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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2025 Jul;39(7):807–813. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202505055

不同植骨方式与内植物对Schatzker 型胫骨平台骨折力学稳定性的影响

Effect of different bone grafting methods and internal fixation on mechanical stability of Schatzker type tibial plateau fracture

Zhongzheng WANG 1,2,3, Yuchuan WANG 1,2,3, Siyu TIAN 1, Zitao WANG 2, Ruipeng ZHANG 1,4, Xiaodong LIAN 1,2,3, Zhanle ZHENG 1,2,3, Yingze ZHANG 1,2,3,4,5,*
PMCID: PMC12279921  PMID: 40659582

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the biomechanical characteristics of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fracture fixed by different bone grafting methods and internal fixations.

Methods

Twenty-four embalmed specimens of adult knee joint were selected to make Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fracture models, which were randomly divided into 8 groups (groups A1-D1 and groups A2-D2, n=3). After all the fracture models were restored, non-structural iliac crest bone grafts were implanted in group A1-D1, and structural iliac crest bone grafts in groups A2-D2. Following bone grafting, group A was fixed with a lateral golf locking plate, group B was fixed with lateral golf locking plate combined compression bolt, group C was fixed with lateral tibial “L”-shaped locking plate, and group D was fixed with lateral tibial “L”-shaped locking plate combined compression bolt. Compression and cyclic loading tests were performed on a biomechanical testing machine. A distal femur specimen or a 4-cm-diameter homemade bone cement ball were used as a pressure application mould for each group of models. The specimens were loaded with local compression at a rate of 10 N/s and the mechanical loads were recorded when the vertical displacement of the split bone block reached 2 mm. Then, compressive and cyclic loading tests were conducted on the fixed models of each group. The specimens were compression loaded to 100, 400, 700, and 1 000 N at a speed of 10 N/s to record the vertical displacement of the split bone block. The specimens were also subjected to cyclic loading at 5 Hz and 10 N/s within the ranges 100-300, 100-500, 100-700, and 100-1 000 N to record the vertical displacement of the split bone block at the end of the entire cyclic loading test. The specimens were subjected to cyclic loading tests and the vertical displacement of the split bone block was recorded at the end of the test.

Results

When the vertical displacement of the collapsed bone block reached 2 mm, the mechanical load of groups A2-D2 was significantly greater than that of groups A1-D1 (P<0.05). The mechanical load of groups B and D was significantly greater than that of group A under the two bone grafting methods (P<0.05); the local mechanical load of group D was significantly greater than that of groups B and C under the structural iliac crest bone grafts (P<0.05). There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the vertical displacement of the split bone blocks between the two bone graft methods when the compressive load was 100, 400, 700 N and the cyclic load was 100-300, 100-500, 100-700 N in groups A-D. However, the vertical displacement of bone block in groups A1-D1 was significantly greater than that in groups A2-D2 (P<0.05) when the compressive loading was 1 000 N and the cyclic load was 100-1 000 N. The vertical displacement of bone block in group B was significantly smaller than that in group A, and that in group D was significantly smaller than that in group C under the same way of bone graft (P<0.05).

Conclusion

Compared with non-structural iliac crest bone grafts implantation, structural iliac crest bone grafts is more effective in preventing secondary collapse of Schatzker type Ⅱ tibial plateau fracture, and locking plate combined with compression bolt fixation can provide better articular surface support and resistance to axial compression, and the lateral tibial “L”-shaped locking plate can better highlight its advantages of “raft” fixation and show better mechanical stability.

Keywords: Tibial plateau fracture, structural iliac bone graft, compression bolt, internal fixator, biomechanics


胫骨平台骨折是下肢常见的关节内骨折,其中Schatzker Ⅱ型 [美国骨创伤协会(OTA)41-B3型] 为胫骨平台外侧劈裂和塌陷骨折,通常由外翻应力和垂直轴向暴力联合所致[1-2]。该类型骨折通常继发于软骨下骨退化的低能损伤患者,是所有胫骨平台骨折中最常见的骨折类型[3]。如果处理不当,会导致胫骨平台关节面一致性丧失,病理性机械负荷增强加速软骨细胞凋亡,导致膝关节创伤性骨关节炎的发生、发展[4]

Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折常采用外侧入路进行手术治疗,包括使用骨夯顶压、克氏针撬拨或球囊成形术将塌陷的骨块整体逆行抬高,中央干骺端缺损、撬拨或顶压后残留的骨腔使用自体或同种异体结构性(骨条或骨棒)或非结构性骨移植物进行填充,然后通过外侧干骺端“L”型锁定板或高尔夫锁定板固定[5-7]。近年来,随着胫骨平台骨折微创治疗技术的不断革新,许多微创技术如经皮螺钉固定、锁定加压接骨板、微创固定系统、微创接骨技术、隧道顶压技术、结构性双皮质自体髂骨移植和加压接骨螺栓等已被广泛研究和临床应用,具有减少软组织剥离、固定牢固等优势[58-9]。本研究拟通过对不同内植物和植骨方式固定的Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折标本进行生物力学对比研究,探讨其生物力学稳定性差异,以期确定Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折的最佳固定策略,为临床治疗提供理论依据和数据支撑。报告如下。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. 试验标本

