Abstract
The genus Pachyrhynchus comprises a group of entimine weevils with diverse body coloration, endemic to the islands of Southeast Asia, with the highest diversity of species found in the Philippines. In the past ten years, many new species have been discovered, necessitating an updated list of Pachyrhynchus weevils for future study. This checklist provides the valid names, synonyms, type depository, type locality, and distribution of each Pachyrhynchus species, with ecological information such as host plants and life history. Species are further classified into defined species groups based on recent revisions using morphology and genetic analyses. A region-based analysis across eight major faunal areas highlights spatial patterns in species richness. Since the first Pachyrhynchus species was described 200 years ago, a total of 179 species and 43 subspecies (excluding nominotypical subspecies) have been recognized, with 45.8% of Pachyrhynchus species distributed in the Greater Luzon Faunal Region and 39.1% in Greater Mindanao. However, most species still lack ecological information, indicating the difficulty in collecting these data, and further investigations are needed.
Key words: Distribution, diversity, Easter egg weevil, host plant, Pachyrrhynchus , synonym, type
Introduction
The genus Pachyrhynchus Germar, 1824 (Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) (Alonso-Zarazaga and Lyal 1999) is a group of insular broad-nosed weevils distributed from Indonesia to the Ishigaki and Iriomote islands of Japan, including the Philippines, and the Lanyu (Orchid Island/Botel Tobago) and Ludao (Green Island) islands in southeastern Taiwan. They are a group of flightless beetles characterized by completely fused elytra and a wide variety of elytral coloration, with the majority of species found in the Philippines.
The genus Pachyrhynchus was established by Germar (1824) based on a specimen of P.moniliferus collected from Manila, Luzon Island (Philippines). Members of this genus are characterized by a prominent short and thick rostrum, short antennae, absence of scutellar shield, and fused elytra, resulting in flightlessness. Four researchers, George Robert Waterhouse (United Kingdom), Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat (French), Wilhelm Schultze (Germany), and Karl Maria Heller (Austria), were the most influential authorities in the development of Pachyrhynchus taxonomy. Since the first species was described, Waterhouse and Chevrolat contributed more than 20 species in 1841. Later, Heller and Schultze described more than 70 species during 1899–1934, bringing the total to over 120 species by 1934 (Fig. 1). Heller (1912) published the first monograph on Pachyrhynchus, and categorized Pachyrhynchus weevils into seven groups. Later, Schultze (1923, 1924) expanded the classification into 15 groups both primarily based on coloration patterns, and provided keys to the species within these groups.
Figure 1.
Cumulative number of species published since 1824.
The taxonomy of Pachyrhynchus remained poorly studied until 80 years later (Yoshitake 2012). Since 2012, approximately 90 new synonyms and combinations have been proposed, mostly by Hiraku Yoshitake (see Yoshitake 2017a, 2019a, b, 2020; Yoshitake et al. 2019a), Maurizio Bollino (see Bollino et al. 2017), Anita Rukmane-Bārbale and Analyn Anzano Cabras (see Rukmane and Barševskis 2016; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020a). These taxonomic works have enriched knowledge on the diversity of Pachyrhynchus, resulting in 179 described species and 43 subspecies to date. Furthermore, six new species groups have been proposed: the absurdus species group (Rukmane 2017), the amabilis species group (Bollino et al. 2017; Bollino et al. 2020), the atrocyaneus species group (Bollino 2022), the pinorum species group (Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b), the speciosus species group (Rukmane 2019a), and the schoenherri species group (Bollino et al. 2017). These studies used genitalia and the endophallus of the aedeagus as reliable diagnostic characters.
Rukmane (2018a) published a checklist of Pachyrhynchus based on an extensive review of existing literature, and proposed a total of 40 new synonyms. Recently, Pachyrhynchus researchers have not only focused on taxonomic re-evaluation but have also paid more attention to various other topics, including ecology (Hsu et al. 2017; Tseng et al. 2021), color signaling (Tseng et al. 2014; Lee et al. 2018; Hsu et al. 2021), dispersal mechanisms (Ye et al. 2018; Lin et al. 2021), and phylogenetic studies (Tseng et al. 2018; Ye et al. 2022; Van Dam et al. 2023; Chen et al. 2025). Considering the above, new studies and integrated literature reviews have enhanced our understanding of the taxonomy and distribution of Pachyrhynchus species. This study aims to present an updated species checklist of the genus Pachyrhynchus, with synonyms, type localities, depositories, distributions, host plant information, and species group classifications from various approaches.
Materials and methods
Checklist and literature review
The valid names, synonyms, type depositories, type localities, distributions, and species groups of each Pachyrhynchus species are provided. Verification of type depositories is primarily based on the original descriptions, museum collection lists, or personal visits to the depositories. If the type locality cannot be confirmed because the identity of the type specimens (whether they are nominal subspecies or different subspecies) is unverified in the museum collection list; an asterisk (*) is used to indicate uncertainty regarding the depository. Distribution data were obtained by reviewing the literature. Additional information on host plant species, as reported in the literature (citations listed below) or observed by the authors (noted as “This study”) in the wild, is also provided.
The materials we examined are deposited in the following institutions:
NHMUKNatural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
SDEISenckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut, Müncheberg, Germany
Other materials from the literature or from museum collection lists are also cited, which are deposited in the following institutions and personal collections:
CFS Franco Sandel private collection, Miane, Italy
CMU-MZ Central Mindanao University, University Museum, Zoological Section, Philippines
DHA Derek Helmericks private collection, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
DUBC Daugavpils University, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Coleopterological Research Centre, Ilgas, Daugavpils District, Latvia
HUMSHokkaido University Museum, Sapporo, Japan
MBLI Maurizio Bollino private collection, Lecce, Italy
MCKUMMunetoshi Maruyama Collection at the Kyushu University Museum, Fukuoka, Japan
MNHNNational Museum of Natural History, Paris, France
MZZC Ming-Zhi Zhao private collection, Zhuhai, China
NHRSNaturhistoriska riksmuseet, Stockholm, Sweden
NIAESInstitute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, NARO, Tsukuba, Japan
PCKS Private collection of Kaoru Sakai, Tokyo, Japan
PNMNH Philippine National Museum of Natural History, Manila, Philippines
SMTD Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, Germany
UMCRC University of Mindanao Coleoptera Research Center, Davao City, Philippines
UPLBUniversity of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, Philippines
ZMHB Naturkundemuseum Berlin (former Zoologische Museum der Humboldt-Universität), Berlin, Germany
Distributional analysis
Based on geographical distribution of islands, we divided the species distribution into eight regions, including the four Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complexes (PAICs) faunal regions (Heaney 1986; Brown and Diesmos 2002; Brown et al. 2013), Indonesian archipelago, islands north of mainland Luzon, Lubang Island and Sibuyan Island (Fig. 2). These regions are defined as follows:
Figure 2.
Species distribution of Pachyrhynchus weevils. Different colors on the map represent the defined regions. The blank islands of the Philippine archipelago indicate areas that do not belong to any of the four PAICs. Some Pachyrhynchini but no Pachyrhynchus species are found in the Palawan region, marked with a red star. The map was generated using the ggplot2 package in R (Wickham 2016). The bar plot shows the percentage of species distribution across different regions. The numbers in the bars represent the number of species or subspecies (excluding nominotypical subspecies).
Greater Luzon PAIC: Luzon Island, Polillo Island, Catanduanes Island, Marinduque Island
Greater Mindoro PAIC: Mindoro Island
Greater Negros-Panay PAIC: Panay Island, Negros Island, Cebu Island, Masbate Island
Greater Mindanao PAIC: Samar Island, Leyte Island, Bohol Island, Biliran Island, Dinagat Island, Siargao Island, Basilan Island, Bucas Grande Island
Lubang Island
Sibuyan Island
Islands north of mainland Luzon: Ishigaki Island, Iriomote Island, Lanyu Island, Ludao Island, Batanes Islands, Babuyan Islands
Indonesian archipelago: Maluku Islands and West Papua Province with its adjacent islands of Indonesian Papua
Results
The genus Pachyrhynchus currently comprises 179 described species and 43 subspecies. The results revealed that Pachyrhynchus is distributed in Japan (1 species, 0.6%), Taiwan (6 species, 3.4%), the Philippines (168 species, 93.9%), and Indonesia (7 species, 3.9%).
Order Coleoptera Linnaeus
Suborder Polyphaga Emery
Infraorder Cucujiformia Lameere
Superfamily Curculionoidea Latreille
Family Curculionidae Latreille
Subfamily Entiminae Schöenherr
Tribe Pachyrhynchini Schöenherr
Genus Pachyrhynchus Germar, 1824
= Sphaerogaster Dejean, 1821
= Somatodes Schoenberr, 1823
= Sphoerogaster Latreille, 1825
= Sphaerogaster Sturm, 1826
= Sphoenogaster Bertbold, 1827
= Pachirhinus Latreille, 1828
= Pochyrhynchus Laporte, [1840]
= Pachyrhinchus Desmarest, [1842]
= Pachyrhincus Desmarest, [1842]
= Pachyrrhynchus Gemminger & Harold, 1871
Pachyrhynchusamabilis Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Lindaban).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Lindaban, Intavas; Zamboanga; Davao City; Lanao; Cotabato; Mt. Kalatungan) (Schultze 1922a, 1924; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Remarks. Two individuals were collected from the Bracken fern, Pteridiumaquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) in Davao City (Cabras et al. 2022a), suggesting it as a potential host plant.
Pachyrhynchusanellifer Heller, 1912
Pachyrhynchusannulatus Behrens, 1887: 256. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 318).
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Irisan River).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Baguio, Mt. Santo Tomas; Ifugao; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b, c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Remarks. The conspecificity of P.annulatus Behrens, 1887 and P.anellifer Heller, 1912 was recognized by Schultze (1924). Although the former name has priority, it is preoccupied by P.annulatus Chevrolat, 1881, rendering it permanently invalid. Consequently, the valid name of the species is P.anellifer Heller, 1912.
Pachyrhynchusanichtchenkoi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is: Bukidnon Prov., Mt. Kalatungan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan; Bukidnon, Mt. Kalatungan, Intavas, Cabanglasan, Mt. Kiamo; Davao de Oro; Compostela; Lanao del Sur; Sarrangani, Kiamba; Zamboanga) (Cabras et al. 2017; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusannulatus Chevrolat, 1881
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines (Chevrolat 1881a).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Pulog; Ifugao; Mountain Prov.) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b).
Remarks.Pachyrhynchusannulatus Behrens, 1887 is a junior primary homonym of P.annulatus Chevrolat, 1881; therefore, it is permanently invalid.
Pachyrhynchusantonkozlovi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Sarangani province, Malungon).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusapicatus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Polillo Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora, Dingalan, Sierra Madre); Marinduque Is.; Mindoro Is. (Mt. Halcon); Polillo Is. (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1924; Háva and Rukmane 2018; Rukmane 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusapocyrtoides Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Lindaban).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan; Bukidnon; Cotabato; Davao del Sur; Surigao del Norte) (Schultze 1922a; Schultze 1923; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusapoensis Yoshitake, 2012
Pachyrhynchuspseudapoensis Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016: 94. Synonymized by Yoshitake (2016a: 197).
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); PCKS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Apo).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon; Cotabato; Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo; Sarrangani) (Cabras and Yoshitake 2016; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Host plants.Impatiensplatypetala (Balsaminaceae), Melastoma sp. (Melastomaceae), Diplaziumdavaoense (Woodsiaceae) and Saurauia sp. (Actinidiaceae) (Cabras and Yoshitake 2016)
Remarks.Pachyrhynchusapoensis belongs to the P.schoenherri species group and conforms to the original described characters and distribution to the P.schoenherri species group (Bollino et al. 2017). Rukmane and Barševskis (2016) described P.pseudapoensis, based on a single female specimen from Luzon, which was treated as a synonym as P.apoensis by Yoshitake (2016a). The locality “North Luzon” may need to be reevaluated, as P.apoensis and its related species are known only from Mindanao and its adjacent islands (Yoshitake 2016a).
Pachyrhynchusardentius Schultze, 1919
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Siargao Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Siargao Is.; Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del sur, Sarangani; Mt. Apo) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusargus Pascoe, 1873
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Baguio, Mt. Santo Tomas, Trinidad, Mt. Trail, Pauai, Mt. Polis, Mt. Pulog; Manila) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2018a, 2019b, c).
Pachyrhynchusatrocyaneus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Mindanao (Zamboanga Prov.: Zamboanga).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Zamboanga) (Schultze 1922a; Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusatronitens Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); KUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Kalinga Prov., Pinukpuk).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Abra; Kalinga) (Yoshitake 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusbaluganus Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Rizal Prov., Mount San Isidro).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Quirino; Rizal) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusbanglas Bollino, Sandel & Rukmane, 2017
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, DUBC, NIAES, KUM, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Kabanglasan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Kabanglasan, Cabanglasan, San Fernando, Intavas, Malaybalay; Summit Mountain Prov.) (Bollino et al. 2017).
