Skip to main content
Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology logoLink to Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology
. 1981 Nov;102(1):81–91. doi: 10.1007/BF00410537

Calcified cerebral necrosis following ALL therapy

Verkalkte Hirngewebsnekrosen nach Leukämiebehandlung

K -M Müller 1,, R Menne 1, K D Bachmann 2, H Gröbe 2
PMCID: PMC12252912  PMID: 6949906

Abstract

Calcified cerebral necrosis was an unusual finding at the autopsy of a 13-year-old girl who died after prolonged therapy for ALL. The patient had shown symptoms of progressive cerebral damage subsequent to a second cycle of prophylactic high-dose cytostatic therapy combined with cranial irradiation. Pathoanatomic examination revealed extensive florid recurrency of meningosis and leukemic encephalosis with scalloped calcified necroses measuring up to 5 cm, in the medullar layer of brain and cerebellum. Located predominantly near the ventricular area, encapsulated necroses showed many fibrous vessels with thickened walls and stenosed or obstructed lumina. The cerebral cortex remained largely unaffected by tissue destruction. Besides methotrexate toxicity and the enhancing effect of irradiation the vascular involvement was interpreted as a particularly important factor. Formal pathogenesis is attributed to combined chemo- and radiotherapy in parallel to leukemic infiltration of vascular walls and partial obstruction of lumina by tumor emboli. Wall damage, severe fibrosis, and consecutive nutritional defects result in the destruction of cerebral tissue. The preferential occurrence of necroses in cortex-adjacent medullar layers is explained by the relatively poor blood supply of this border zone between meningeal and intracerebral vasculature. From the terminal pattern of multiple calcified necroses in cerebral tissue, no safe conclusion can be drawn pathoanatomically with regard to the actually fatal factor, whether it is the leukemic infiltration of vascular walls, the effect of cytostatic agents, or that of irradiation. The proposed multifactorial pathogenesis of cerebral calcification may be supported by computed tomography (CT) intra vitam.

