Abstract
Background
Accurate assessments of changes in breeding bird populations require regular, structured surveys or, alternatively, carefully documented benchmarks that can be precisely repeated. We re-surveyed a historic benchmark of forest bird communities in Western Oregon, USA, originally conducted by Stanley Anderson between 1968-1970. Anderson’s thesis uniquely preserves detailed plot locations, species density estimates, vegetation structure summaries and methodological descriptions — an uncommon level of documentation for the time. To facilitate accurate comparisons and future re-surveys, we explain how we aligned our methods with Anderson’s and incorporated modern bird counting techniques. We also provide our raw data, metadata and methodological details to ensure transparency and reproducibility.
New information
Anderson’s work presents unusually old and detailed datasets of forest bird communities preserved from the Pacific Northwest, USA. It provides a unique opportunity to examine long-term changes in breeding bird communities within these forested landscapes affected by anthropogenic influence. The data and methods presented here are well-documented, ensuring that this benchmark can be effectively used for precisely repeatable re-surveys and comparative studies.
Keywords: breeding bird communities, benchmark survey, bird abundance, long-term change, Pacific Northwest
Introduction
Changes over the last half century in forest cover, management practices and climate prompt continual monitoring of the bird communities of Western North America. Apparent declines of the avifauna in the conifer forests of this region emphasise this need (Phalan et al. 2019, Rosenberg et al. 2019). These and other assessments of changes over long time periods (> 30 years) in these bird populations critically depend on accurate and well-preserved data. Such data are particularly valuable in the Pacific Northwest, where a long history of anthropogenically driven forest dynamics offers opportunities to investigate avian responses to land-cover change. Many research efforts have focused on the impact of silvicultural treatments on avian communities in western Oregon (e.g. McGarigal and McComb (1995), Betts et al. (2010), Ellis and Betts (2011), Cahall et al. (2013), Rivers et al. (2019), Harris and Betts (2021)), but comparatively few have investigated changes in abundance. Those that have done so (Rosenberg et al. 2019, Phalan et al. 2019) have relied on data from the United States Geological Survey Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), but these surveys are restricted to main roads and fail to survey core habitats. Alternatively, other researchers interested in long-term population trends from areas without consistent monitoring have utilised information preserved in historical ornithological works (Igl and Johnson 2005, Tingley 2017, Ellis et al. 2019, Clements and Robinson 2024). These snapshots of avian communities provide benchmarks which can be re-surveyed, allowing for analysis of potential changes in abundance (Robinson 1999, Iknayan and Beissinger 2018, Clements and Robinson 2024, Clements et al. 2025), distribution (Tingley et al. 2009, Tingley and Beissinger 2009) and shifts in species composition (Tingley and Beissinger 2013, Curtis and Robinson 2015, Curtis et al. 2016). However, the level of detail preserved varies substantially amongst these historical datasets and this uncertainty demands creative methodological adjustments to ensure the quality of contemporary re-surveys and comparisons (Igl and Johnson 2005).
In this paper, we preserve details of our re-survey of the breeding bird communities in the central Oregon Coast Range, USA, originally surveyed in 1968-70 by Stanley H. Anderson (1939–2005). Under John A. Weins, Anderson’s M.S. and PhD work described fundamental aspects of western Oregon's avifauna, including abundance, seasonality, habitat associations and community structure (Anderson 1970b, Anderson 1972, Anderson 1970a). Anderson's academic life took him away from the Pacific Northwest to Kenyon College in Ohio, but his contributions as a graduate student to the understanding of the region's birds are cited in greater than 150 scientific publications as of 2025 (Gitzwiller 2006). In his doctoral thesis, Anderson presented details on bird counting methodology, plot locations and density estimates for each species – in the process, preserving a high quality benchmark. This is one of the only datasets in the Pacific Northwest to preserve these types of data. Our objectives here are to: 1) provide extensive details about how we interpreted and utilised information about Anderson’s original study area, methodology and data; 2) preserve our re-survey protocol and additional methods; and 3) make the data resulting from our re-survey freely available and well-supported by metadata.