Pachyrhynchusbarsevskisi Rukmane, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Aurora Prov., Dingalan).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora, Dingalan, Ditumabao, Casiguran; Sierra Madre; Nueva Ecija, Caranglan; Quirino, Madela; Nueva Vizcaya, Alfonso Castañeda, Belance) (Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusbasilanus Heller, 1923
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Basilan Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Basilan Is.; Mindanao Is. (Zamboanga City, Labuan) (Heller 1923a; Bollino 2022).
Pachyrhynchusbenguetanus Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Ifugao) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusbollinoi Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Mountain Prov., Barlig).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Ifugao, Banaue; Mountain Prov., Barlig; Nueva Vizcaya, Kayapa) (Rukmane-Bārbale 2020c).
Pachyrhynchusbucasanusbucasanus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Bucas Grande Is.: Surigao del Norte Prov.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Schultze 1922a).
Pachyrhynchusbucasanusornatus Schultze, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Borongan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuscabrasae Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Mt. Kalatungan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan; Bukidnon, Mt.
Kalatungan, Cabanglasan, Mt. Kiamo; Davao del Sur) (Cabras et al. 2017; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuscaeruleovittatus Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Parker).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Sarangani, South Cotabato)
(Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuscaeruleus Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository. KUM (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Aurora Prov., central part of Sierra Madre Mountain Range).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2019d).
Pachyrhynchuscagayanus Heller, 1929
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Cagayan Prov., Tuao).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora, Dingalan; Cagayan; Isabela; Kalinga; Quirino) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuscallainimaculatus Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Cagayan Prov., Sierra Madre).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2017b).
Pachyrhynchuscebrem Patano & Rukmane-Bārbale, 2022
Type depository.CMU-MZ (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao de Oro Prov., Maragusan, Mt. Candalaga).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuschamissoi Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Lindaban).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Lindabon); Pollilo Is. (Schultze 1922a; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019c).
Pachyrhynchuschlorites Chevrolat, 1881
Pachyrhynchusrutilans Behrens, 1887: 247. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 327).
Type depository.NHRS (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Chevrolat 1881b).
Distribution. Philippines: Babuyan Is.; Calayan Is.; Luzon Is. (Aurora; Cagayan; Ifugao, Banaue; Ilocos Norte; Isabela; Nueva Vizcaya; Quirino; Manila) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuschloritesinsularis Kano, 1929
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Taiwan (Taitung County, Lanyu Is. (= Kotosho)).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Host plants. According to our field observations, they feed on Bischofiajavanica (Phyllanthaceae) in Lanyu (this study).
Remarks.P.insularis Kano, 1929, from Lanyu was originally considered a distinct species. However, Schultze (1937), after examining specimens of P.chlorites from Calayan with Kano’s description, regarded the Lanyu population as a variety of P.chlorites. According to the ICZN (Article 45.6.4.), a variety proposed before 1961 is automatically treated as subspecies. Whether P.chloritesinsularis in Lanyu is a distinct species requires further clarification.
Pachyrhynchuschrysocyaneus Rukmane-Bārbale, 2024
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Ecija Prov., Gabaldon).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuschrysomaculatus Bollino, 2022
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, MCKUM, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Cabanglasan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuscinereomaculatus Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Ifugao Prov., Banaue).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Ifugao; Nueva Vizcaya, Kasibu) (Rukmane-Bārbale 2020c).
Pachyrhynchuscingulatus Pascoe, 1873
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Indonesia (Morotai Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Remarks. The type specimen named by Pascoe might be deposited in NHMUK. However, JFT did not find it in the collections.
Pachyrhynchuscirculatus Heller, 1912
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype), SMTD (syntype).
Type locality. Philippines (Catanduanes Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Catanduanes Is. (Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2019b).
Pachyrhynchuscirculimaculatus Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Misamis Occidental Prov.).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan del Norte, Misamis Occidental) (Yoshitake 2019e).
Pachyrhynchusconformis Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); CFS, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Samar Prov.).
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Samar, Hinabangan) (Yoshitake 2017c, Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusconfusus Schultze, 1923
Type depository.NHMUK (syntypes), SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Los Baños).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Makiling; Laguna, Los Baños) (Rukmane 2019c)
Host plants.Acrostichumaureum (Pteridaceae) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchuscongestuscongestus Pascoe, 1873
Pachyrhynchusluteoguttatus Chevrolat, 1881b: 360. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 324).
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Benguet, Baguio, Atoc, Mt. Santo Tomas, Mt. Trail, P.I. Atok, Mt. Pawai, Mt. Mirador, Trinidad; Manila; Mountain Prov., Bontoc; Nueva Vizcaya, Kasibu; Ifugao; Quirino; Kallinga) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuscongestusaedamlayroni Rukmane, 2019
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Ilocos Norte Prov., Adams).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuscongestuscoerulans Kraatz, 1888
Type depository.SDEI (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Mountain Prov., Bontoc, Mt. Polis; Kalinga) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019c).
Pachyrhynchuscongestusimmarginatus Kraatz, 1888
Type depository.SDEI (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Data) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchuscongestusmirabilis Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Lohong).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan Vally region; Nueva Vizcaya, Belance, Lohong) (Yoshitake 2017b).
Pachyrhynchuscongestusocellatus Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., settlement Bokod near Mount Pandan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuscongestuspavonius Heller, 1921
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is., Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Imugan).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Nueva Vizcaya, Imugan) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchusconsobrinus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is., Mountain Prov., Bontoc).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Abra, Malibcong, Tineg; Apayao, Conner; Benguet; Moutain Prov., Barlig, Bontoc, Mt. Polis; Kalinga, Pinukpuk) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuscorpulentus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Lindabon).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Lindabon; Zamboanga) (Schultze 1922a; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b).
Pachyrhynchuscorpulentusbalatukan Patano & Macalaba, 2023
Type depository.CMU-MZ (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Misamis Oriental Prov., Gingoog City, Mt. Balatukan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuscroesus Oberthur, 1879
Type depository.NHRS (holotype).
Type locality. Indonesia (Sangir).
Distribution. Indonesia: Sangihe Isls. (Sangir Is.); Talaud Isls. (Kabaruan Is., Salibabu Is.) (Schultze 1924; Yoshitake et al. 2016; Yoshitake 2018a; Rukmane 2018b, 2019b).
Pachyrhynchuscruciatus Schultze, 1923
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Tayabas Prov., Baler).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Abra; Aurora; Ifugao, Banaue; Sierra Madre; Dingalon; Manila) (Rukmane and Barševskis 2016; Rukmane 2018c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuscumingiicumingii Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Leyte Is. (Leyte); Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Mt. Kiamo, Cabanglasan, Intavas, Mt. Kalatungan, Panamokan; Sarangani, Kiamba); Bohol Is.; Samar Is. (Hinabangan, Marabut) (Waterhouse 1841; Cabras et al. 2017).
Remarks. The original spelling of this species is “cumingii,” with a double “i,” following the ICZN (Articles 31.1.1 and 31.1.2); however, many references in the literature have incorrectly used the spelling “cumingi”.
Pachyrhynchuscumingiiboholensis Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Bohol Is.: Bilar).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusdavaoensis Schultze, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao Prov., Apo Volcano).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Cabanglasan; Cotabato, Tboli; Surigao del Sur, Esperanza, San Miguel) (Rukmane 2019a; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Pachyrhynchusdecussatusdecussatus Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Catanduanes Is. (Virac) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923); Luzon Is. (south Luzon, Mt. Bulusan) (Rukmane-Bārbale 2020d).
Pachyrhynchusdecussatuscatanduanensis Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Catanduanes Is.: Catanduanes Prov., Pandan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusdisargus Rukmane, 2019
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Kasibu).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Nueva Vizcaya, Kasibu, Kayapa) (Rukmane 2019d).
Pachyrhynchusdisgestus Heller, 1929
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Bayombong).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Ifugao, Moutain Prov., Nueva Vizcaya) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusdohrni Behrens, 1887
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Manila) (Rukmane 2019b).
Pachyrhynchusdomino Rukmane, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindoro Is.: Mindoro Oriental Prov., Mt. Halcon).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindoro Is. (Mindoro Oriental Prov., Mt. Halcon, Baco) (Rukmane and Háva 2020; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusdubiosus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Berg Santo Tomas und Haight’s Place).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Loo, Mt. Santo Tomas, Pauai; Mountain Prov.) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b, 2019c).
Pachyrhynchuselegans Waterhouse, 1842
Pachyrhynchuseos Heller, 1924: 171. Synonymized by Bollino, Sandel and Rukmane (2017: 201).
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Unknown.
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Northern Samar, Lope De Vega; Samar, Hinabangan) (Waterhouse 1842; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuseques Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Cagayan, Abulog River).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan, Abulog River) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchusequester Heller, 1929
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Baguio).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuserichsonierichsoni Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchuserichsonivar.chrysocompsus Heller, 1912: 307. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 663).
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype); SMTD (syntype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Dinagat Is.; Leyte Is. (Sogod; Cabalian); Samar Is. (Hinabanga); Luzon Is. (Sorsogon; Cagayan; Ifuga, Banaue; Sierra Madre; Aurora, Dingalan, Labulo; Nueva Vizcaya, Belance; Quirino, Disimungal, Madela); Marinduque Is. (Boac; Buenavista); Mindoro Is. (Baco); Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Mt. Kiamo, Cabanglasan, Intavas, Panamokan; Cotobato, Kidapawan, Mt. Apo; Surigao del Sur, Esperanza; Davao City, Marilog District, Catigan, Toril, Tamayong, Calinan) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923; Cabras et al. 2017; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Host plants. The P.erichsoni complex has been documented on the following plants: Melastomamalabathricum (Melastomataceae), Lithocarpusboholensis (Fagaceae), Dendrocnide sp. (Urticaceae), Callicarpa sp. (Lamiaceae), Philodendron sp. (Araceae), and Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthaceae) (Cabras et al. 2022a).
Pachyrhynchuserichsonieschscholtzii Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype); SMTD (syntype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Laguna Prov., Paete, Mt. Banahao; Ilocos Norte Prov., Bangui); Polillo Is.; Marinduque Is. (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923, 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuserosus Schultze, 1920
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., mountain trail near Atoc).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Abatan, La Trinidad) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusesperanza Bollino, Sandel & Rukmane, 2017
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, DUBC, NIAES, KUM, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Agusan del Sur Prov.).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan del Sur, Esperanza, Sibagat, Talacogon; Caraga region; Bukidnon, Cabanglasan, Valencia; Surigao del Sur).
Pachyrhynchusfaisali Bollino, 2023
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Indonesia (New Guinea Is.: West Papua, South Sorong Regency, Teminabuan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusfelipeae Rukmane & Cabras, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Panay Is.: Antique Prov., Culasi, Aklan).
Distribution. Philippines: Panay Is. (Antique, Culasi, Aklan).
Remarks. This species is very similar and sympatric with P.franciscoiRukmane and Cabras (2018b) from Panay Island, Philippines.
Pachyrhynchusflorulentus Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository. KUM (holotype); NIAES (paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Ilocos Norte Prov., Pagudpud).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Nueva Vizcaya) (Yoshitake 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusforsteni Vollenhoven, 1864
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Indonesia (Molucas Is.: North Maluku Prov., Ternate).
Distribution. Indonesia: Maluku Isls. (Halmahera Is., Makian Is., Molucas Is., Ternate Is., Morotai Is.) (Yoshitake 2018b; Rukmane 2019b; Bollino 2023).
Remarks. According to the original description of P.forsteni by Snellen van Vollenhoven (1864), the distribution of this species included Ternate, Halmahera, and Sumatra. However, the record from Sumatra is now questioned due to geographical discrepancies (Yoshitake 2018b).
Pachyrhynchusfranciscoi Rukmane & Cabras, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Panay Is.: Antique Prov., Culasi, Aklan).
Distribution. Philippines: Panay Is. (Antique, Culasi, Aklan).
Remarks. This species is very similar and sympatric with P.felipeaeRukmane and Cabras (2018b) from Panay Island, Philippines.
Pachyrhynchusgaleraensis Schultze, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindoro Is.: Puetro Galera).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindoro Is. (Puetro Galera).
Pachyrhynchusgemmatusgemmatus Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusgemmatusvar.atratus Heller, 1912: 308. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 329).
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype), SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Calayan, Sanchez Mira, Santa Ana.; Moutain Prov.; Manila; Nueva Vizcaya; Isabela; Quirino) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2018c, 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusgemmatuspurpureus Kraatz, 1888
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan, Sanchez Mira) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchusgilvomaculatus Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype); KUM, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: South Cotabato Prov., Mt. Matutum).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Soccsksargen region, South Cotabato Prov.) (Yoshitake 2017c).
Pachyrhynchusgloriosusgloriosus Faust, 1895
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Ifugao; Isabela; Kalinga; Laguna, Mt. Banahao; Nueva Vizcaya; Rizal) (Faust 1895a; Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Remarks. A specimen examined by Rukmane (2019b) was recorded from Negros Island, a locality that differs from previously known distribution records, which have been confined to Luzon. While this may be a special record, its validity as a confirmed observation requires further verification.
