GDI, which leads to the formation of an active GTP-bound form of the Rab3A-Ca(2+)/CaM complex.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (249.8 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aramburu J., Rao A., Klee C. B. Calcineurin: from structure to function. Curr Top Cell Regul. 2000;36:237–295. doi: 10.1016/s0070-2137(01)80011-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bar-Sagi D., Hall A. Ras and Rho GTPases: a family reunion. Cell. 2000 Oct 13;103(2):227–238. doi: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00115-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bauerfeind R., Galli T., De Camilli P. Molecular mechanisms in synaptic vesicle recycling. J Neurocytol. 1996 Dec;25(12):701–715. doi: 10.1007/BF02284836. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Brose N., Petrenko A. G., Südhof T. C., Jahn R. Synaptotagmin: a calcium sensor on the synaptic vesicle surface. Science. 1992 May 15;256(5059):1021–1025. doi: 10.1126/science.1589771. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chou J. H., Jahn R. Binding of Rab3A to synaptic vesicles. J Biol Chem. 2000 Mar 31;275(13):9433–9440. doi: 10.1074/jbc.275.13.9433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coppola T., Perret-Menoud V., Lüthi S., Farnsworth C. C., Glomset J. A., Regazzi R. Disruption of Rab3-calmodulin interaction, but not other effector interactions, prevents Rab3 inhibition of exocytosis. EMBO J. 1999 Nov 1;18(21):5885–5891. doi: 10.1093/emboj/18.21.5885. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Farnsworth C. C., Kawata M., Yoshida Y., Takai Y., Gelb M. H., Glomset J. A. C terminus of the small GTP-binding protein smg p25A contains two geranylgeranylated cysteine residues and a methyl ester. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1991 Jul 15;88(14):6196–6200. doi: 10.1073/pnas.88.14.6196. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fischer von Mollard G., Südhof T. C., Jahn R. A small GTP-binding protein dissociates from synaptic vesicles during exocytosis. Nature. 1991 Jan 3;349(6304):79–81. doi: 10.1038/349079a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fukui K., Sasaki T., Imazumi K., Matsuura Y., Nakanishi H., Takai Y. Isolation and characterization of a GTPase activating protein specific for the Rab3 subfamily of small G proteins. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 21;272(8):4655–4658. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.8.4655. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Geppert M., Südhof T. C. RAB3 and synaptotagmin: the yin and yang of synaptic membrane fusion. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1998;21:75–95. doi: 10.1146/annurev.neuro.21.1.75. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Giedroc D. P., Keravis T. M., Staros J. V., Ling N., Wells J. N., Puett D. Functional properties of covalent beta-endorphin peptide/calmodulin complexes. Chlorpromazine binding and phosphodiesterase activation. Biochemistry. 1985 Feb 26;24(5):1203–1211. doi: 10.1021/bi00326a023. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gnegy M. E. Calmodulin in neurotransmitter and hormone action. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1993;33:45–70. doi: 10.1146/annurev.pa.33.040193.000401. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Gopalakrishna R., Anderson W. B. Ca2+-induced hydrophobic site on calmodulin: application for purification of calmodulin by phenyl-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1982 Jan 29;104(2):830–836. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(82)90712-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hall A. Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science. 1998 Jan 23;279(5350):509–514. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5350.509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Haynes L. P., Evans G. J., Morgan A., Burgoyne R. D. A direct inhibitory role for the Rab3-specific effector, Noc2, in Ca2+-regulated exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. J Biol Chem. 2000 Dec 27;276(13):9726–9732. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M006959200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Heidelberger R., Heinemann C., Neher E., Matthews G. Calcium dependence of the rate of exocytosis in a synaptic terminal. Nature. 1994 Oct 6;371(6497):513–515. doi: 10.1038/371513a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huber L. A., Pimplikar S., Parton R. G., Virta H., Zerial M., Simons K. Rab8, a small GTPase involved in vesicular traffic between the TGN and the basolateral plasma membrane. J Cell Biol. 1993 Oct;123(1):35–45. doi: 10.1083/jcb.123.1.35. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Huttner W. B., Schiebler W., Greengard P., De Camilli P. Synapsin I (protein I), a nerve terminal-specific phosphoprotein. III. Its association with synaptic vesicles studied in a highly purified synaptic vesicle preparation. J Cell Biol. 1983 May;96(5):1374–1388. doi: 10.1083/jcb.96.5.1374. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jahn R., Südhof T. C. Synaptic vesicles and exocytosis. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1994;17:219–246. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.001251. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johannes L., Lledo P. M., Chameau P., Vincent J. D., Henry J. P., Darchen F. Regulation of the Ca2+ sensitivity of exocytosis by Rab3a. J Neurochem. 1998 Sep;71(3):1127–1133. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71031127.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Johannes L., Lledo P. M., Roa M., Vincent J. D., Henry J. P., Darchen F. The GTPase Rab3a negatively controls calcium-dependent exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells. EMBO J. 1994 May 1;13(9):2029–2037. doi: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06476.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kajio H., Olszewski S., Rosner P. J., Donelan M. J., Geoghegan K. F., Rhodes C. J. A low-affinity Ca2+-dependent association of calmodulin with the Rab3A effector domain inversely correlates with insulin exocytosis. Diabetes. 2001 Sep;50(9):2029–2039. doi: 10.2337/diabetes.50.9.2029. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kikuchi A., Sasaki T., Araki S., Hata Y., Takai Y. Purification and characterization from bovine brain cytosol of two GTPase-activating proteins specific for smg p21, a GTP-binding protein having the same effector domain as c-ras p21s. J Biol Chem. 1989 Jun 5;264(16):9133–9136. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klee C. B., Vanaman T. C. Calmodulin. Adv Protein Chem. 1982;35:213–321. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3233(08)60470-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lee S. H., Kim J. C., Lee M. S., Heo W. D., Seo H. Y., Yoon H. W., Hong J. C., Lee S. Y., Bahk J. D., Hwang I. Identification of a novel divergent calmodulin isoform from soybean which has differential ability to activate calmodulin-dependent enzymes. J Biol Chem. 1995 Sep 15;270(37):21806–21812. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.37.21806. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Li C., Ullrich B., Zhang J. Z., Anderson R. G., Brose N., Südhof T. C. Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent activities of neural and non-neural synaptotagmins. Nature. 1995 Jun 15;375(6532):594–599. doi: 10.1038/375594a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Llinás R., Sugimori M., Silver R. B. Microdomains of high calcium concentration in a presynaptic terminal. Science. 1992 May 1;256(5057):677–679. doi: 10.1126/science.1350109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Matsui Y., Kikuchi A., Kondo J., Hishida T., Teranishi Y., Takai Y. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of a GTP-binding protein family with molecular weights of 25,000 from bovine brain. J Biol Chem. 1988 Aug 15;263(23):11071–11074. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mochida S. Protein-protein interactions in neurotransmitter release. Neurosci Res. 2000 Mar;36(3):175–182. doi: 10.1016/s0168-0102(99)00128-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Musha T., Kawata M., Takai Y. The geranylgeranyl moiety but not the methyl moiety of the smg-25A/rab3A protein is essential for the interactions with membrane and its inhibitory GDP/GTP exchange protein. J Biol Chem. 1992 May 15;267(14):9821–9825. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nishimura N., Nakamura H., Takai Y., Sano K. Molecular cloning and characterization of two rab GDI species from rat brain: brain-specific and ubiquitous types. J Biol Chem. 1994 May 13;269(19):14191–14198. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nuoffer C., Balch W. E. GTPases: multifunctional molecular switches regulating vesicular traffic. Annu Rev Biochem. 1994;63:949–990. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.63.070194.004505. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oishi H., Sasaki T., Nagano F., Ikeda W., Ohya T., Wada M., Ide N., Nakanishi H., Takai Y. Localization of the Rab3 small G protein regulators in nerve terminals and their involvement in Ca2+-dependent exocytosis. J Biol Chem. 1998 Dec 18;273(51):34580–34585. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.51.34580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Orita S., Naito A., Sakaguchi G., Maeda M., Igarashi H., Sasaki T., Takai Y. Physical and functional interactions of Doc2 and Munc13 in Ca2+-dependent exocytotic machinery. J Biol Chem. 1997 Jun 27;272(26):16081–16084. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.26.16081. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Park J. B., Farnsworth C. C., Glomset J. A. Ca2+/calmodulin causes Rab3A to dissociate from synaptic membranes. J Biol Chem. 1997 Aug 15;272(33):20857–20865. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20857. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sasaki T., Kikuchi A., Araki S., Hata Y., Isomura M., Kuroda S., Takai Y. Purification and characterization from bovine brain cytosol of a protein that inhibits the dissociation of GDP from and the subsequent binding of GTP to smg p25A, a ras p21-like GTP-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 1990 Feb 5;265(4):2333–2337. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shirataki H., Kaibuchi K., Sakoda T., Kishida S., Yamaguchi T., Wada K., Miyazaki M., Takai Y. Rabphilin-3A, a putative target protein for smg p25A/rab3A p25 small GTP-binding protein related to synaptotagmin. Mol Cell Biol. 1993 Apr;13(4):2061–2068. doi: 10.1128/mcb.13.4.2061. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Stahl B., von Mollard G. F., Walch-Solimena C., Jahn R. GTP cleavage by the small GTP-binding protein Rab3A is associated with exocytosis of synaptic vesicles induced by alpha-latrotoxin. J Biol Chem. 1994 Oct 7;269(40):24770–24776. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanaka C., Nishizuka Y. The protein kinase C family for neuronal signaling. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1994;17:551–567. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ne.17.030194.003003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tanaka M., Miyoshi J., Ishizaki H., Togawa A., Ohnishi K., Endo K., Matsubara K., Mizoguchi A., Nagano T., Sato M. Role of Rab3 GDP/GTP exchange protein in synaptic vesicle trafficking at the mouse neuromuscular junction. Mol Biol Cell. 2001 May;12(5):1421–1430. doi: 10.1091/mbc.12.5.1421. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ullrich O., Stenmark H., Alexandrov K., Huber L. A., Kaibuchi K., Sasaki T., Takai Y., Zerial M. Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor as a general regulator for the membrane association of rab proteins. J Biol Chem. 1993 Aug 25;268(24):18143–18150. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Van Aelst L., D'Souza-Schorey C. Rho GTPases and signaling networks. Genes Dev. 1997 Sep 15;11(18):2295–2322. doi: 10.1101/gad.11.18.2295. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wada M., Nakanishi H., Satoh A., Hirano H., Obaishi H., Matsuura Y., Takai Y. Isolation and characterization of a GDP/GTP exchange protein specific for the Rab3 subfamily small G proteins. J Biol Chem. 1997 Feb 14;272(7):3875–3878. doi: 10.1074/jbc.272.7.3875. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zerial M., Stenmark H. Rab GTPases in vesicular transport. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 1993 Aug;5(4):613–620. doi: 10.1016/0955-0674(93)90130-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]