Sampling methods
Study extent
Anderson selected 10 plots located on the eastern slope of the central Oregon Coast Range, all within 20 km of Corvallis, Oregon. These plots were quarter sections (each one quarter mile by one quarter mile or 64.8 ha) identified, based on the United States Public Land Survey System information (township, range, section and quarter section) and named in a numeric sequence (plots 1-10; Table 1). We selected seven of these 10 plots, because plots 1 and 2 were not primarily coniferous forest and plot 10 had been altered by forest harvest practices immediately prior to modern re-survey efforts. Four plots were located in Oregon State University’s McDonald-Dunn Research Forest (plots 3, 4, 5 and 8) and dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii) and big leaf maple (Acermacrophyllum). The remaining three plots were in Woods Creek Watershed (plots 6, 7 and 9) and were composed of relatively even-aged Douglas-fir interspersed with western hemlock (Tsugaheterophylla). Reduced access to plots 6 and 7 due to COVID-19-related restrictions resulted in multiple counts that were conducted outside the boundaries of the quarter sections (within 250 m), but in the same habitats as those within the plots. These surveys were categorised as “Out” versus those conducted within boundaries, classified as "In". We found no consistent differences in the bird communities between the two categories so combined them for analyses (Clements and Robinson 2022, Clements and Robinson 2024).
Table 1.
Location of each plot by decimal-degrees latitude and longitude coordinates of each corner.
| Northwest corner | Northeast corner | Southwest corner | Southeast corner | |||||
| Plot | Latitude | Longitude | Latitude | Longitude | Latitude | Longitude | Latitude | Longitude |
| 3 | 44.63582 | -123.31238 | 44.63582 | -123.30209 | 44.62921 | -123.31238 | 44.62921 | -123.30209 |
| 4 | 44.62921 | -123.35327 | 44.62921 | -123.34378 | 44.62118 | -123.35327 | 44.62118 | -123.34378 |
| 5 | 44.62921 | -123.33279 | 44.62921 | -123.32346 | 44.62118 | -123.33279 | 44.62118 | -123.32346 |
| 6 | 44.53446 | -123.53619 | 44.53446 | -123.52638 | 44.52732 | -123.53619 | 44.52732 | -123.52638 |
| 7 | 44.54191 | -123.52638 | 44.54191 | -123.51644 | 44.53446 | -123.52638 | 44.53446 | -123.51644 |
| 8 | 44.62921 | -123.32346 | 44.62921 | -123.31238 | 44.62118 | -123.32346 | 44.62118 | -123.31238 |
| 9 | 44.53446 | -123.55616 | 44.53446 | -123.54663 | 44.52732 | -123.55616 | 44.52732 | -123.54663 |
Sampling description
Bird Surveys
Anderson reported that he counted birds using four methods (strip census, strip map, point quarter and sample count methods), but concluded that the sample count method was the most accurate (Anderson 1970b, Anderson 1972). This method involved conducting ten 10-minute stationary point counts spaced at intervals of approximately 95 m along irregular transects. Anderson did not explicitly describe where these transects occurred, but we assumed that he followed roads and trails. The understorey in these plots is characterised by dense vegetation and travelling through on foot would likely disturb birds and bias surveys. During each survey, Anderson recorded each bird seen within 18 m and counted birds he heard only if he was able to visually confirm them within the count period; although some aspects of the data suggest that heard-only birds were sometimes counted (e.g. the presence of rarely seen, but frequently heard canopy species). Surveys were conducted starting one hour after sunrise once per week between early June and mid-July, 1968-1970. His original data and notes were not preserved, so his exact effort is unknown.
To ensure the data produced from our surveys was comparable to Anderson’s, we also conducted 10-minute stationary points spaced 100 m along roads and trails (Suppl. materials 1, 2). As Anderson did not specify where within each quarter section he surveyed, we surveyed the entire quarter section and assumed that, because the habitat was generally homogeneous across the entire area, our comparisons would be reliable. If a bird was heard within 18 m, we made an attempt to visually locate it, ensuring we were following Anderson’s protocol. Each plot was surveyed at least once per year (2020-2021) by a skilled observer (NMC and/or WDR), between dawn and five hours after sunrise on good weather days in June. We made no attempt to survey the same exact locations within quarter sections between years. This effort resulted in 304 individual surveys and 4,934 observations of 63 species.