Pachyrhynchusgloriosusabbreviatus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Mountain Prov., Bontoc).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Mountain Prov., Bontoc; Kalinga, Lubuagan) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchushalconensis Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindoro Is.: Mt. Halcon).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindoro Is. (Mt. Halcon) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchushelenperrinae Rukmane, 2018
Type depository.MNHN (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Ch. Semper).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. or Mindanao PAIC.
Remarks.Rukmane (2018d) mentioned that species on a particular island share common features, which are clearly distinct from those of species found on another island. Therefore, based on their general appearance, this species might be distributed across Mindanao Island or the Mindanao PAIC (Rukmane 2018d).
Pachyrhynchushelleri Kuntzen, 1914
Type depository.ZMHB (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchushirokii Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); PCKS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Apo).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon; Cotabato; Davao del Sur; Lanao del Sur) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusigorota Schultze, 1917
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes)
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Haight’s Place).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Pawai, Mt. Pulog; Ifugao; Isabela, Mt. Moises; Mountain Prov., Mt. Polis; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusilgas Rukmane, 2017
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Northern Samar Prov., Lope De Vega).
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Northern Samar) (Rukmane 2017).
Pachyrhynchusimitans Rukmane & Bollino, 2020
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); DUBC, MZZC, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Zamboanga City, Labuan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Zamboanga City, Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay).
Pachyrhynchusinclytus Pascoe, 1873
Pachyrhynchusignipes Chevrolat, 1881b: 359. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 339).
Pachyrhynchusmodestior Behrens, 1887: 240. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 339).
P.modestiorvar.apicalis Kraatz, 1888: 26. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 340).
P.modestiorvar.transversatus Heller, 1921: 544. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 340).
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype), SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Trail, Baguio, Mt. Mirador, Mt. Santo Tomas, Trinidad; Ifugao; Manila; Mountain Prov.; Nueva Vizcaya, Imugan) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusinfernalis Fairmaire, 1897
Pachyrhynchusniger Sakaguchi, 1927: 24. Synonymized by Rukmane (2018a: 65).
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Japan (Ryukyu, Ishigaki Is.).
Distribution. Japan: Ryukyu Isls. (Iriomote Is., Ishigaki Is.) (Schultze 1923; Starr and Wang 1992).
Host plants.Mangiferaindica (Anacardiaceae) and Glochidion sp. (Euphorbiaceae) (Oshiro 1991).
Remarks.Pachyrhynchusinfernalis is known from Ryukyu Islands. However, the identification of a specimen from “Bangsamoro” as P.infernalis by Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras (2021) from the DUBC collection might need to be reevaluated.
Pachyrhynchusjitanasaius Chen & Lin, 2017
Type depository. NMNS (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Taiwan (Taitung County, Ludao Is.).
Distribution. Taiwan: Ludao Is.
Host plants. Among all the individuals found on the host plants, 50% were found on Shoebutton ardisia (Ardisiaelliptica, Primulaceae), 48% on beef wood (Casuarinaequisetifolia, Casuarinaceae), and 2% on litsea (Litseaacutivens, Lauraceae) (Chen et al. 2017).
Pachyrhynchusjugifer Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusrhodopterus Chevrolat, 1841: 224. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 653).
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Panay Is. (Capiz, Aklan, Jamindan, Mt. Macosolon) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Remarks. Four specimens examined by Rukmane (2018c) were recorded from Luzon Island (Manila). However, other specimens were found on Panay Island.
Pachyrhynchuskirklayroni Rukmane, 2019
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Ilocos Norte Prov., Adams).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Ilocos Norte) (Rukmane 2019d).
Pachyrhynchuskraslavae Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao de Oro Prov., Mabini).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan del Sur, San Francisco; Surigao del Norte) (Rukmane 2019a).
Pachyrhynchuslacunosus Heller, 1912
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype); SDEI (syntype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Pulogloko; Ifugao, Asipulo, Banaue, Hungduan, Tinok; Isabela; Nueva Viscaya, Ambaguio, Belance, Dupax Del Sur, Kasibu, Kayapa, Malico, Sta. Fe.; Quezon) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuslatifasciatus Waterhouse, 1842
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Northern Samar, Lope de Vega) (Waterhouse 1842; Yoshitake 2017c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuslayroni Rukmane & Cabras, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Panay Is.: Antique Prov., Madja-as).
Distribution. Philippines: Panay Is. (Antique) (Rukmane and Cabras 2018b).
Pachyrhynchuslibucanus Schultze, 1923
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Libucan Is.: near Samar).
Distribution. Philippines: Libucan Is.
Pachyrhynchusloheri Schultze, 1917
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Bulacan Prov., Mount Guinuisan).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Bulacan, Mount Guinisan) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b).
Pachyrhynchuslorquini Chevrolat, 1881
Pachyrhynchusflavopunctatus Kraatz, 1888: 30. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 334).
Pachyrhynchusflavomaculatus Kraatz, 1888: 32. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 334).
Type depository.NHRS (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Laguna, Mt. Maquiling); Marinduque Is. (Mt. Malindig) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2018c; Rukmane 2019b).
Remarks. In the original description of P.lorquini, the type specimen was recorded from Maldonado (Chevrolat 1881b), but subsequent findings were in Luzon. The actual distribution range of the species needs to be re-evaluated.
Pachyrhynchuslubanganus Bollino & Sandel, 2015
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Lubang Is.: south-west of Tilik).
Distribution. Philippines: Lubang Is.
Pachyrhynchusmarinduquensis Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Marinduque Is.: Marinduque Prov., Buenavista).
Distribution. Philippines: Marinduque Is. (Marinduque, Buenavista, Boac; Mt. Malindig) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusmaruyamai Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype); MCKUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Catanduanes Is.: San Miguel, Kilikilihan).
Distribution. Philippines: Catanduanes Is. (Yoshitake 2019f).
Pachyrhynchusmasatoshii Yoshitake & Yap, 2017
Type depository.UPLB (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Quezon Prov., Dolores, Brgy. Kinabuhayan, Mt. Banahaw).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Calabarzon regio) (Yoshitake and Yap 2017).
Pachyrhynchusmasatoshiensis Rukmane-Bārbale, 2024
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Albay Prov., Tabaco, Mayon Volcano).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Quezon, Gen Nakar) (Rukmane-Bārbale 2024).
Pachyrhynchusmiltoni Cabras & Rukmane, 2016
Type depository.CMU-MZ (holotype, paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao del Sur Prov., Davao City, Marilog District).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Davao del Sur) (Mohagan et al. 2018; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Host plants. This species has been documented on Melastomamalabathricum (Melastomataceae), Piperaduncum (Piperaceae), Lithocarpusboholensis (Fagaceae), Theobromacacao (Malvaceae), Atunaracemosa (Chrysobalanaceae), and Helianthus sp. (Asteraceae) (Cabras et al. 2022a).
Pachyrhynchusmindoroensis Rukmane & Háva, 2020
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes); JHAC (paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindoro Is.: Oriental Mindoro Prov., Puerto Galera).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindoro Is. (Oriental Mindoro, Baco, Puerto Galera, Bacon, Mt. Halcon).
Pachyrhynchusmohagani Bollino & Sandel, 2015
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Lubang Is.: south-west of Tilik).
Distribution. Philippines: Lubang Is.
Pachyrhynchusmollendorffimollendorffi Heller, 1898
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Panay Is. (Antique) (Rukmane and Cabras 2018a).
Pachyrhynchusmollendorffimarinduquanus Rukmane & Cabras, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Marinduque Is.: Marinduque Prov., Buenavista).
Distribution. Philippines: Marinduque Is. (Marinduque, Buenavista, Mt. Malinding) (Rukmane and Cabras 2018a).
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferusmoniliferus Germar, 1824
Pachyrhynchusconfinis Chevrolat, 1841: 226. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 634).
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Manila).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora, Dingalan; Cagayan; Ifugao, Banaue; Quirino; Nueva Vizcaya, Belance; Isabela; Mountain Prov.; Kalinga, Pinukpuk; Benguet; Camarines; Batangas; Laguna, Los Baños, Mt. Makiling, Mt. Banahao; Rizal, Bosoboso, Montalban, Taytay, Antipolo; Manila; Paete, Bataan, Limay); Mindoro Is. (Mt. Halcon); Marinduque Is.; Bohol Is.; Negros Is.; Camiguin Is.; Calayan Is.; Catanduanes Is. (Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2018c, 2018e, 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Host plant. Cocoa, Theobromacacao (Kayashima 1940); Bishop Wood, Bischofiajavanica (Phyllanthaceae) (this study).
Remarks. The larvae of this species were found to feed on cacao fruit imported from the Philippines to Taiwan (Kayashima 1940). In addition, it is considered as one of the insect pests of cocoa plantations in the Philippines, especially in Luzon (Domingo et al. 2023).
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferusabranus Heller, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Abra Prov.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Abra, Nueva Vizcaya); Mindoro Is. (Baco; Mt. Halcon) (Rukmane 2018e).
Remarks.Heller (1934) treated P.stellulifer as a distinct species, and described abranus as its subspecies simultaneously. However, Heller described stellulifer as a variety (subspecies) of P.moniliferus in 1912. This classification has been followed by Schultze (1924, 1934) and Rukmane (2018a, 2018e). There has been no further related study since then until Rukmane (2018a, e) listed abranus as a subspecies of P.moniliferus, which is followed herein. Rukmane (2018e) incorrectly spelled “abranus” as “eburnus”, and the specimens from Mindoro Island might need to be evaluated in the future.
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferusbabuyanensis Rukmane, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Babuyan Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferuschevrolati Eydoux & Souleyet, 1839
Pachyrhynchuschlorolineatus Waterhouse, 1841: 25. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 644).
Pachyrhynchusmandarinus Chevrolat, 1841: 226. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 644).
Pachyrhynchusconcinnus Waterhouse, 1842: 70. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 644).
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Catanduanes Is. (Catanduanes Prov., Virac); Luzon Is. (Aurora, Dingalan; Isabela; Quirino; Manila; Tayabas; Albay; Polillo); Samar Is. (Catarman, Borongan); Mindanao Is. (Misamis Occidental, Labuyo) (Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2018c, 2018d, 2018e).
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferusherbidus Rukmane, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype); SMTD (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Northern Samar, Lope De Vega).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferusjagori Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is.; Catanduanes Is. (Rukmane 2018e).
Remarks. The type locality of this subspecies is Samar Island, Philippines (Heller 1912). However, Rukmane (2018e) examined a specimen from Catanduanes Island, which requires further clarification.
Pachyrhynchusmoniliferusstellulifer Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Ilocos Sur, Pangasinan); Mindoro Is. (Naujan; Mangaran; San Jose; Mt. Halcon; Puerto Galera) (Schultze 1923, 1934).
Pachyrhynchusmorio Heller, 1912
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype); SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Mt. Lusong) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchusmorotaiensis Vollenhoven, 1864
Pachyrhynchuswaterhousei Faust, 1895b: 95. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 661).
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality Indonesia (Morotai).
Distribution. Indonesia: Maluku Isls. (Morotai, Moluccas) (Faust 1895b; Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2018c).
Pachyrhynchusmultipunctatusmultipunctatus Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusauroguttatus Chevrolat, 1881: 348. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 316).
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Bohol Is. (Bohol, Sevilla); Luzon Is. (Nueva Vizcaya; Manila) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1924; Yoshitake 2018c; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusmultipunctatusendoi Yoshitake, 2018
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); MCKUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Cebu Is.: Cebu city, Barangay Busay, Sitio Rosvelt).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2018c).
Pachyrhynchusnaokii Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Syniop).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat; Lanao del Sur) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusnaokoae Yoshitake, 2019
PachyrhynchussibuyanensisRukmane 2019b: 42. Synonymized by Yoshitake (2019a: 408).
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); KUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Sibuyan Is.: Mimaropa region, Romblon Prov.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusnegrosensis Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Negros Is.: Occidental Negros Prov., Cuernos Mountains).
Distribution. Philippines: Negros Is. (Occidental Negros Prov., Mt. Canlaon, Benedicto) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusneoabsurdus Rukmane, 2017
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Mt. Kalatungan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Intavas) (Rukmane 2017).
Pachyrhynchusniisatoi Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository. KUM (holotype); KUM, MBLI, NIAES (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Quirino Prov., Nagutipunan).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Central Luzon; Cagayan Valley region; Aurora; Nueva Vizcaya, Kayapa, Kasibu, Dupax Del Sur; Quirino, Madela, Nagtipunan; Isabela; Aurora; Rizal) (Yoshitake 2017d; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusnitcisi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Sarangani Prov., Malungon).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan; Agusan del Sur, Sibagat; Bukidnon; Cotabato; Sarangani, Malungon) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusnobilisnobilis Heller, 1912
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype); SMTD (syntype); SDEI (syntype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Babuyan Islands (Babuyan Claro; Calayan Is.); Luzon Is. (Ifugao; Isabela; Moutain Prov.; Nueva Vizcaya; Quirino) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Tseng et al. 2021).