Key words: Cerebral necrosis, Calcification, ALL, Chemotherapy, Irradiation

References

  1. Back EH (1969) Death after intrathecal methotrexate. Lancet II:1005 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Bagshawe KD, Magrath IT, Golding PR (1969) Intrathecal methotrexate. Lancet II:1258 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bleyer WA, Drake JC, Chabner BA (1973) Neurotoxicity and elevated cerebrospinal fluid methotrexate concentration in meningeal leukemia. N Engl J Med 289:770–773 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Conway JJ, Seibert JJ, Kuhn CP, Bell WE (1975) The role of radionuclides in evaluating central nervous system complications from chemotherapeutic agents. J Nucl Med 16:522–526 [Google Scholar]
  5. De Vivo DC, Malas D, Nelson JS, Land VJ (1977) Leukoencephalopathy in childhood leukemia. Neurology 27:609–613 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Evans AE, Gilbert ES, Zandstra R (1979) The increasing incidence of central nervous system leukemia in children. Cancer 26:404–409 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Feldges AJ, Nussbaumer A (1976) Meningeal relapse after long-term remission in acute childhood lymphocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol 56:137–141 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Flament-Durand J, Ketelbant-Balasse P, Maurus R, Regnier R., Spehl M (1975) Intracerebral calcifications appearing during the course of acute lymphocytic leukemia treated with nethotrexate and X-rays. Cancer 35:319–326 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gagliano RG, Costanzi JJ (1976) Paraplegia following intrathecal methotrexate. Report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer 37:1663–1668 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Gastaut JA, Gastaut JL (1975) Leucémie aigue lymphoblastique avec lésions cérébrales découvertes par la tomographie axiale transverse commandée par ordinateur. Nouv Rév Fr Hématol 15:517–526 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Geiser CF, Bishop Y, Jaffe N, Furman L, Traggis D, Frei E (1975) Adverse effects of intrathecal methotrexate in children with acute leukemia in remission. Blood 45:189–195 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Giralt M, Gil JL, Borderas F, Oliveros A, Gomez=Pereda R, Pardo J, Martinez-Ibanez F, Raichs A (1978) Intracerebral calcifications in childhood lymphoblastic leukemia — A new iatrogenic disease? Act Haematol 59:193–204 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Gröbe H, Schellong G, Wannenmacher M (1977) Polychemotherapie der akuten lymphatischen Leukämie im Kindesalter in Kombination mit prophylaktischer Schädelbestrahlung. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 102:49–54 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Hedin B, De Vivo DC, Torack R, Lell ME, Ragab AH, Vietti TJ (1974) Parenchymatous degeneration of the central nervous system in childhood leukemia. Cancer 33:468–482 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Kay HEM, Knapton PJ, O'Sullivan JP, Wells DG, Harris RF, Innes EM, Stuart FC, Schwartz FCM, Thompson EN (1972) Encephalopathy in acute leukemia associated with methotrexate therapy. Arch Dis Child 47:344–354 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Koga S, Fujimoto T, Hasegawa K, Sueishi K (1976) Disseminated necrotizing lekoencephalopathy following intrathecal methotrexate in childhood leukemia. Fukuoka Act Med 67:24–31 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Lampert PW, Davis RL (1964) Delayed effects of radiation on the human central nervous system — “early” and “late” delayed reactions. Neurology 14:912–917 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Liu HM, Maurer HS, Vongsvivut S, Conway JJ (1978) Methotrexate encephalopathy. A neuropathologic study. Human Pathol 9:635–548 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. McIntosh S, Fischer DB, Rothman SG, Rosenfield N, Lobel JS, O'Brien RT (1977) Intracranial calcifications in childhood leukemia. J Pediat 91:909–913 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Meadows AT, Evans AE (1976) Effects of chemotherapy on the central nervous system. Cancer 37:1079–1085 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Muir JR, Anderson JR (Ed.) Muir's textbook of pathology, 10th edn. Edward Arnold, London
  22. Mutz IO (1978) Behandlung der Rückfälle bei akuter lymphoblastischer Leukämie im Kindesalter. Onkologie 1:35–40 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Nathan PW, Sears TA (1961) Action of methyldydroxybenzoate on nervous conduction. Nature 192:688–699 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Norell H, Wilson CB, Slagel DE, Clark DB (1974) Leukoencephalopathy following the administration of methotrexate into the cerebrospinal fluid in the treatment of primary brain tumors. Cancer 33:923–932 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Pinkel D (1971) Five year follow-up “total therapy” of childhood lymphocytic leukemia. JAMA 216:648 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Price RA, Jamieson PA (1975) The central nervous system in childhood leukemia. II. Subacute leukoencephalopathy. Cancer 35:306–318 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Price RA, Johnson WW (1973) The central nervous system. I. The arachnoid. Cancer 31:520–533 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Richardson EP Jr (1961) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. N Engl J Med 265:816–823 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Riehm H, Gadner H, Welte K (1977) Die West-Berliner Studie zur Behandlung der akuten lymphoblastischen Leukaemie des Kindes — Erfahrungsbericht nach 6 Jahren. Klin Pädiat 189:89–102 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Rubinstein LJ (1972) Radiation changes in intracranial neoplasm and the adjacent brain. In: Tumors of the central nervous system. Armed Forces Atlas of Tumor Pathology, 2nd ser, fasc 6. AFIP, Washington, pp 349–360 [Google Scholar]
  31. Rubinstein LJ, Herman MM, Long TF, Wilbur JR (1975) Disseminated necrotizing leukoencephalopathy: A complication of treated CNS leukemia and lymphoma. Cancer 35:291–305 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Saiki JH, Thompson S, Smith F, Atkinson R (1972) Paraplegia following intrathecal chemotherapy Cancer 29:370–374 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Shapiro WR, Chernik NL, Posner JB (1973) Neurotoxicity encephalopathy following intraventricular administration of methotrexate. Arch Neurol 28:95–102 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Skullerud K, Halvorsen K (1978) Encephalomyelopathy following intrathecal methotrexate treatment in a child with acute leukemia. Cancer 42:1211–1215 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Terheggen HG (1978) Cerebrale Nebenwirkungen bei der Behandlung akuter Leukämien im Kindesalter. II. Die Methotrexatinduzierte Encephalopathie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 126:696–701 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Valerino DM (1972) Methotrexate impurities. Lancet II. 1025–1026 [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Winkler K, Gädicke G, Grosch-Wörner I, Marsmann G, Landbeck G (1977) Zur Behandlung der akuten lymphoblastischen Leukämie im Kindesalter — Erfahrungsbericht. Klin Pädiat 189:74–88 [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Young DF, Shapiro WR, Mehta B, Hutchinson DJ (1974) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) distribution of methotrexate (MTX) in patients with meningeal leukemia. Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res 15:140 [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology are provided here courtesy of Springer

RESOURCES