选择经甲醛防腐处理的成年男性膝关节标本24具,死亡年龄31~61岁,平均50岁,由河北医科大学解剖教研室提供。去除标本膝关节周围肌肉等软组织,保留同等长度胫骨(胫骨近端20 cm)和股骨(股骨远端15 cm)标本。另外选择经甲醛防腐处理的成年男性骨盆标本4具,死亡年龄42~60岁,平均52岁,由河北医科大学解剖教研室提供。使用双能X线骨密度测量仪测量标本骨密度,排除骨质疏松;X线片检查排除标本陈旧骨折、发育异常等情况。试验过程中间断使用甲醛溶液进行喷涂防止标本干燥,标本均使用塑料膜包裹在−20℃冰箱中进行低温保存,于试验前24 h取出在室温下自然解冻,试验后继续包裹低温保存。

1.2. 骨折模型和骨移植材料制备

参照Karunakar等[4]的方法制备Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折模型。首先取24具膝关节标本,沿胫骨平台外侧髁中点与髁间棘中点连线作一垂线,即劈裂骨折线在平台关节面上的投影,在该纵向骨折线投影下使用2.0 mm克氏针作垂直孔,使用骨刀沿垂直钻孔线将外侧骨块分离超过2 mm。随后,以两线交点为中心、半径为1.0 cm的圆上使用1.0 mm克氏针钻孔,将直径为4 cm的单锥形压头装置在一定高度垂直落下,使关节面塌陷超过5 mm。见图1

图 1.

图 1

Schatzker type tibial plateau fracture model

Schatzker 型胫骨平台骨折模型

依据Wang等[5]髂骨取骨方式,对4具骨盆标本左侧髂骨取双皮质髂骨段。使用1.0 mm克氏针在髂前上嵴后方2 cm髂嵴顶内侧1/3处开始钻孔,采用骨刀和锤子依次获取包括髂嵴外板和2/3顶板的髂骨段,长度约3.5 cm。在每个骨盆标本左侧获取3个(共12个)结构性双皮质髂骨段,−20℃冰箱中低温冷藏备用。参考Myeroff等[10]传统髂骨取骨方式,在每个骨盆标本右侧髂嵴获取大量非结构性髂骨松质骨粒,−20℃冰箱中低温冷藏备用。见图2

图 2.

Preparation of bone graft materials

骨移植材料制备

a. 骨盆标本正位视图,右侧获取结构性双皮质髂骨段,左侧获取非结构性髂骨粒;b. 获取结构性双皮质髂骨段后取骨区;c. 获取的结构性双皮质髂骨段(左)与非结构性髂骨粒(右)

a. Upright view of the pelvic specimen, structural iliac crest bone grafts were obtained on the right side, and non-structural iliac crest bone grafts were obtained on the left side; b. Bone extraction area after obtaining the structural iliac crest bone grafts; c. The obtained structural iliac crest bone grafts (left) and non-structural iliac crest bone grafts (right)

图 2

1.3. 骨折模型分组固定

根据随机数字表法将24具Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折模型分为A1~D1及A2~D2 8组,每组3具标本。将所有骨折模型复位后,A1~D1组采用非结构性髂骨粒植骨,A2~D2组采用结构性双皮质髂骨段植骨。植骨后A组采用外侧高尔夫锁定板固定,B组采用外侧高尔夫锁定板联合加压螺栓固定,C组采用胫骨外侧(近端3孔)“L”型锁定板固定,D组采用胫骨外侧“L”型锁定板联合加压螺栓固定。见图3

图 3.

Schatzker type tibial plateau fracture model fixed with different internal fixators

不同内植物固定Schatzker 型胫骨平台骨折模型

a. 高尔夫锁定板固定;b. 高尔夫锁定板联合加压螺栓固定;c. 胫骨外侧“L”型锁定板固定;d. 胫骨外侧“L”型锁定板联合加压螺栓固定

a. Fixed by golf locking plate; b. Fixed by golf locking plate combined compression bolt; c. Fixed by lateral tibial “L” -shaped locking plate; d. Fixed by lateral tibial “L” -shaped locking plate combined compression bolt