Pachyrhynchusnobilisyamianus Kano, 1929
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Taiwan (Taitung County, Lanyu Is. (= Kotosho)).
Distribution. Taiwan: Lanyu Is.; Ludao Is.
Host plants.Epipremnumpinnatum (Araceae) (this study).
Remarks.Pachyrhynchusnobilisyamianus was initially considered a distinct species as P.yamianus Kano, 1929. However, Schultze (1937) examined the specimens and regard it as a subspecies of P.nobilis. Whether P.nobilisyamianus is a distinct species requires re-examination.
Pachyrhynchusnoeli Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository. KUM (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Sibuyan Is.: Mimaropa region, Romblon Prov.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2019e).
Pachyrhynchusnotocruciatus Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Apo).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Cotabato, Alamada; Mt. Apo) (Yoshitake 2017c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusobumanuvu Cabras, Donato, Medina, & Van Dam, 2021
Type depository.PNMNH (holotype); UMCRC, CASENT, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao City).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Davao city) (Cabras et al. 2021, 2022a).
Host plants.Procrisurdanetensis (Urticaceae) and Elatostema sp. (Urticaceae). (Cabras et al. 2021, 2022a)
Pachyrhynchusoccidentalis Rukmane, 2017
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao Del Sur Prov., Kapatagan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Cotabato, Mt. Parke; Davao Del Sur, Mt. Apo; Sarangani, Kiamba) (Rukmane 2017; Háva and Rukmane 2018; Rukmane 2019b; Yoshitake and Bollino 2019; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusochroplagiatusochroplagiatus Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Mt. Pulog).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Benguet, Mt. Pulog; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusochroplagiatusmultiplagiatus Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Rukmane 2018a).
Pachyrhynchusoctoannulatus Yoshitake, Bollino & Sandel, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); KUM, CFS, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Lanao del Sur Prov., Wao).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon; Bangsamoro Autonomous Region ni Muslim Mindanao; Soccksargen region; Lanao del Sur, Wao; Cotabato) (Rukmane 2019a; Yoshitake et al. 2019b).
Pachyrhynchusohbayashii Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Indonesia (Biak Is.: Irian Jaya, North of Biak).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2017a).
Pachyrhynchusorbiferorbifer Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusalboguttatus Chevrolat, 1841: 226. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 638).
Pachyrhynchusfahrei Schoenherr, 1845: 388. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 638).
Pachyrhynchusfimbriatus Chevrolat, 1841: 224. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 637).
Pachyrhynchusglobulipennis Chevrolat, 1841: 225. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 637).
Pachyrhynchuspretiosus Chevrolat, 1841: 225. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 637).
Pachyrhynchusscintillans Chevrolat, 1841: 225. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 637).
Type depository.NHRS (syntypes); SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Benguet, Baguio to Bontoc, Bued River Valley, Baguio, Mt. Santo Tomas, Mount Mirador, Trinidad, Mountain Trail; Ifugao; Ilocos Norte, Bangui, Burgos, Mount Nagapatan; Isabela; Mountain Prov.; Nueva Viscaya; Quirino; Kalinga, Lubuagan; Cagayan, Sanchez Mira; Manila) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923; Rukmane and Barševskis 2017; Rukmane 2018c, 2019b, 2019c).
Remarks. One female was found in Ako (Pingtung, Taiwan) (Kôno 1930); however, no record was found after that.
Pachyrhynchusorbiferardens Chevrolat, 1841
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan, Sanchez Mira) (Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2018a).
Pachyrhynchusorbiferazureus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Kabayan).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Kabayan; Cagayan; Isabela; Kalinga) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1923; Rukmane and Barševskis 2017).
Pachyrhynchusorbifercallainus Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Cagayan Prov., Sierra Madre).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan Valley region) (Yoshitake 2017b).
Pachyrhynchusorbifercirculifer Chevrolat, 1841
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Apayao; Cagayan; Mountain Prov.; Ilocos Norte, Bangui; Isabela; Quirino; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1923; Rukmane and Barševskis 2017).
Pachyrhynchusorbifergemmans Chevrolat, 1841
Type depository.NHRS (syntypes); SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Manila).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Apoyao; Cagayan, Tuao, Rio Chico; Isabela, Mt. Moises; Ifugao; Mountain Prov.; Quirino; Laguna; Manila) (Rukmane and Barševskis 2017; Rukmane 2018c, 2019c).
Pachyrhynchusorbiferinornatus Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Calayan Is.; Luzon Is. (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923).
Pachyrhynchusorbifermurinus Heller, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Ilocos Sur Prov., Cabugao).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Apayao; Ilocos Sur; Mountain Prov.; Quirino) (Rukmane and Barševskis 2017).
Pachyrhynchusorbiferstriatomaculatus Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); KUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Aritao).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan Valley region) (Yoshitake 2017c).
Pachyrhynchusorientalis Rukmane, 2017
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Cabanglasan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Cabanglasan; Surigao Del Sur, San Miguel) (Rukmane 2017).
Pachyrhynchusottomerkli Rukmane, 2019
Type depository. HUF (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Maluko).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Rukmane 2019c).
Pachyrhynchuspanumanon Cabras & Medina, 2022
Type depository.PNMNH (holotype); UMCRC (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Misamis Oriental Prov., Gingoog City).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Host plants.Glochidion sp. (Phyllanthaceae) and Clethra sp. (Clethraceae) (Cabras et al. 2022b).
Pachyrhynchusperpulcher Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Babuyan Is.; Batanes Is.; Calayan Is.; Camiguin Is.; Luzon Is. (Cagayan; Ilocos Norte; Nueva Vizcaya; Kalinga, Pinukpuk; Quirino) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Tseng et al. 2021).
Pachyrhynchusphaleratusphaleratus Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchuselenae Rukmane, 2016: 82. Synonymized by Yoshitake, Bollino and Sandel (2019a: 197).
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Catanduanes Is.: Virac).
Distribution. Philippines: Catanduanes Is. (Virac); Luzon Is. (Aurora; Isabela; Quirino) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923; Yoshitake et al. 2019a).
Pachyrhynchusphaleratusbadiovittatus Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository. KUM (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Marinduque Is.: Marinduque Prov., Gasan, Tiguion).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusphaleratusdannylayroni Rukmane, 2019
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Aurora Prov., Dingalan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Rukmane 2019d).
Pachyrhynchuspinorumpinorum Pascoe, 1873
Pachyrhynchuspinorumvar.dimidiatus Heller, 1912: 306. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 351).
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype), SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Mt. Makiling; Benguet, Mt. Trail, Baguio, Atoc, Tublay, La Trinidad; Ifugao, Banaue, Hungduan; Moutain Prov., Barlig; Nueva Vizcaya, Kayapa, Sta. Fe., Dupax) (Schultze, 1920; Rukmane 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuspinorumtransversalis Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is.
Pachyrhynchuspostpubescenspostpubescens Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Lindabon).
Distribution. Philippines: Bohol Is.; Luzon Is. (Bukidnon, Mt. Kiamo, Cabanglasan, Intavas, Kalatungan, Panamokan, San Fernando); Mindanao Is. (Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo) (Schultze 1922b; Cabras et al. 2017; Rukmane 2019a, 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuspostpubescensconfluens Janczyk, 1959
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuspseudamabilis Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Apo).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Mt. Apo; Agusan del Sur, Sibagat; Bukidnon, Cabanglasan, Panamokan, Mt. Kalatungan; Cotabato, Mt. Parke, Kidapawan; Davao del Sur, Davao City, Marilog District, Catigan, Toril, Calinan, Kapatagan; Lanao del Sur, Wao; Misamis Oriental, Mat-i, Claveria; Sarangani, Kiamba) (Cabras 2020; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Host plants.Theobromacacao (Malvaceae), Crotonleiophyllus (Euphorbiaceae), Piperaduncum (Piperaceae), and Lithocarpusboholensis (Fagaceae) (Cabras et al. 2022a).
Pachyrhynchuspseudhalconensis Rukmane, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindoro Is.: Mindoro Oriental Prov., Puerto Galera).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindoro Is. (Mindoro Oriental Prov., Puerto Galera, Mt. Halcon, Baco).
Pachyrhynchuspseudoproteus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Laguna Prov.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Laguna) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1924).
Remarks. Two specimens examined by Rukmane (2019c) were recorded from Leyte Island (Baybey). However, the distribution of the other specimens was in Luzon and so requires further verification.
Pachyrhynchuspsittacinus Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Bataan Prov., Lamao).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Bataan, Lamao; Mountain) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchuspsittaculus Heller, 1921
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Quezon Prov., Mt. Banahaw).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Laguna; Quezon) (Schultze 1924).
Pachyrhynchuspulchellus Behrens, 1887
Pachyrhynchusbakeri Heller, 1921: 542. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 338).
Pachyrhynchuspulchellusvar.modestioroides Schultze, 1922b: 576. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 338).
Type depository.SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Baguio, Mt. Polis, Mt. Santo Tomas, Trinidad, Mt. Trail, Atoc; Bulacan, Guinnisan; Ifugao; Mountain Prov.; Nueva Vizcaya; Manila) (Heller 1921; Schultze 1922b, 1924; Rukmane 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusrebus Rukmane, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Quirino Prov., Nagtipunan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusregiusregius Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Leyte Is.: Cabalian).
Distribution. Philippines: Leyte Is. (mountains near Cabalian, Sogod); Mindanao Is. (Agusan del Norte, Sibagat; Bukidnon, Mt. Kiamo, Cabanglasan, San Fernando); Samar Is. (Marabot) (Schultze 1922b; Schultze 1923; Cabras et al. 2017; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusregiusboronganus Schultze, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Eastern Samar, Borongan).
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Northern Samar; Samar; Eastern Samar, Borongan).
Pachyrhynchusreicherti Schultze, 1929
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Davao Prov., Mt. Apo).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon; Cotabato; Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo); Mindoro Is. (Schultze 1929; Cabras and Medina 2018; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusreticulatus Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.NHRS (syntype); SMTD (*).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Catanduanes Is.; Luzon Is. (Abra; Aurora; Camarines Sur; Laguna, Lilio, Paete, Mt. Bonahao; Manila); Marinduque Is. (Boac) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2018c, 2019b, 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusrizali Schultze, 1934
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Aurora Prov., Casiguran; Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Mount Dibago).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora, Casiguran; Cagayan, Gonzaga, Sta. Ana; Nueva Vizcaya, Mount Dibago; Quirino) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Villegas et al. 2024).
Pachyrhynchusrochaorum Yoshitake, 2020
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); KUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Calabarzon region, Quezon Prov., Dolores, Brgy. Kinabuhayan, Mt. Banahaw).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusroseomaculatus Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusstriatus Waterhouse, 1841: 25. Synonymized by Yoshitake (2019b: 193).
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Masbate Is. (Yoshitake 2019g).
Remarks. The specimen received by Schultze was obtained through an exchange, and he suggested that its location was Luzon Island (Schultze 1923). The only confirmed locality is Masbate Island, as examined by Yoshitake (2019g). Further research is needed to determine the distribution of this species.
Pachyrhynchusrufopunctatus Waterhouse, 1842
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Manila); Mindoro Is. (Mt. Halcon); Polillo Is. (Waterhouse 1842; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2018c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusrugicollisrugicollis Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Ifugao; Nueva Vizcaya, Sorsogon, Bulusan; Zambales Prov.; Battan Prov.; mountains of Mariveles; Manila) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2018c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusrugicollisaurinius Heller, 1921
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Zambales Prov., Iba).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusrugicolliscrucifer Heller, 1912
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusrukmaneaerukmaneae Barševskis, 2016
Pachyrhynchustakakuwai Yoshitake, 2016b: 36. Synonymized by Yoshitake (2017c: 262).
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Marinduque Is.: Boac).
Distribution. Philippines: Marinduque Is. (Buenavista, Mt. Malindig) (Barševskis 2016; Rukmane 2019b).
Remarks.Barševskis (2016) described this species based on a series of specimens from Marinduque Island, Philippines, including several other localities (e.g., Boac, Buenavista, and Mt. Malindig). However, Yoshitake and Yap (2017) considered that all materials of the species were collected from mountain areas, such as Sihi or Mt. Malindig, and suggested that the holotype locality, Boac, was mislabeled due to commercial processes. Yoshitake and Yap (2017) recommended that further studies were needed to clarify the distribution range of this species.
Pachyrhynchusrukmaneaepaucisignatus Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository. KUM (holotype, paratypes); NIAES (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Marinduque Is.: Boac).
Distribution. Philippines: Marinduque Is. (Boac) (Yoshitake and Yap 2017; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussagittatus Rukmane, 2019
Type depository.DUBC (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Quirino Prov., Sierra Madre).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Quirino) (Rukmane 2019d, Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussakaii Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2017c).
Pachyrhynchussamarensis Schultze, 1923
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Catarman).
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Northern Samar, Catarman, Lope De Vega; Samar) (Rukmane 2019a).
