Table 2.
Overall COI category-specific and individual-level characteristic-specific incidence unadjusted and adjusted* rate ratios (IRRs) of ARE by multivariate regression model
| Unadjusted IRR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted IRR (95% CI) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall COI categories | ||||
| High/very high | Reference | Reference | ||
| Moderate | 1.13 (0.89,1.45) | 0.32 | 1.05 (0.81,1.35) | 0.72 |
| Low | 1.35 (1.06, 1.72) | 0.01 | 1.04 (0.81,1.34) | 0.76 |
| Very low | 2.14 (1.78, 2.58) | <0.01 | 1.26 (0.99,1.59) | 0.06 |
| Individual level characteristics | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||
| ≥Bachelor’s** | Reference | Reference | ||
| Some college | 1.76 (1.42, 2.19) | <0.01 | 1.26 (1.00,1.57) | 0.04 |
| HS degree | 1.71 (1.25, 2.32) | <0.01 | 1.13 (0.82,1.55) | 0.45 |
| <HS | 1.64 (1.10, 2.42) | 0.01 | 1.14 (0.76,1.73) | 0.52 |
| Decade born | ||||
| 1990–1999 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2000–2009 | 2.23 (1.54, 3.22) | <0.01 | 2.45 (1.61,3.73) | <0.01 |
| 2010–2018 | 4.15 (2.64, 6.54) | <0.01 | 2.39 (1.47, 3.86) | <0.01 |
| Child age (years) | ||||
| 10–18 | Reference | Reference | ||
| 5–9 | 2.85 (2.23, 3.66) | <0.01 | 5.19 (4.00, 6.74) | <0.01 |
| 2–4 | 12.51 (9.88,15.8) | <0.01 | 25.08 (19.58, 32.12) | <0.01 |
| Child race, ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | Reference | Reference | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 2.67 (2.23, 3.21) | <0.01 | 1.97 (1.58, 2.46) | <0.01 |
| Hispanic White | 1.01 (0.72,1.43) | 0.94 | 1.15 (0.78, 1.61) | 0.45 |
| Hispanic Black | 3.09 (1.86, 5.12) | <0.01 | 1.93 (1.13, 3.27) | 0.02 |
| Other | 1.47 (1.19, 1.83) | <0.01 | 1.37 (1.08,1.73) | <0.01 |
| Census region | ||||
| West | Reference | Reference | ||
| Northeast | 4.68 (3.36, 6.52) | <0.01 | 4.32 (3.07, 6.08) | <0.01 |
| Midwest | 3.66 (2.53, 5.29) | <0.01 | 3.86 (2.64, 5.64) | <0.01 |
| South | 5.18 (3.39, 7.91) | <0.01 | 4.05 (2.59, 6.34) | <0.01 |
| Child sex | ||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | ||
| Male | 1.41 (1.21,1.64) | <0.01 | 1.36 (1.17, 1.59) | <0.01 |
| Parental history of asthma | ||||
| None | Reference | Reference | ||
| Either or both | 2.80 (2.37, 3.32) | <0.01 | 2.52 (2.13, 2.99) | <0.01 |
*
Adjusted IRR estimates were derived from models adjusting for all variables in the table.
**
≥Bachelor’s refers to bachelors, master’s, some professional, or doctorate degree. Other refers to Non-Hispanic Other; Hispanic Other; Other or unknown.
Abbreviations: ARE: Asthma with recurrent exacerbations; CI: Confidence interval; COI: Child opportunity index; HS: high school; IRRs: incidence rate ratios. Model controls for the clustering effect of cohorts by using a fixed effect representing groups of cohorts found to have common characteristics using the RELATE package in R.