图 3

1.4. 生物力学测试

将各组模型模拟人体直立时负重状态固定于BOSE Electroforce 3520-AT生物力学试验机(BOSE公司,美国)上,上端使用匹配的股骨远端骨标本或自制直径4 cm义齿基托树脂骨水泥球作为施压模具进行匹配、包埋固定。见图4。① 局部压缩加载试验:试验开始前进行预试验降低蠕变效应,然后以10 N/s速度对标本进行塌陷骨折块的局部力学加载,记录各组塌陷骨折块垂直位移达2 mm时的局部力学载荷,每组重复测量10次。② 压缩加载与循环加载试验:在第 ① 步完成后重新对标本复位固定,以10 N/s速度对标本分别进行压缩加载至100、400、700、1 000 N,记录劈裂骨折块的垂直位移,各组标本重复测量10次,取均值。然后重新对标本复位固定,对各组模型进行循环加载试验,首先给予100 N轴向预负荷,设置频率5 Hz、速度10 N/s,在100~300、100~500、100~700、100~1 000 N范围对标本进行循环加载试验,循环加载1 000次,分别记录整个循环加载试验结束后劈裂骨折块的垂直位移。各组标本重复测量10次,取均值。

图 4.

Biomechanical tests were conducted on the prepared internal fixation model

对制备的内固定模型进行生物力学测试

a. 采用匹配的股骨远端标本对内固定模型进行力学加载;b. 采用自制的骨水泥球对内固定模型进行局部垂直力学加载

a. Mechanical loading was performed on the internal fixation model using matched distal femoral specimens; b. Local vertical mechanical loading was carried out on the internal fixation model using self-made bone cement ball

图 4

1.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS22.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验,均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用Tukey法;不同植骨方式间比较采用独立样本t检验;检验水准取单侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 局部压缩加载试验

局部压缩加载试验过程中未发生内固定物失效情况。各组模型塌陷骨折块垂直位移达2 mm时,A2~D2组局部力学载荷均大于对应A1~D1组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两种植骨方式下,B、D组局部力学载荷均大于A组;采用结构性双皮质髂骨段植骨时,D组局部力学载荷大于B、C组;以上差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图5

图 5.

图 5

Local mechanical loads at a vertical displacement of up to 2 mm for each group of collapsed fracture block models

各组模型塌陷骨折块垂直位移达2 mm时的局部力学载荷

2.2. 压缩加载与循环加载试验

两种植骨方式下,A~D组在压缩载荷为100、400、700 N和循环载荷为100~300、100~500、100~700 N时,组间劈裂骨折块垂直位移差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);而在压缩载荷为1 000 N和循环载荷为100~1 000 N时,A1~D1组劈裂骨折块垂直位移均大于对应A2~D2组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。各压缩载荷和循环载荷下,采用相同植骨方式,B组模型劈裂骨折块垂直位移均小于A组,D组小于C组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图6

图 6.

Comparison of vertical displacement of split fracture blocks under compressive loading and cyclic loading in each group

各组压缩加载与循环加载下劈裂骨折块垂直位移比较

a. 压缩加载;b. 循环加载

a. Compressed loading; b. Cyclic loading

图 6

3. 讨论

Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折因其存在分离和塌陷两个分量移位,其治疗方式一直存在争议。一些研究表明,胫骨平台关节内骨块下沉移位超过2~3 mm将显著增加膝关节压力,导致膝关节骨关节炎的发生[11-12]。而常规轴向牵引和经皮撬拨方法对关节面的塌陷骨折复位效果不佳,且复位后难以有效维持复位效果,延长康复周期[13]。因此,对于塌陷型胫骨平台骨折,关节面的解剖重建、植骨和坚强固定是其治疗的终极目标。目前,塌陷型胫骨平台骨折的标准治疗方法是通过撬拨、逆向顶压将塌陷的关节碎片进行逆行抬高,用自体松质骨、同种异体骨或合成骨材料对缺损区进行填充,然后进行锁定板固定[14]

尽管同种异体骨和合成骨材料已被用于塌陷型胫骨平台骨折的治疗,但自体髂骨植骨仍是临床植骨的“金标准”。在临床实践中,我们发现结构性双皮质自体髂骨段具有皮质均匀的骨强度和一定体积的松质骨组织,而且其能够被切割、塑造成所需形状,具有皮质骨直接机械稳定和松质骨诱导成骨的优点,可适应骨移植部位高强度且持续的承重需求。此外,本研究团队研发了一种加压螺栓,具备复位和加压双重作用,在Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折治疗中展现了良好临床效果[715-16]。然而,结构性双皮质自体髂骨段与加压螺栓的应用是否具有预期力学稳定性仍缺乏数据支撑。因此,我们开展了该项生物力学研究,以探讨不同植骨方式和内植物内加压固定Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折模型的生物力学稳定性。