Pachyrhynchussanchezi Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Baguio).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Auror; Benguet, Baguio, Mt. Mirador, Mt. Santo Tomas, Mt. Trail; Ifugao; Isabela; Mountain Prov.; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1924; Heller 1912; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Remarks. Two specimens examined by Rukmane (2019b) were recorded from Mindanao Island (Surigao). However, other specimens were found in Luzon. It is likely that the two Mindanao specimens were mislabeled.
Pachyrhynchussarcitissarcitis Behrens, 1887
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Babuyan Islands. (Calayan Is.; Camiguin Is.; Fuga Is; Babuyan Is.); Batanes Islands (Batan Is.; Sabtang Is.; Itbayat Is.); Luzon Is. (Cagayan; Isabela; Quirino) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Tseng et al. 2021).
Host plants. Philippine Leea, Leeaphilippinensis (Leeaceae) and Manila Leea, Leeaguineensis (Leeaceae) (Tseng et al. 2021).
Pachyrhynchussarcitiskotoensis Kôno, 1930
Type depository.HUMS (syntypes).
Type locality. Taiwan (Taitung County, Lanyu Is. (= Kotosho)).
Distribution. Taiwan: Lanyu Is.; Ludao Is.
Host plants. Philippine Leea, Leeaphilippinensis (Leeaceae) and Manila Leea, Leeaguineensis (Leeaceae) (this study).
Remarks. In a captive environment, the number of larval stages ranged from four to six, and the duration from eggs to adults varied between 133–169 days (Huang et al. 2018). A larva was found inside the stem of L.guineensis in Lanyu (this study). This species is relatively rarer on Ludao Is. than on Lanyu Is. (this study).
Pachyrhynchusschoenherri Waterhouse, 1841
Type depository.NHMUK (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippine: Leyte Is. (Mahaplag) (Waterhouse 1841; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusschuetzei Schultze, 1917
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Haight’s Place).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet, Loo, Mt. Pawai; Ifugao; Mountain Prov.; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussemiignitus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Cotabato Prov., Pikit).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Schultze 1922b).
Pachyrhynchussemperi Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Babuyan Is. (Camiguin Norte; Calayan Is.; Babuyan Is.); Batanes Is. (Batan Is.) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Tseng et al. 2021).
Host plants. Bishop Wood Tree, Bischofiajavanica (Euphorbiaceae) (Tseng et al. 2021).
Pachyrhynchusseptentrionalis Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); CFS, KUM, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Cagayan Prov., Sierra Madre Mountains).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan Vally region, Aurora, Cagayan) (Yoshitake 2017d; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussergejevae Rukmane, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Cabanglasan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Mt. Kalatungan, Intavas) (Rukmane 2018f).
Pachyrhynchusshavrini Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Samar Is.: Northern Samar Prov., Lope De Vega).
Distribution. Philippines: Samar Is. (Northern Samar, Lope De Vega; Samar, Hinabangan) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Remarks. One specimen examined by Rukmane (2019b) was recorded from Luzon Island. However, the distribution of other specimens was in Samar. The distribution of P.shavrini requires further verification.
Pachyrhynchussignaticollis Schultze, 1922
Pachyrhynchustransversarius Heller, 1923b: 8. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 666).
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Agusan Prov., Butuan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan Prov., Butuan; Surigao) (Schultze 1922a; Schultze 1923; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussignatus Schultze, 1919
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Siargao Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchussimilis Bollino, 2022
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, DUBC, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Lanao del Sur Prov., Near Wao).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (south eastern Lanao del Sur; north eastern North Cotabato; Bukidnon, west of Mount Kitanglad).
Pachyrhynchussmaragdinus Behrens, 1887
Pachyrhynchussmaragdinusvar.carnosus Kraatz, 1888: 32. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 313).
Pachyrhynchussmaragdinusvar.purpurascens Kraatz, 1888: 32. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 313).
Type depository.SMTD (syntype).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Bohol Is.; Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Misamis, Surigao); Samar Is. (Northern Samar, Lope De Vega; Samar, Hinabangan) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussonani Kôno, 1930
Type depository.HUMS (holotype).
Type locality. Taiwan (Taitung County, Lanyu Is. (= Kotosho)).
Distribution. Taiwan: Lanyu Is.
Host plants. Among all the individuals found on the host plants, 93.75% were found on Sea poison tree (Barringtoniaasiatica, Lecythidaceae), 3.13% on beef wood (Casuarinaequisetifolia, Casuarinaceae) and 3.13% on Indian almond (Terminalia catappa, Combretaceae) (Chen et al. 2017).
Remarks. One female was observed to lay eggs in the xylem of B.asiatica, and the larvae were also found in the decayed xylem of the same host plant (Hsu et al. 2017).
Pachyrhynchusspeciosus Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusabsurdus Schultze, 1919: 550. Synonymized by Schultze (1923: 657) and Rukmane-Bārbale (2020a: 35).
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype), NHRS (syntype), SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Bohol Is. (Bilar); Bucas Grande Is.; Dinagat Is.; Leyte Is.; Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Cabanglasan; Cotabato, Saob; Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Marilog District, Catigan, Toril, Davao City; Sarangani, Kiamba; Surigao Prov., Surigao, Tandag); Samar Is. (Northern Samar; Samar, Hinabangan); Siargao Is. (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1919, 1923; Háva and Rukmane 2018; Rukmane 2019a, b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a).
Host plants. This species was collected on the leaves of Melastomamalabathricum (Melastomataceae) and Medinillacumingii (Melastomataceae) (Cabras et al. 2022a).
Pachyrhynchussphaericollaris Schultze, 1923
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Kalinga Prov., Pinukpuk).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cagayan; Isabela, Pinablanca; Kalinga) (Rukmane 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussphenomorphoides Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Basilan Is.: near Zamboanga Peninsula of West Mindanao).
Distribution. Philippines: Basilan Is.; Mindanao Is. (Zamboanga del Norte Prov.) (Bollino 2022).
Pachyrhynchusstellio Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Bataan Prov., Lamao).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora, Bataan Prov., Lamao, Mt. Mariveles; Benguet, Isabela, Mountain, Nueva Vizcaya, Rizal) (Schultze 1923; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussubamabilis Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Mt. Apo).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon; Cotabato; Lanao del Sur) (Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussubanon Bollino, 2022
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Misamis Occidental Prov., Brgy. Gandawan, Mt. Malindang Range, Lake Duminagat-Mt. Ginlajan).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchussubgo Bollino, 2025
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, DHA (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Cebu Is.: Cebu Prov., Mt. Manunggal).
Distribution. Philippines: Cebu Is. (Cebu Prov., Balamban, Mt. Manunggal, Brgy. Sunog, Mt. Mauyog, hills north-east of Kaluangan) (Bollino and Ersoy 2025).
Pachyrhynchussubpalidius Rukmane-Bārbale, 2022
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Mountain Prov., Barlig, Bontoc).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchussulphureomaculatus Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Cotabato Prov., Cotabato).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan; Bukidnon, Mt. Kiamo; Cotabato, Kidapawan, Mt. Parker; Davao City, Marilog District, Mt. Apo; Sarrangani, Kiamba; Surigao del Sur, Esperanza, San Miguel, Tandag); Leyte Is. (Sogod); Samar Is. (Hinabangan) (Schultze 1922b; Cabras et al. 2017, 2022a; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Host plant.Lithocarpusboholensis (Fagaceae) (Cabras et al. 2022a).
Pachyrhynchussumptuosoides Yoshitake, 2017
Type depository. KUM (holotype, paratypes), NIAES (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Apayao Prov., Conner).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Cordillera Administrative Region; Apayao, Conner; Cagayan, Santa Ana; Kalinga, Pinukpuk, Laguna) (Yoshitake 2017c; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchussumptuosus Schultze, 1917
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Mountain Prov., Bontoc).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Apayao; Ilocos Sur, Cabagao; Kalinga, Lubuagan, Balbalan; Mountain Prov., Bontoc; Nueva Vizcaya) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019c; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchustadauchii Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Surigao del Sur Prov., Bislig).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Agusan; Agusan del Sur, San Francisco; Bukidnon, Cabanglasan; Davao del Sur, Mt. Apo, Mt. Matutum; Sarangani, Kiamba, Malungon, Maitum; Surigao del Sur, San Miguel, Tandag) (Rukmane 2019a; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchustayloritaylori Schultze, 1922
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Kalinga Prov., Balbalan).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Kalinga; Nueva Vizcaya; Ifugao) (Schultze 1922a; Schultze 1924; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchustaylorimetalescens Schultze, 1924
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Ifugao Prov., Polis Pass).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchustetramaculatus Rukmane, 2019
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Vizcaya Prov., Quezon).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Rukmane 2019d).
Pachyrhynchustikoi Rukmane, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Bukidnon Prov., Cabanglasan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Bukidnon, Mt. Apo, Cabanglasan) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchustilikensis Bollino & Sandel, 2015
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI, CFS (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Lubang Is.: south-west of Tilik).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchustobafolius Kano, 1929
Type depository. Unknown.
Type locality. Taiwan (Taitung County, Lanyu Is. (= Kotosho)).
Distribution. Taiwan: Lanyu Is., Laudao Is.
Host plants.Pipturusarborescens (Urticaceae).
Remarks.Pachyrhynchustobafolius is only distributed on Lanyu and Ludao islands. However, according to Rukmane (2019b), examination of specimens from NHRS revealed that two specimens were mislabeled with the collection site listed as Japan. Kano (1929) mentioned that P.tobafolius feeds on the leaves of Barringtoniaasiatica on the seashore. However, during our field observations, we found that this species mainly feeds on plants of the Urticaceae family (this study).
Pachyrhynchustorresi Rukmane, 2018
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Zamboanga Prov., Labuan).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Zamboanga, Labuan) (Rukmane 2018f, 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchustristis Heller, 1912
Type depository.NHMUK (syntypes), SDEI (syntypes), SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Benguet; Moutain Prov.) (Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale 2020b).
Pachyrhynchusvalainisi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016
Type depository.DUBC (holotype, paratype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindoro Is.: Mindoro Oriental Prov., Puerto Galera).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindoro Is. (Mindoro Oriental Prov., Puerto Galera, Baco, Mt. Halcon) (Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Pachyrhynchusvenustusvenustus Waterhouse, 1841
Pachyrhynchusvenustusvar.aureomaculatus Kraatz, 1888: 27. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 310).
Pachyrhynchusvirgatus Schultze, 1919: 549. Synonymized by Schultze (1924: 310).
Type depository.NHMUK (syntype), SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines.
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Cotabato; Surigao Prov., Surigao; Sarangani); Samar Is. (Northern Samar, Lope De Vega; Samar, Hinabangan, Marabot); Leyte Is. (Sogod) (Waterhouse 1841; Schultze 1919; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Remarks. Six specimens examined by Rukmane (2019b) were recorded from Luzon Island (Manila). However, other specimens were found from Mindanao PAIC and the distribution of P.venustus requires further verification.
Pachyrhynchusvenustusinsulanus Schultze, 1919
Type depository.SMTD (syntypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Siargao Is.; Bucas Grande Is.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusviridans Heller, 1912
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Calayan).
Distribution. Philippines: Calayan Is.; Negros Is.; Sibuyan Is. (Heller 1912; Schultze 1924; Rukmane 2019b).
Pachyrhynchusviridis (Chevrolat, 1879)
Apocyrtusviridis Chevrolat, 1879: 134.
Sphenomorphaviridis: Dalla Torre et al., 1931: 19.
Pachyrhynchusviridis: Yoshitake, 2017a: 243.
Type depository.NHRS (holotype).
Type locality. Indonesia (Dorey).
Distribution. Indonesia: Dorey Is.; West Papua (Manokwari Prov., Ransiki District, Neney village) (Yoshitake 2017a; Bollino 2023).
Pachyrhynchusyoshitakei Bollino & Rukmane, 2020
Type depository.SMTD (holotype); MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Misamis Occidental Prov., Oroquieta City, Mt. Malindang Range, Mt. Capole-Sebucal).
Distribution. Philippines: Mindanao Is. (Misamis Occidental, Mt. Malindang Range).
Pachyrhynchusyoshitakeorum Yoshitake, Bollino & Sandel, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); KUM, CFS, MBLI (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Bohol Is.: Bohol Prov., Duero, Brgy. Payao, Sitio Pangpang).
Distribution. Philippines: Bohol Is.; Dinagat Is.; Cebu Is. (Rukmane 2019a; Yoshitake et al. 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021; Bollino and Ersoy 2025).
Host plants. This species is often found on cacao (Theobromacacao, Malvaceae) and coffee (Coffeaarabica, Rubiaceae) trees (Yoshitake et al. 2019b).
Pachyrhynchusyukae Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes); MCKUM (paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Quezon Prov., Dolores, Barangay Kinabuhayan, Sitio Bangkong, Kahoy).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchusyuukae Yoshitake, 2019
Type depository.NIAES (holotype, paratypes).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Nueva Ecija Prov., Carranglan, Lohong).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality (Yoshitake 2019d).
Pachyrhynchuszamboanganus Yoshitake, 2012
Type depository.NIAES (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Mindanao Is.: Zamboanga del Norte Prov.).
