Abstract
LKB1 is a widely expressed serine/threonine protein kinase that is mutated in the inherited Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome. Recent findings indicate that LKB1 functions as a tumour suppressor, but little is known regarding the detailed mechanism by which LKB1 regulates cell growth. In this study we have purified LKB1 from cells and establish that it is associated with the heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone and the Cdc37 kinase-specific targetting subunit for Hsp90. We demonstrate that Cdc37 and Hsp90 bind specifically to the kinase domain of LKB1. We also perform experiments using Hsp90 inhibitors, which indicate that the association of Hsp90 and Cdc37 with LKB1 regulates LKB1 stability and prevents its degradation by the proteasome. Hsp90 inhibitors are being considered as potential anti-cancer agents. However, our observations indicate that prolonged usage of these drugs could possibly lead to tumour development by decreasing cellular levels of LKB1.
Full Text
The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (349.0 KB).
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Alessi D. R., Andjelkovic M., Caudwell B., Cron P., Morrice N., Cohen P., Hemmings B. A. Mechanism of activation of protein kinase B by insulin and IGF-1. EMBO J. 1996 Dec 2;15(23):6541–6551. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alessi D. R., Deak M., Casamayor A., Caudwell F. B., Morrice N., Norman D. G., Gaffney P., Reese C. B., MacDougall C. N., Harbison D. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1): structural and functional homology with the Drosophila DSTPK61 kinase. Curr Biol. 1997 Oct 1;7(10):776–789. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00336-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alessi D. R., James S. R., Downes C. P., Holmes A. B., Gaffney P. R., Reese C. B., Cohen P. Characterization of a 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase which phosphorylates and activates protein kinase Balpha. Curr Biol. 1997 Apr 1;7(4):261–269. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(06)00122-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Alessi D. R., Kozlowski M. T., Weng Q. P., Morrice N., Avruch J. 3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) phosphorylates and activates the p70 S6 kinase in vivo and in vitro. Curr Biol. 1998 Jan 15;8(2):69–81. doi: 10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70037-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- An W. G., Schulte T. W., Neckers L. M. The heat shock protein 90 antagonist geldanamycin alters chaperone association with p210bcr-abl and v-src proteins before their degradation by the proteasome. Cell Growth Differ. 2000 Jul;11(7):355–360. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bardeesy Nabeel, Sinha Manisha, Hezel Aram F., Signoretti Sabina, Hathaway Nathaniel A., Sharpless Norman E., Loda Massimo, Carrasco Daniel R., DePinho Ronald A. Loss of the Lkb1 tumour suppressor provokes intestinal polyposis but resistance to transformation. Nature. 2002 Sep 12;419(6903):162–167. doi: 10.1038/nature01045. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Chen Guoqing, Cao Ping, Goeddel David V. TNF-induced recruitment and activation of the IKK complex require Cdc37 and Hsp90. Mol Cell. 2002 Feb;9(2):401–410. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00450-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Citri Ami, Alroy Iris, Lavi Sara, Rubin Chanan, Xu Wanping, Grammatikakis Nicolas, Patterson Cam, Neckers Len, Fry David W., Yarden Yosef. Drug-induced ubiquitylation and degradation of ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases: implications for cancer therapy. EMBO J. 2002 May 15;21(10):2407–2417. doi: 10.1093/emboj/21.10.2407. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Csermely P., Schnaider T., Soti C., Prohászka Z., Nardai G. The 90-kDa molecular chaperone family: structure, function, and clinical applications. A comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Aug;79(2):129–168. doi: 10.1016/s0163-7258(98)00013-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dai K., Kobayashi R., Beach D. Physical interaction of mammalian CDC37 with CDK4. J Biol Chem. 1996 Sep 6;271(36):22030–22034. doi: 10.1074/jbc.271.36.22030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Deak M., Clifton A. D., Lucocq L. M., Alessi D. R. Mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase-1 (MSK1) is directly activated by MAPK and SAPK2/p38, and may mediate activation of CREB. EMBO J. 1998 Aug 3;17(15):4426–4441. doi: 10.1093/emboj/17.15.4426. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dowler S., Currie R. A., Campbell D. G., Deak M., Kular G., Downes C. P., Alessi D. R. Identification of pleckstrin-homology-domain-containing proteins with novel phosphoinositide-binding specificities. Biochem J. 2000 Oct 1;351(Pt 1):19–31. doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3510019. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dowler S., Montalvo L., Cantrell D., Morrice N., Alessi D. R. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase-dependent phosphorylation of the dual adaptor for phosphotyrosine and 3-phosphoinositides by the Src family of tyrosine kinase. Biochem J. 2000 Jul 15;349(Pt 2):605–610. doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3490605. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fenteany G., Standaert R. F., Lane W. S., Choi S., Corey E. J., Schreiber S. L. Inhibition of proteasome activities and subunit-specific amino-terminal threonine modification by lactacystin. Science. 1995 May 5;268(5211):726–731. doi: 10.1126/science.7732382. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Figueiredo-Pereira M. E., Berg K. A., Wilk S. A new inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like activity of the multicatalytic proteinase complex (20S proteasome) induces accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates in a neuronal cell. J Neurochem. 1994 Oct;63(4):1578–1581. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.63041578.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grammatikakis N., Lin J. H., Grammatikakis A., Tsichlis P. N., Cochran B. H. p50(cdc37) acting in concert with Hsp90 is required for Raf-1 function. Mol Cell Biol. 1999 Mar;19(3):1661–1672. doi: 10.1128/mcb.19.3.1661. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hemminki A., Markie D., Tomlinson I., Avizienyte E., Roth S., Loukola A., Bignell G., Warren W., Aminoff M., Höglund P. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Nature. 1998 Jan 8;391(6663):184–187. doi: 10.1038/34432. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hemminki A. The molecular basis and clinical aspects of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1999 May;55(5):735–750. doi: 10.1007/s000180050329. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hunter T., Poon R. Y. Cdc37: a protein kinase chaperone? Trends Cell Biol. 1997 Apr;7(4):157–161. doi: 10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01027-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jenne D. E., Reimann H., Nezu J., Friedel W., Loff S., Jeschke R., Müller O., Back W., Zimmer M. Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is caused by mutations in a novel serine threonine kinase. Nat Genet. 1998 Jan;18(1):38–43. doi: 10.1038/ng0198-38. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Jishage Kou-ichi, Nezu Jun-ichi, Kawase Yosuke, Iwata Takamitsu, Watanabe Miho, Miyoshi Akio, Ose Asuka, Habu Kiyoshi, Kake Takei, Kamada Nobuo. Role of Lkb1, the causative gene of Peutz-Jegher's syndrome, in embryogenesis and polyposis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Jun 11;99(13):8903–8908. doi: 10.1073/pnas.122254599. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Karuman P., Gozani O., Odze R. D., Zhou X. C., Zhu H., Shaw R., Brien T. P., Bozzuto C. D., Ooi D., Cantley L. C. The Peutz-Jegher gene product LKB1 is a mediator of p53-dependent cell death. Mol Cell. 2001 Jun;7(6):1307–1319. doi: 10.1016/s1097-2765(01)00258-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kimber Wendy A., Trinkle-Mulcahy Laura, Cheung Peter C. F., Deak Maria, Marsden Louisa J., Kieloch Agnieszka, Watt Stephen, Javier Ronald T., Gray Alex, Downes C. Peter. Evidence that the tandem-pleckstrin-homology-domain-containing protein TAPP1 interacts with Ptd(3,4)P2 and the multi-PDZ-domain-containing protein MUPP1 in vivo. Biochem J. 2002 Feb 1;361(Pt 3):525–536. doi: 10.1042/0264-6021:3610525. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kimura Y., Rutherford S. L., Miyata Y., Yahara I., Freeman B. C., Yue L., Morimoto R. I., Lindquist S. Cdc37 is a molecular chaperone with specific functions in signal transduction. Genes Dev. 1997 Jul 15;11(14):1775–1785. doi: 10.1101/gad.11.14.1775. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kobayashi T., Cohen P. Activation of serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase by agonists that activate phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase is mediated by 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) and PDK2. Biochem J. 1999 Apr 15;339(Pt 2):319–328. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Marignani P. A., Kanai F., Carpenter C. L. LKB1 associates with Brg1 and is necessary for Brg1-induced growth arrest. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jul 9;276(35):32415–32418. doi: 10.1074/jbc.C100207200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miyata Y., Ikawa Y., Shibuya M., Nishida E. Specific association of a set of molecular chaperones including HSP90 and Cdc37 with MOK, a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase superfamily. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar 16;276(24):21841–21848. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M010944200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Miyoshi Hiroyuki, Nakau Masayuki, Ishikawa Tomo-o, Seldin Michael F., Oshima Masanobu, Taketo Makoto M. Gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyposis in Lkb1 heterozygous knockout mice. Cancer Res. 2002 Apr 15;62(8):2261–2266. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nakau Masayuki, Miyoshi Hiroyuki, Seldin Michael F., Imamura Masayuki, Oshima Masanobu, Taketo Makoto M. Hepatocellular carcinoma caused by loss of heterozygosity in Lkb1 gene knockout mice. Cancer Res. 2002 Aug 15;62(16):4549–4553. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neckers L., Schulte T. W., Mimnaugh E. Geldanamycin as a potential anti-cancer agent: its molecular target and biochemical activity. Invest New Drugs. 1999;17(4):361–373. doi: 10.1023/a:1006382320697. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Nezu J., Oku A., Shimane M. Loss of cytoplasmic retention ability of mutant LKB1 found in Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 Aug 11;261(3):750–755. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1047. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pratt W. B., Silverstein A. M., Galigniana M. D. A model for the cytoplasmic trafficking of signalling proteins involving the hsp90-binding immunophilins and p50cdc37. Cell Signal. 1999 Dec;11(12):839–851. doi: 10.1016/s0898-6568(99)00064-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Rossi Derrick J., Ylikorkala Antti, Korsisaari Nina, Salovaara Reijo, Luukko Keijo, Launonen Virpi, Henkemeyer Mark, Ristimaki Ari, Aaltonen Lauri A., Makela Tomi P. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in a mouse model of Peutz-Jeghers polyposis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Sep 6;99(19):12327–12332. doi: 10.1073/pnas.192301399. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sapkota G. P., Kieloch A., Lizcano J. M., Lain S., Arthur J. S., Williams M. R., Morrice N., Deak M., Alessi D. R. Phosphorylation of the protein kinase mutated in Peutz-Jeghers cancer syndrome, LKB1/STK11, at Ser431 by p90(RSK) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, but not its farnesylation at Cys(433), is essential for LKB1 to suppress cell vrowth. J Biol Chem. 2001 Jan 31;276(22):19469–19482. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M009953200. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sapkota Gopal P., Deak Maria, Kieloch Agnieszka, Morrice Nick, Goodarzi Aaron A., Smythe Carl, Shiloh Yosef, Lees-Miller Susan P., Alessi Dario R. Ionizing radiation induces ataxia telangiectasia mutated kinase (ATM)-mediated phosphorylation of LKB1/STK11 at Thr-366. Biochem J. 2002 Dec 1;368(Pt 2):507–516. doi: 10.1042/BJ20021284. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schulte T. W., Akinaga S., Soga S., Sullivan W., Stensgard B., Toft D., Neckers L. M. Antibiotic radicicol binds to the N-terminal domain of Hsp90 and shares important biologic activities with geldanamycin. Cell Stress Chaperones. 1998 Jun;3(2):100–108. doi: 10.1379/1466-1268(1998)003<0100:arbttn>2.3.co;2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sepp-Lorenzino L., Ma Z., Lebwohl D. E., Vinitsky A., Rosen N. Herbimycin A induces the 20 S proteasome- and ubiquitin-dependent degradation of receptor tyrosine kinases. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jul 14;270(28):16580–16587. doi: 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Silverstein A. M., Grammatikakis N., Cochran B. H., Chinkers M., Pratt W. B. p50(cdc37) binds directly to the catalytic domain of Raf as well as to a site on hsp90 that is topologically adjacent to the tetratricopeptide repeat binding site. J Biol Chem. 1998 Aug 7;273(32):20090–20095. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.32.20090. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith D. P., Rayter S. I., Niederlander C., Spicer J., Jones C. M., Ashworth A. LIP1, a cytoplasmic protein functionally linked to the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome kinase LKB1. Hum Mol Genet. 2001 Dec 1;10(25):2869–2877. doi: 10.1093/hmg/10.25.2869. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tiainen M., Ylikorkala A., Mäkelä T. P. Growth suppression by Lkb1 is mediated by a G(1) cell cycle arrest. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Aug 3;96(16):9248–9251. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.16.9248. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Tiainen Marianne, Vaahtomeri Kari, Ylikorkala Antti, Mäkelä Tomi P. Growth arrest by the LKB1 tumor suppressor: induction of p21(WAF1/CIP1). Hum Mol Genet. 2002 Jun 15;11(13):1497–1504. doi: 10.1093/hmg/11.13.1497. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woods Y. L., Rena G., Morrice N., Barthel A., Becker W., Guo S., Unterman T. G., Cohen P. The kinase DYRK1A phosphorylates the transcription factor FKHR at Ser329 in vitro, a novel in vivo phosphorylation site. Biochem J. 2001 May 1;355(Pt 3):597–607. doi: 10.1042/bj3550597. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ylikorkala A., Rossi D. J., Korsisaari N., Luukko K., Alitalo K., Henkemeyer M., Mäkelä T. P. Vascular abnormalities and deregulation of VEGF in Lkb1-deficient mice. Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1323–1326. doi: 10.1126/science.1062074. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Yoo Lina I., Chung Daniel C., Yuan Junying. LKB1--a master tumour suppressor of the small intestine and beyond. Nat Rev Cancer. 2002 Jul;2(7):529–535. doi: 10.1038/nrc843. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]