对于外侧胫骨平台骨折的塌陷移位,本研究参考Parker等[17]加载方法,使用自制骨水泥球作为加载模具,对外侧平台施加局部垂直加载,通过比较关节面骨块塌陷移位达2 mm时模型所承受的载荷,来评估不同内植物和植骨方式模型的生物力学稳定性。研究结果显示,结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨方式较非结构性髂骨粒植骨方式能够承受更大载荷,且接骨板联合加压螺栓固定较单纯接骨板固定承受载荷更大(P<0.05)。提示结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨方式和外侧锁定接骨板联合加压螺栓内加压固定能够为关节内塌陷骨块提供更好的机械支撑。对于外侧胫骨平台骨折的分离移位,本研究采用与Wu等[18]相同的加载模型,即同一具尸体的股骨远端标本作为加载模具,对Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折模型进行压缩加载和循环加载,通过测量外侧平台劈裂骨折块的垂直位移,来评估不同内植物和植骨方式的生物力学稳定性。结果表明,采用结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨与非结构性髂骨粒植骨,在较低压缩载荷和循环载荷下,同种内植物组间劈裂骨折块垂直位移差异无统计学意义;而在较高压缩载荷(1 000 N)和循环载荷(100~1 000 N)时,同种内植物组间劈裂骨折块垂直位移差异有统计学意义。与非结构性髂骨粒植骨相比,采用结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨后不同内植物组间劈裂骨折块垂直位移差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),且锁定板联合加压螺栓固定组垂直位移明显小于单纯锁定板固定组。因此,加压螺栓的应用对增强内固定稳定性具有重要意义。

目前,许多国内外学者认为,胫骨平台软骨下“竹筏式”固定技术较传统固定技术在预防局部塌陷骨折块移位方面具有明显优势[19]。Karunakar等[4]的一项局部垂直加载生物力学研究发现,在对塌陷骨折复位松质骨移植后,使用3.5 mm抗滑钢板对局部塌陷骨折进行“竹筏式”固定,较6.5 mm普通支撑钢板具有更强的生物力学稳定性。然而,本研究中与胫骨外侧高尔夫锁定接骨板组相比,使用胫骨外侧“L”型锁定接骨板“竹筏式”固定模型在预防关节面骨块继发性塌陷和劈裂骨块分离移位方面差异无统计学意义,仅在接受结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨与加压螺栓加压固定后,胫骨外侧“L”型锁定接骨板“竹筏式”固定组模型较其他组显示出较好的生物力学稳定性。这可能是由于加压螺栓对平台施加横向拉力,能够有效复位劈裂骨折,还可以使关节面骨折块连接更加紧密,具有更好的生物力学稳定性,可承受更大机械载荷。

本研究仍存在一定局限性。首先,本研究使用的是成人下肢膝关节标本,数量较少,可能出现数据偏倚。其次,在进行垂直加载和循环加载时,最大峰值载荷为1 000 N,相当于单侧承重的1.5倍,无法模拟人体快走或跳跃时的负载。而且,本研究未对标本进行破坏应力试验,不能确定最终劈裂骨块的失效最大载荷。在今后研究中仍需扩大样本量,进行更全面的对比分析。

综上述,结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨较非结构性髂骨粒植骨方式更能有效防止平台关节面骨块的继发性塌陷。单侧锁定接骨板联合加压螺栓内加压固定能够为Schatzker Ⅱ型胫骨平台骨折提供更好的关节面支撑和抗轴向压缩能力,具有更好的力学稳定性。结构性双皮质自体髂骨段植骨与加压螺栓联合作用下,胫骨外侧“L”型锁定接骨板固定更能突显其“竹筏式”固定优势。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经河北医科大学第三医院伦理委员会批准(科2015-003-1)

作者贡献声明 张英泽:研究设计;王忠正、王宇钏:研究实施;田思宇、王子滔:数据收集整理及统计分析;王忠正、张瑞鹏:文章撰写;连晓东、郑占乐:论文指导及修改

Funding Statement

河北省自然科学基金青年基金(H2024206050);河北省自然科学基金(H2025206536);河北医科大学第三医院院内培英计划-青年基金(ydsypy202404、ydsypy202403、ydsypy202402);河北省医学科学研究课题计划(20250079、20250070);河北省重大科技支撑计划项目-卫生健康创新专项(242W7708Z);河北省省级科技计划资助课题(21377768D)

Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (H2024206050); Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province (H2025206536); Youth Funds in Hebei Medical University Third Hospital (ydsypy202404, ydsypy202403, ydsypy202402); Hebei Provincial Medical Science Research Subject Program (20250079, 20250070); Hebei Province Major Science and Technology Support Programme Project: Health and Health Innovation Special (242W7708Z); Provincial Science and Technology Plan of Hebei Province (21377768D)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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