Distribution. Only known from the type locality.
Pachyrhynchuszebra Schultze, 1917
Type depository.SMTD (holotype).
Type locality. Philippines (Luzon Is.: Benguet Prov., Mt. Santo Tomas).
Distribution. Philippines: Luzon Is. (Aurora; Benguet, Baguio, Mt. Santo Tomas; Rizal) (Schultze 1923; Rukmane 2019b; Rukmane-Bārbale and Cabras 2021).
Discussion
As the number of described Pachyrhynchus species has increased in recent years, it is vital to provide an updated checklist of species. Such compilations are integral to future faunistic studies as these lists can provide an overview of the species richness of a particular taxa with their natural history and distribution patterns. The present work provides an updated checklist of Pachyrhynchus species, including their host plants, geographic records, synonyms, type repositories, and species groups.
Compared to earlier works on Pachyrhynchus (e.g., Heller 1912; Schultze 1922a, 1923), recent publications incorporate host plant information (see Chen et al. 2017; Cabras et al. 2021, 2022a; Tseng et al. 2021). This information is crucial for understanding the feeding ecology of Pachyrhynchus species. In this account, 19 Pachyrhynchus species are provided with host plant records. Despite the limited number of records, they reflect the diversity of host plant taxa utilized by Pachyrhynchus species. A total of 26 families, 32 genera and 35 host plant species were recorded, including species from the genera Ardisia (Primulaceae), Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae), Bischofia (Euphorbiaceae), Lithocarpus (Fagaceae), Melastoma (Melastomataceae), Philodendron (Araceae), and Saurauia (Actinidiaceae) (Cabras and Yoshitake 2016; Chen et al. 2017; Hsu et al. 2017; Tseng et al. 2021; Cabras et al. 2022a). These relatively few records of host plant associations highlight significant knowledge gaps in Pachyrhynchus faunistic studies that need to be addressed.
We compared species group classifications of Pachyrhynchus weevils based on both morphological and molecular studies (Table 2). Morphology-based groupings were derived from three key sources: Heller (1912), Schultze (1923, 1924), and more recent taxonomic works published between 2017 and 2025. Molecular clades were based on Van Dam et al. (2023) and the phylogenetic framework from Chen et al. (2025). The comparison revealed that several morphological groups are consistent with molecular clades, suggesting concordance between traditional taxonomy and modern phylogenetic inference. For instance, P.amabilis was assigned to Group XIV by Schultze (1924) and to the amabilis species group in recent morphological taxonomy (Bollino et al. 2017, 2020), which aligns with the amabilis clade in Chen et al. (2025). Similarly, P.anellifer and P.annulatus consistently fall under Group VII (Heller 1912; Schultze 1924), and both are placed in the erichsoni clade based on molecular data (Van Dam et al. 2023; Chen et al. 2025). The orbifer clade, as defined in Chen et al. (2025), includes at least 19 species, such as P.orbifer, P.cruciatus, P.jugifer, P.moniliferus, P.speciosus, and P.regius. Most of these species were assigned to Group I or Group V based on the morphological classifications by Heller (1912) and Schultze (1923, 1924). This indicates a moderate level of consistency between traditional morphological groupings and recent molecular phylogenetic results. However, discrepancies were also noted. Some recently described species lack morphological group assignments in earlier literature but have been placed into molecular clades. Future studies focusing on a broader-scale comparison between morphological characters and molecular data are needed to clarify their taxonomic placement.
Table 2.
List of Pachyrhynchus species groups, including both morphology-based groups and molecular clades. Pachyrhynchusabsurdus was synonymized with P.speciosus by Rukmane-Bārbale (2020); however, the term “absurdus species group” is retained here in accordance with the original classification proposed in Rukmane 2017.
| Species | Morphology-based group | Molecular clade | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heller 1912 | Schultze 1923, 1924 | Various studies (2017–2022) | Van Dam et al. 2023 | Chen et al. 2025 | ||
| 1 | P.amabilis Schultze, 1922 | Group XIV | amabilis species group | amabilis clade | ||
| 2 | P.anellifer Heller, 1912 | Group VII | Group VII | erichsoni clade | ||
| 3 | P.anichtchenkoi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | decussatus clade | ||||
| 4 | P.annulatus Chevrolat, 1881 | Group VII | Group VII | erichsoni clade | erichsoni clade | |
| 5 | P.antonkozlovi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | erichsoni clade | ||||
| 6 | P.apicatus Schultze, 1922 | Group V | apicatus clade | gemmatus clade | ||
| 7 | P.apocyrtoides Schultze, 1922 | Group IV | ||||
| 8 | P.apoensis Yoshitake, 2012 | schoenherri species group | gemmatus clade | |||
| 9 | P.ardentius Schultze, 1919 | Group XII | schoenherri species group | |||
| 10 | P.argus Pascoe, 1873 | Group VII | Group XV | argus clade | congestus clade | |
| 11 | P.atrocyaneus Schultze, 1922 | Group XV | atrocyaneus species group | |||
| 12 | P.atronitens Yoshitake, 2019 | pinorum clade | ||||
| 13 | P.baluganus Schultze, 1924 | Group VII | erichsoni clade | |||
| 14 | P.banglas Bollino, Sandel & Rukmane, 2017 | amabilis species group | ||||
| 15 | P.barsevskisi Rukmane, 2016 | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | pinorum clade | ||
| 16 | P.basilanus Heller, 1923 | Group XV | atrocyaneus species group | |||
| 17 | P.benguetanus Schultze, 1924 | Group VIII | ||||
| 18 | P.bollinoi Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020 | pinorum clade | ||||
| 19 | P.bucasanus Schultze, 1922 | Group IV | ||||
| 20 | P.cabrasae Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | speciosus species group | ||||
| 21 | P.caeruleovittatus Yoshitake, 2012 | amabilis clade | amabilis clade | |||
| 22 | P.caeruleus Yoshitake, 2019 | congestus clade | ||||
| 23 | P.cagayanus Heller, 1929 | decussatus clade | ||||
| 24 | P.callainimaculatus Yoshitake, 2017 | pinorum species group | ||||
| 25 | P.cebrem Patano & Rukmane-Bārbale, 2022 | |||||
| 26 | P.chamissoi Schultze, 1922 | Group XIV | amabilis species group | |||
| 27 | P.chlorites Chevrolat, 1881 | Group IV | Group VIII | congestus clade | ||
| 28 | P.chrysocyaneus Rukmane-Bārbale, 2024 | |||||
| 29 | P.chrysomaculatus Bollino, 2022 | atrocyaneus species group | ||||
| 30 | P.cinereomaculatus Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020 | pinorum clade | ||||
| 31 | P.cingulatus Pascoe, 1873 | |||||
| 32 | P.circulatus Heller, 1912 | Group V | Group I | orbifer clade | ||
| 33 | P.circulimaculatus Yoshitake, 2019 | speciosus species group | ||||
| 34 | P.conformis Yoshitake, 2017 | |||||
| 35 | P.confusus Schultze, 1923 | Group V | ||||
| 36 | P.congestus Pascoe, 1873 | Group IV | Group VIII | congestus clade | congestus clade | |
| 37 | P.consobrinus Schultze, 1922 | Group XIII | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | pinorum clade | |
| 38 | P.corpulentus Schultze, 1922 | Group XII | schoenherri species group | phaleratus clade | gemmatus clade | |
| 39 | P.croesus Oberthur, 1879 | Group III | Group XV | gemmatus clade | ||
| 40 | P.cruciatus Schultze, 1923 | Group I | orbifer clade | orbifer clade | ||
| 41 | P.cumingii Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group XI | decussatus clade | ||
| 42 | P.davaoensis Schultze, 1934 | speciosus species group | orbifer clade | |||
| 43 | P.decussatus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group I | decussatus clade | ||
| 44 | P.disargus Rukmane, 2019 | argus clade | ||||
| 45 | P.disgestus Heller, 1929 | |||||
| 46 | P.dohrni Behrens, 1887 | Group II | Group VIII | congestus clade | congestus clade | |
| 47 | P.domino Rukmane, 2016 | |||||
| 48 | P.dubiosus Schultze, 1922 | Group XIII | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | ||
| 49 | P.elegans Waterhouse, 1842 | Group VI | Group VI | schoenherri species group | phaleratus clade | gemmatus clade |
| 50 | P.eques Heller, 1912 | Group I | Group IX | congestus clade | ||
| 51 | P.equester Heller, 1929 | |||||
| 52 | P.erichsoni Waterhouse, 1841 | Group III | Group IV | erichsoni clade | erichsoni clade | |
| 53 | P.erosus Schultze, 1920 | Group VII | erichsoni clade | erichsoni clade | ||
| 54 | P.esperanza Bollino, Sandel & Rukmane, 2017 | schoenherri species group | ||||
| 55 | P.faisali Bollino, 2023 | |||||
| 56 | P.felipeae Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | erichsoni clade | ||||
| 57 | P.florulentus Yoshitake, 2019 | pinorum clade | ||||
| 58 | P.forsteni Vollenhoven, 1864 | Group I | Group III | |||
| 59 | P.franciscoi Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | erichsoni clade | ||||
| 60 | P.galeraensis Schultze, 1934 | erichsoni clade | ||||
| 61 | P.gemmatus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group IV | Group VIII | congestus clade | gemmatus clade | |
| 62 | P.gilvomaculatus Yoshitake, 2017 | amabilis clade | ||||
| 63 | P.gloriosus Faust, 1895 | Group II | Group XI | gloriosus clade | decussatus clade | |
| 64 | P.halconensis Schultze, 1922 | Group I | gemmatus clade | |||
| 65 | P.helenperrinae Rukmane, 2018 | |||||
| 66 | P.helleri Kuntzen, 1914 | Group V | gemmatus clade | |||
| 67 | P.hirokii Yoshitake, 2012 | atrocyaneus species group | amabilis clade | |||
| 68 | P.igorota Schultze, 1917 | Group X | decussatus clade | |||
| 69 | P.ilgas Rukmane, 2017 | absurdus species group | ||||
| 70 | P.imitans Rukmane & Bollino, 2020 | amabilis species group | amabilis clade | |||
| 71 | P.inclytus Pascoe, 1873 | Group II | Group X | inclytus clade | decussatus clade | |
| 72 | P.infernalis Fairmaire, 1897 | Group I | Group I | orbifer clade | ||
| 73 | P.jitanasaius Chen & Lin, 2017 | orbifer clade | ||||
| 74 | P.jugifer Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group I | orbifer clade | ||
| 75 | P.kirklayroni Rukmane, 2019 | decussatus clade | ||||
| 76 | P.kraslavae Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | speciosus species group | miltoni clade | orbifer clade | ||
| 77 | P.lacunosus Heller, 1912 | Group III | Group XIII | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | pinorum clade |
| 78 | P.latifasciatus Waterhouse, 1842 | Group V | Group II | erichsoni clade | erichsoni clade | |
| 79 | P.layroni Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | orbifer clade | ||||
| 80 | P.libucanus Schultze, 1923 | Group I | ||||
| 81 | P.loheri Schultze, 1917 | Group X | pinorum species group | pinorum clade | ||
| 82 | P.lorquini Chevrolat, 1881 | Group IV | Group VIII | congestus clade | ||
| 83 | P.lubanganus Bollino & Sandel, 2015 | |||||
| 84 | P.marinduquensis Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | orbifer clade | ||||
| 85 | P.maruyamai Yoshitake, 2019 | |||||
| 86 | P.masatoshii Yoshitake & Yap, 2017 | |||||
| 87 | P.masatoshiensis Rukmane-Bārbale, 2024 | |||||
| 88 | P.miltoni Cabras & Rukmane, 2016 | speciosus species group | miltoni clade | |||
| 89 | P.mindoroensis Rukmane & Háva, 2020 | congestus clade | congestus clade | |||
| 90 | P.mohagani Bollino & Sandel, 2015 | |||||
| 91 | P.möllendorffi Heller, 1899 | Group II | Group X | gloriosus clade | decussatus clade | |
| 92 | P.moniliferus Germar, 1824 | Group V | Group I | orbifer clade | orbifer clade | |
| 93 | P.morio Heller, 1912 | Group IV | Group VIII | |||
| 94 | P.morotaiensis Vollenhoven, 1864 | Group I | Group III | morotaiensis clade | ||
| 95 | P.multipunctatus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group VI | Group VI | |||
| 96 | P.naokii Yoshitake, 2012 | atrocyaneus species group | ||||
| 97 | P.naokoae Yoshitake, 2019 | |||||
| 98 | P.negrosensis Schultze, 1924 | |||||
| 99 | P.neoabsurdus Rukmane, 2017 | absurdus species group | ||||
| 100 | P.niisatoi Yoshitake, 2017 | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | pinorum clade | ||
| 101 | P.nitcisi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | schoenherri species group | ||||
| 102 | P.nobilis Heller, 1912 | Group II | Group XI | erichsoni clade | ||
| 103 | P.noeli Yoshitake, 2019 | |||||
| 104 | P.notocruciatus Yoshitake, 2017 | speciosus species group | orbifer clade | |||
| 105 | P.obumanuvu Cabras, Donato, Medina, & Van Dam, 2021 | |||||
| 106 | P.occidentalis Rukmane, 2017 | absurdus species group | miltoni clade | orbifer clade | ||
| 107 | P.ochroplagiatus Heller, 1912 | Group I | Group XV | argus clade | congestus clade | |
| 108 | P.octoannulatus Yoshitake, Bollino & Sandel, 2019 | speciosus species group | orbifer clade | |||
| 109 | P.ohbayashii Yoshitake, 2017 | |||||
| 110 | P.orbifer Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group I | orbifer clade | orbifer clade | |
| 111 | P.orientalis Rukmane, 2017 | absurdus species group | ||||
