. 2025 Aug 21;15:30776. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-16685-z

Table 2.

Effects of carbaryl and Ca-ex applications on MI, MN and CAs frequency.

CAs types	Control	3.5 mg/mL Ca-ex	7 mg/mL Ca-ex	0.3 µg/L carbaryl	Carbaryl + 3.5 mg/mL Ca-ex	Carbaryl + 7 mg/mL Ca-ex
MI(%)	906 ± 13.7^a (9.06)	908 ± 13.2^a (9.08)	902 ± 10.7^a (8.02)	703 ± 9.68^d (7.03)	766 ± 10.1^c (7.66)	804 ± 9.57^b (8.04)
MN	0.40 ± 0.52^d	0.50 ± 0.53^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	86.6 ± 4.72^a	72.5 ± 3.47^b	55.1 ± 3.28^c
VC	0.40 ± 0.52^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	0.30 ± 0.48^d	69.6 ± 3.50^a	50.2 ± 3.16^b	39.9 ± 3.90^c
SC	0.30 ± 0.48^d	0.52 ± 0.53^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	60.6 ± 3.27^a	46.8 ± 3.16^b	32.4 ± 2.88^c
UDC	0.50 ± 0.53^d	0.30 ± 0.48^d	0.20 ± 0.42^d	51.1 ± 2.96^a	41.1 ± 2.85^b	29.2 ± 3.32^c
F	NDO	NDO	NDO	41.5 ± 2.99^a	29.3 ± 2.87^b	20.6 ± 2.01^c
B	NDO	NDO	NDO	29.8 ± 2.66^a	20.0 ± 2.54^b	13.2 ± 2.35^c
NB	NDO	NDO	NDO	23.5 ± 2.80^a	15.8 ± 1.87^b	10.0 ± 1.41^c
D	NDO	NDO	NDO	15.9 ± 1.66^a	10.4 ± 1.51^b	5.20 ± 1.14^c
MA	NDO	NDO	NDO	9.90 ± 1.45^a	5.30 ± 1.16^b	3.00 ± 1.05^c

The data is displayed as mean ± SD (n = 10). 1,000 cells were analyzed to determine MN and CAs, and 10,000 cells were analyzed to determine MI. In the same line, means denoted by various letters^(a-d) are statistically significant (p < 0.05). MI mitotic index, MN micronucleus, VC vagrant chromosome, SC sticky chromosome, UDC unequal distribution of chromatin, F fragment, B bridge, NB nucleus bud, D disorientation, MA multipolar anaphase. NDO no data observed.