| 112 | P.ottomerkli Rukmane, 2019 | |||||
| 113 | P.panumanon Cabras & Medina, 2022 | |||||
| 114 | P.perpulcher Waterhouse, 1841 | Group III | Group XV | gloriosus clade | decussatus clade | |
| 115 | P.phaleratus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group I | phaleratus clade | gemmatus clade | |
| 116 | P.pinorum Pascoe, 1873 | Group III | Group XIII | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | pinorum clade |
| 117 | P.postpubescens Schultze, 1922 | Group II | speciosus species group | |||
| 118 | P.pseudamabilis Yoshitake, 2012 | amabilis species group | amabilis clade | amabilis clade | ||
| 119 | P.pseudhalconensis Rukmane, 2016 | gloriosus clade | decussatus clade | |||
| 120 | P.pseudoproteus Schultze, 1922 | Group VI | ||||
| 121 | P.psittacinus Heller, 1912 | Group III | Group X | pinorum clade | ||
| 122 | P.psittaculus Heller, 1921 | Group X | pinorum clade | |||
| 123 | P.pulchellus Behrens, 1887 | Group II | Group X | gloriosus clade | decussatus clade | |
| 124 | P.rebus Rukmane, 2016 | |||||
| 125 | P.regius Schultze, 1922 | Group II | speciosus species group | orbifer clade | ||
| 126 | P.reicherti Schultze, 1929 | orbifer clade | ||||
| 127 | P.reticulatus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group I | miltoni clade | orbifer clade | |
| 128 | P.rizali Schultze, 1934 | erichsoni clade | ||||
| 129 | P.rochaorum Yoshitake, 2020 | decussatus clade | ||||
| 130 | P.roseomaculatus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group IV | Group I | |||
| 131 | P.rufopunctatus Waterhouse, 1842 | Group V | ||||
| 132 | P.rugicollis Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group I | orbifer clade | orbifer clade | |
| 133 | P.rukmaneae Barševskis, 2016 | congestus clade | congestus clade | |||
| 134 | P.sagittatus Rukmane, 2019 | |||||
| 135 | P.sakaii Yoshitake, 2017 | |||||
| 136 | P.samarensis Schultze, 1923 | Group II | speciosus species group | |||
| 137 | P.sanchezi Heller, 1912 | Group IV | Group VIII | phaleratus clade | gemmatus clade | |
| 138 | P.sarcitis Behrens, 1887 | Group IV | Group VIII | gemmatus clade | ||
| 139 | P.schoenherri Waterhouse, 1841 | Group III | Group IV | schoenherri species group | gemmatus clade | |
| 140 | P.schuetzei Schultze, 1917 | Group VII | ||||
| 141 | P.semiignitus Schultze, 1922 | Group IV | ||||
| 142 | P.semperi Heller, 1912 | Group II | Group X | pinorum species group | pinorum clade | |
| 143 | P.septentrionalis Yoshitake, 2017 | pinorum species group | lacunosus clade | pinorum clade | ||
| 144 | P.sergejevae Rukmane, 2018 | atrocyaneus species group | ||||
| 145 | P.shavrini Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | inclytus clade | decussatus clade | |||
| 146 | P.signaticollis Schultze, 1922 | Group IV | ||||
| 147 | P.signatus Schultze, 1919 | Group IV | ||||
| 148 | P.similis Bollino, 2022 | atrocyaneus species group | amabilis clade | |||
| 149 | P.smaragdinus Behrens, 1887 | Group III | Group V | apicatus clade | ||
| 150 | P.sonani Kôno, 1930 | orbifer clade | ||||
| 151 | P.speciosus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group V | Group II | speciosus species group | miltoni clade | orbifer clade |
| 152 | P.sphaericollaris Schultze, 1923 | Group I | ||||
| 153 | P.sphenomorphoides Yoshitake, 2012 | atrocyaneus species group | amabilis clade | |||
| 154 | P.stellio Heller, 1912 | Group V | Group I | |||
| 155 | P.subamabilis Yoshitake, 2012 | amabilis species group | amabilis clade | |||
| 156 | P.subanon Bollino, 2022 | atrocyaneus species group | ||||
| 157 | P.subpalidius Rukmane-Bārbale, 2022 | |||||
| 158 | P.sugbo Bollino, 2025 | moniliferus species group | ||||
| 159 | P.sulphureomaculatus Schultze, 1922 | Group V | apicatus clade | |||
| 160 | P.sumptuosoides Yoshitake, 2017 | pinorum species group | ||||
| 161 | P.sumptuosus Schultze, 1917 | Group IX | congestus clade | congestus clade | ||
| 162 | P.tadauchii Yoshitake, 2012 | speciosus species group | ||||
| 163 | P.taylori Schultze, 1922 | Group VIII | gemmatus clade | |||
| 164 | P.tetramaculatus Rukmane, 2019 | pinorum clade | ||||
| 165 | P.tikoi Rukmane, 2016 | amabilis species group | ||||
| 166 | P.tilikensis Bollino & Sandel, 2015 | gemmatus clade | ||||
| 167 | P.tobafolius Kano, 1929 | decussatus clade | ||||
| 168 | P.torresi Rukmane, 2018 | atrocyaneus species group | ||||
| 169 | P.tristis Heller, 1912 | Group III | Group XIII | pinorum species group | ||
| 170 | P.valainisi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | |||||
| 171 | P.venustus Waterhouse, 1841 | Group III | Group V | gemmatus clade | ||
| 172 | P.viridans Heller, 1912 | Group IV | Group VIII | congestus clade | ||
| 173 | P.viridis (Chevrolat, 1879) | |||||
| 174 | P.yoshitakei Bollino & Rukmane, 2020 | amabilis species group | ||||
| 175 | P.yoshitakeorum Yoshitake, Bollino & Sandel, 2019 | speciosus species group | ||||
| 176 | P.yukae Yoshitake, 2019 | |||||
| 177 | P.yuukae Yoshitake, 2019 | congestus clade | ||||
| 178 | P.zamboanganus Yoshitake, 2012 | amabilis species group | amabilis clade | |||
| 179 | P.zebra Schultze, 1917 | Group I | ||||
Distribution records are a vital element in Pachyrhynchus research, particularly regarding biogeography, insular speciation, and the evolution of mimicry systems. These records reveal spatial patterns such as co-occurrences and endemism. The Philippine archipelago is considered the center of diversity for the genus Pachyrhynchus, as the majority of described species are endemic to the country. Zoological demarcations of island groups in the Philippines are based on the Pleistocene Aggregate Island Complex (PAIC) model (Heaney 1986; Brown et al. 2013). Described Pachyrhynchus species in the Philippines primarily occur in the Greater Luzon Faunal Region and the Greater Mindanao Faunal Region. In the Greater Luzon Faunal Region, which encompasses mainland Luzon, Catanduanes, Polillo, Marinduque, and small surrounding islands, there are 82 known species. This region is the most species-rich, accounting for 45.8% of the described Pachyrhynchus species. Among these 82 species, 70 are endemic to this area. In the Greater Mindanao Faunal Region, which includes mainland Mindanao, Samar, Leyte, Biliran, Bohol, Dinagat, Siargao, Basilan, and small surrounding islands, there are 70 reported species, accounting for 39.1% of the described species (Fig. 2, Table 1), and 65 of them being endemic to this region.
Table 1.
List of Pachyrhynchus species and their distribution regions. The letter ‘v’ indicates potential distribution areas mentioned in the literature. The abbreviations for distribution regions are as followed: (1) Greater Luzon PAIC (GL), (2) Greater Mindoro PAIC (GMDO), (3) Greater Negros-Panay PAIC (GNP), (4) Greater Mindanao PAIC (GMDA), (5) Lubang Island (LUB), (6) Sibuyan Island (SBY), (7) Islands north of mainland Luzon (INL), and (8) Indonesia archipelago (IND).
| Species | Distribution regions | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) GL | (2) GMDO | (3) GNP | (4) GMDA | (5) LUB | (6) SBY | (7) INL | (8) IND | ||
| 1 | P.amabilis Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 2 | P.anellifer Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 3 | P.anichtchenkoi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 4 | P.annulatus Chevrolat, 1881 | v | |||||||
| 5 | P.antonkozlovi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 6 | P.apicatus Schultze, 1922 | v | v | ||||||
| 7 | P.apocyrtoides Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 8 | P.apoensis Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 9 | P.ardentius Schultze, 1919 | v | |||||||
| 10 | P.argus Pascoe, 1873 | v | |||||||
| 11 | P.atrocyaneus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 12 | P.atronitens Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 13 | P.baluganus Schultze, 1924 | v | |||||||
| 14 | P.banglas Bollino, Sandel & Rukmane, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 15 | P.barsevskisi Rukmane, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 16 | P.basilanus Heller, 1923 | v | |||||||
| 17 | P.benguetanus Schultze, 1924 | v | |||||||
| 18 | P.bollinoi Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020 | v | |||||||
| 19 | P.bucasanus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| ssp.ornatus Schultze, 1934 | v | ||||||||
| 20 | P.cabrasae Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 21 | P.caeruleovittatus Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 22 | P.caeruleus Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 23 | P.cagayanus Heller, 1929 | v | |||||||
| 24 | P.callainimaculatus Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 25 | P.cebrem Patano & Rukmane-Bārbale, 2022 | v | |||||||
| 26 | P.chamissoi Schultze, 1922 | v | v | ||||||
| 27 | P.chlorites Chevrolat, 1881 | v | v | ||||||
| P.chloritesssp.insularis Kano, 1929 | v | ||||||||
| 28 | P.chrysocyaneus Rukmane-Bārbale, 2024 | v | |||||||
| 29 | P.chrysomaculatus Bollino, 2022 | v | |||||||
| 30 | P.cinereomaculatus Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020 | v | |||||||
| 31 | P.cingulatus Pascoe, 1873 | v | |||||||
| 32 | P.circulatus Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 33 | P.circulimaculatus Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 34 | P.conformis Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 35 | P.confusus Schultze, 1923 | v | |||||||
| 36 | P.congestus Pascoe, 1873 | v | |||||||
| P.congestusssp.aedamlayroni Rukmane, 2019 | v | ||||||||
| P.congestusssp.coerulans Kraatz, 1888 | v | ||||||||
| P.congestusssp.immarginatus Kraatz, 1888 | v | ||||||||
| P.congestusssp.mirabilis Yoshitake, 2017 | v | ||||||||
| P.congestusssp.ocellatus Schultze, 1924 | v | ||||||||
| P.congestusssp.pavonius Heller, 1921 | v | ||||||||
| 37 | P.consobrinus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 38 | P.corpulentus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| P.corpulentusssp.balatukan Patano & Macalaba, 2023 | v | ||||||||
| 39 | P.croesus Oberthur, 1879 | v | |||||||
| 40 | P.cruciatus Schultze, 1923 | v | |||||||
| 41 | P.cumingii Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.cumingiissp.boholensis Schultze, 1924 | v | ||||||||
| 42 | P.davaoensis Schultze, 1934 | v | |||||||
| 43 | P.decussatus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.decussatusssp.catanduanensis Rukmane-Bārbale, 2020 | v | ||||||||
| 44 | P.disargus Rukmane, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 45 | P.disgestus Heller, 1929 | v | |||||||
| 46 | P.dohrni Behrens, 1887 | v | |||||||
| 47 | P.domino Rukmane, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 48 | P.dubiosus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 49 | P.elegans Waterhouse, 1842 | v | |||||||
| 50 | P.eques Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 51 | P.equester Heller, 1929 | v | |||||||
| 52 | P.erichsoni Waterhouse, 1841 | v | v | v | |||||
| P.erichsonissp.eschscholtzii Waterhouse, 1841 | v | ||||||||
| 53 | P.erosus Schultze, 1920 | v | |||||||
| 54 | P.esperanza Bollino, Sandel & Rukmane, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 55 | P.faisali Bollino, 2023 | v | |||||||
| 56 | P.felipeae Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | v | |||||||
| 57 | P.florulentus Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 58 | P.forsteni Vollenhoven, 1864 | v | |||||||
| 59 | P.franciscoi Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | v | |||||||
| 60 | P.galeraensis Schultze, 1934 | v | |||||||
| 61 | P.gemmatus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.gemmatusssp.purpureus Kraatz, 1888 | v | ||||||||
| 62 | P.gilvomaculatus Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 63 | P.gloriosus Faust, 1895 | v | |||||||
| P.gloriosusssp.abbreviatus Schultze, 1922 | v | ||||||||
| 64 | P.halconensis Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 65 | P.helenperrinae Rukmane, 2018 | v | |||||||
| 66 | P.helleri Kuntzen, 1914 | v | |||||||
| 67 | P.hirokii Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 68 | P.igorota Schultze, 1917 | v | |||||||
| 69 | P.ilgas Rukmane, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 70 | P.imitans Rukmane & Bollino, 2020 | v | |||||||
| 71 | P.inclytus Pascoe, 1873 | v | |||||||
| 72 | P.infernalis Fairmaire, 1897 | v | |||||||
| 73 | P.jitanasaius Chen & Lin, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 74 | P.jugifer Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| 75 | P.kirklayroni Rukmane, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 76 | P.kraslavae Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 77 | P.lacunosus Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 78 | P.latifasciatus Waterhouse, 1842 | v | |||||||
| 79 | P.layroni Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | v | |||||||
| 80 | P.libucanus Schultze, 1923 | v | |||||||
| 81 | P.loheri Schultze, 1917 | v | |||||||
| 82 | P.lorquini Chevrolat, 1881 | v | |||||||
| 83 | P.lubanganus Bollino & Sandel, 2015 | v | |||||||
| 84 | P.marinduquensis Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 85 | P.maruyamai Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 86 | P.masatoshii Yoshitake & Yap, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 87 | P.masatoshiensis Rukmane-Bārbale, 2024 | v | |||||||
| 88 | P.miltoni Cabras & Rukmane, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 89 | P.mindoroensis Rukmane & Háva, 2020 | v | |||||||
| 90 | P.mohagani Bollino & Sandel, 2015 | v | |||||||
| 91 | P.möllendorffi Heller, 1899 | v | |||||||
| P.möllendorffissp.marinduquanus Rukmane & Cabras, 2018 | v | ||||||||
| 92 | P.moniliferus Germar, 1824 | v | v | v | v | v | |||
| P.moniliferusssp.abranus Heller, 1934 | v | v | |||||||
| P.moniliferusssp.babuyanensis Rukmane, 2018 | v | ||||||||
| P.moniliferusssp.chevrolati Eydoux & Souleyet, 1839 | v | v | |||||||
| P.moniliferusssp.herbidus Rukmane, 2018 | v | ||||||||
| P.moniliferusssp.jagori Heller, 1912 | v | ||||||||
| P.moniliferusssp.stellulifer Heller, 1912 | v | v | |||||||
| 93 | P.morio Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 94 | P.morotaiensis Vollenhoven, 1864 | v | |||||||
| 95 | P.multipunctatus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | v | ||||||
| P.multipunctatusssp.endoi Yoshitake, 2018 | v | ||||||||
| 96 | P.naokii Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 97 | P.naokoae Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 98 | P.negrosensis Schultze, 1924 | v | |||||||
| 99 | P.neoabsurdus Rukmane, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 100 | P.niisatoi Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 101 | P.nitcisi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 102 | P.nobilis Heller, 1912 | v | v | ||||||
| P.nobilisssp.yamianus Kano, 1929 | v | ||||||||
| 103 | P.noeli Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 104 | P.notocruciatus Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 105 | P.obumanuvu Cabras, Donato, Medina, & Van Dam, 2021 | v | |||||||
| 106 | P.occidentalis Rukmane, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 107 | P.ochroplagiatus Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| P.ochroplagiatusssp.multiplagiatus Schultze, 1924 | v | ||||||||
| 108 | P.octoannulatus Yoshitake, Bollino & Sandel, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 109 | P.ohbayashii Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 110 | P.orbifer Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.orbiferssp.ardens Chevrolat, 1841 | v | ||||||||
| P.orbiferssp.azureus Schultze, 1922 | v | ||||||||
| P.orbiferssp.callainus Yoshitake, 2017 | v | ||||||||
| P.orbiferssp.circulifer Chevrolat, 1841 | v | ||||||||
| P.orbiferssp.gemmans Chevrolat, 1841 | v | ||||||||
| P.orbiferssp.inornatus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | v | |||||||
| P.orbiferssp.murinus Heller, 1934 | v | ||||||||
| P.orbiferssp.striatomaculatus Yoshitake, 2017 | v | ||||||||
| 111 | P.orientalis Rukmane, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 112 | P.ottomerkli Rukmane, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 113 | P.panumanon Cabras & Medina, 2022 | v | |||||||
| 114 | P.perpulcher Waterhouse, 1841 | v | v | ||||||
| 115 | P.phaleratus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.phaleratusssp.badiovittatus Yoshitake, 2019 | v | ||||||||
| P.phaleratusssp.dannylayroni Rukmane, 2019 | v | ||||||||
| 116 | P.pinorum Pascoe, 1873 | v | |||||||
| P.pinorumssp.transversalis Heller, 1912 | v | ||||||||
| 117 | P.postpubescens Schultze, 1922 | v | v | ||||||
| P.postpubescensssp.confluens Janczyk, 1959 | v | ||||||||
| 118 | P.pseudamabilis Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 119 | P.pseudhalconensis Rukmane, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 120 | P.pseudoproteus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 121 | P.psittacinus Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 122 | P.psittaculus Heller, 1921 | v | |||||||
| 123 | P.pulchellus Behrens, 1887 | v | |||||||
| 124 | P.rebus Rukmane, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 125 | P.regius Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| P.regiusssp.boronganus Schultze, 1934 | v | ||||||||
| 126 | P.reicherti Schultze, 1929 | v | |||||||
| 127 | P.reticulatus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| 128 | P.rizali Schultze, 1934 | v | |||||||
| 129 | P.rochaorum Yoshitake, 2020 | v | |||||||
| 130 | P.roseomaculatus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| 131 | P.rufopunctatus Waterhouse, 1842 | v | v | ||||||
| 132 | P.rugicollis Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.rugicollisssp.aurinius Heller, 1921 | v | ||||||||
| P.rugicollisssp.crucifer Heller, 1912 | v | ||||||||
| 133 | P.rukmaneae Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| P.rukmaneaessp.paucisignatus Yoshitake, 2017 | v | ||||||||
| 134 | P.sagittatus Rukmane, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 135 | P.sakaii Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 136 | P.samarensis Schultze, 1923 | v | |||||||
| 137 | P.sanchezi Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 138 | P.sarcitis Behrens, 1887 | v | v | ||||||
| P.sarcitisssp.kotoensis Kôno, 1930 | v | ||||||||
| 139 | P.schoenherri Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| 140 | P.schuetzei Schultze, 1917 | v | |||||||
| 141 | P.semiignitus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 142 | P.semperi Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 143 | P.septentrionalis Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 144 | P.sergejevae Rukmane, 2018 | v | |||||||
| 145 | P.shavrini Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 146 | P.signaticollis Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 147 | P.signatus Schultze, 1919 | v | |||||||
| 148 | P.similis Bollino, 2022 | v | |||||||
| 149 | P.smaragdinus Behrens, 1887 | v | |||||||
| 150 | P.sonani Kôno, 1930 | v | |||||||
| 151 | P.speciosus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| 152 | P.sphaericollaris Schultze, 1923 | v | |||||||
| 153 | P.sphenomorphoides Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 154 | P.stellio Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 155 | P.subamabilis Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 156 | P.subanon Bollino, 2022 | v | |||||||
| 157 | P.subpalidius Rukmane-Bārbale, 2022 | v | |||||||
| 158 | P.sugbo Bollino, 2025 | v | |||||||
| 159 | P.sulphureomaculatus Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| 160 | P.sumptuosoides Yoshitake, 2017 | v | |||||||
| 161 | P.sumptuosus Schultze, 1917 | v | |||||||
| 162 | P.tadauchii Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 163 | P.taylori Schultze, 1922 | v | |||||||
| P.taylorissp.metalescens Schultze, 1924 | v | ||||||||
| 164 | P.tetramaculatus Rukmane, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 165 | P.tikoi Rukmane, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 166 | P.tilikensis Bollino & Sandel, 2015 | v | |||||||
| 167 | P.tobafolius Kano, 1929 | v | |||||||
| 168 | P.torresi Rukmane, 2018 | v | |||||||
| 169 | P.tristis Heller, 1912 | v | |||||||
| 170 | P.valainisi Rukmane & Barševskis, 2016 | v | |||||||
| 171 | P.venustus Waterhouse, 1841 | v | |||||||
| P.venustusssp.insulanus Schultze, 1919 | v | ||||||||
| 172 | P.viridans Heller, 1912 | v | v | v | |||||
| 173 | P.viridis (Chevrolat, 1879) | v | |||||||
| 174 | P.yoshitakei Bollino & Rukmane, 2020 | v | |||||||
| 175 | P.yoshitakeorum Yoshitake, Bollino & Sandel, 2019 | v | v | ||||||
| 176 | P.yukae Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 177 | P.yuukae Yoshitake, 2019 | v | |||||||
| 178 | P.zamboanganus Yoshitake, 2012 | v | |||||||
| 179 | P.zebra Schultze, 1917 | v | |||||||
| Species | 82 | 10 | 11 | 70 | 3 | 3 | 11 | 7 | |
| Subspecies | 30 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | |
| Total | 112 | 12 | 12 | 79 | 3 | 3 | 16 | 7 | |
The islands north of mainland Luzon, although consisting of only a small group of islands, harbor 11 species (6.2%), of which 4 are endemic. The island of Mindoro has ten species, representing 5.6% of the described species, with six being endemic. The Greater Negros-Panay Faunal Region has 11 species (8 of which are endemic), representing 6.1% of the described species (Fig. 2, Table 1). Additionally, oceanic islands such as Lubang and Sibuyan contain three species each, P.lubanganus, P.mohagani, and P.tilikinesis on Lubang; P.noeli, P.naokoae, and P.viridans on Sibuyan. Among them, only P.viridans is also distributed in the Greater Negros-Panay PAIC and the islands north of mainland Luzon. Pachyrhynchus species found in the Indonesia archipelago do not occur in the Philippines. Furthermore, 17 Pachyrhynchus species and subspecies are known to occur in more than one faunal region (Table 1).
Despite these records, many areas in the Philippines remain underexplored for Pachyrhynchus, such as the Bicol Peninsula in southern Luzon and the Greater Sulu Faunal Region, which encompasses the archipelagos of Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. Among the 179 Pachyrhynchus species, 165 species are endemic to specific regions or islands, indicating the high level of endemism (92.2%) in these weevils. The high endemism also underscores the importance of biodiversity conservation in these areas. In Taiwan, for example, three endemic species and three endemic subspecies are distributed on two small islands. Due to their endemism and high collection pressure, all the Pachyrhynchus species were listed as rare and valuable species protected under the Wildlife Conservation Act in 2009. In 2019, Pachyrhynchus species in the Philippines were listed as vulnerable in the national list of threatened Philippine fauna and their categories. Deforestation for agricultural purposes poses a threat to Pachyrhynchus weevils in the Philippines, potentially causing habitat loss, especially for locally endemic species (Cabras and Rukmane 2016). Continuously updating records of Pachyrhynchus will not only enhance our understanding of its patterns of diversity but also aid in identifying priority conservation sites for this genus, especially for threatened species.
Acknowledgements
We thank Dr. Mei-Ling Chan (National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan) and Dr. Dávid Rédei (National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan) for providing valuable suggestions, and Olaf Jäger for providing type information in Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden (SMTD). We also thank the Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut (SDEI) and the Natural Hitory Museum, London (NHMUK) for loaning specimens. We deeply mourn the loss of Dr. Analyn Anzano Cabras, whose contributions to the study of Pachyrhynchus weevils and Philippine biodiversity were significant. Dr. Cabras was not only a generous and kind-hearted researcher but also a pivotal force in advancing our understanding of these remarkable insects.
Citation
Ho Y, Chen S-M, Amarga AKS, Tsai J-F, Ho B-H, Jeng M-L, Tseng H-Y (2025) Two centuries of Pachyrhynchus (Curculionidae, Entiminae, Pachyrhynchini) research: a comprehensive annotated checklist of taxonomy, species groups, distribution, and ecological insights in Southeast Asia. ZooKeys 1243: 289–352. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1243.143198
Funding Statement
Subcommittee on Construction and Building, National Science and Technology Council
Footnotes
Yun Ho and Shan-Min Chen contributed equally.
Additional information
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Funding
This work was supported by National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan (NSTC 112-2621-B-002-003-MY3) to Hui-Yun Tseng.
Author contributions
Conceptualization: YH, HYT. Funding acquisition: HYT. Investigation: YH, SMC, BHH. Supervision: HYT. Writing – original draft: YH, SMC, BHH. Review and editing: JFT, AKSA, MLJ, HYT.
Author ORCIDs
Shan-Min Chen https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7346-0909
Ace Kevin S. Amarga https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9776-6576
Jing-Fu Tsai https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3076-3976
Bin-Hong Ho https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-9076
Hui-Yun Tseng https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1166-4756
Data availability
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.
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Associated Data
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Data Availability Statement
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.