Additionally, we incorporated modern counting methods using unlimited radius count areas, recording the distance to each bird with a laser range finder when possible, tracking time-interval detections for individuals and noting the detection types (calling, singing, visual and/or flyover; multiples were allowed). Distance measurements allow for the implementation of distance sampling, a density estimation method which accounts for imperfect detectability (Buckland et al. 2001). Time-interval tracking allows for removal modelling, to account for imperfect perceptibility (Farnsworth et al. 2002); these data were not collected as removal data. For this component, most counts were divided into two back-to-back 5-minute surveys, totalling 10 minutes and 10 one-minute detection intervals. Within each 5-minute section, each individual bird was given a detection-no detection history, based on whether it was detected in one or more of the five one-minute intervals. A 1 was assigned when the bird was detected (regardless of detection type) within that interval and a 0 was assigned when the bird was not detected. Exceptions were made for 1,512 records for which the detection histories included two intervals in a 10-minute count (two 5-minute detection intervals). We also recorded the cardinal direction in which each bird was detected (useful in combination with distance estimates for improving species distribution models; Shen et al. (2025)) and the latitude and longitude of each survey location using a hand-held GPS unit, typically Garmin etrex 10 (accurate to within 10 m).
Landscape Cover Assessment
To assess the potential impact of landscape cover on changes in bird densities, we estimated percentage cover of land-cover types for each plot in aerial photos from the late 1960s and Landsat satellite imagery from 2021 (Suppl. materials 3, 4). Percentage cover was estimated by placing grids over landscape imagery and estimating the total area of each cover type (clear cut, early, mid and late successional forest) as a percentage. For plot 4, a substantial harvest event (covering > 75% of the plot) occurred in 1970 immediately following the completion of Anderson’s bird surveys. No other imagery collected within 5 years exists for this area, so these data are not included. Details on vegetation structure data and methodology are preserved in Clements and Robinson (2022, 2024).
Geographic coverage
Description
We surveyed the avian communities at seven of Anderson's original 10 plots. Exact plot locations are preserved in Table 1.
Taxonomic coverage
Taxa included
| Rank | Scientific Name | Common Name |
|---|---|---|
| species | Gaviaimmer | Common Loon |
| species | Cathartesaura | Turkey Vulture |
| species | Accipiteratricapillus | American Goshawk |
| species | Accipiterstriatus | Sharp-shinned Hawk |
| species | Buteojamaicensis | Red-tailed Hawk |
| species | Strixvaria | Barred Owl |
| species | Glaucidiumgnoma | Northern Pygmy-Owl |
| species | Calypteanna | Anna's Hummingbird |
| species | Selasphorusrufus | Rufous Hummingbird |
| species | Chaeturavauxi | Vaux's Swift |
| species | Dryocopuspileatus | Pileated Woodpecker |
| species | Leuconotopicusvillosus | Hairy Woodpecker |
| species | Picoidespubescens | Downy Woodpecker |
| species | Sphyrapicusruber | Red-breasted Sapsucker |
| species | Colaptesauratus | Northern Flicker |
| species | Contopuscooperi | Olive-sided Flycatcher |
| species | Contopussordidulus | Western Wood-Pewee |
| species | Empidonaxhammondii | Hammond's Flycatcher |
| species | Empidonaxdifficilis | Wester Flycatcher |
| species | Empidonaxtraillii | Willow Flycatcher |
| species | Vireocassinii | Cassin's Vireo |
| species | Vireohuttoni | Hutton's Vireo |
| species | Vireogilvus | Warbling Vireo |
| species | Cyanocittastelleri | Steller's Jay |
| species | Perisoreuscanadensis | Canada Jay |
| species | Corvusbrachyrhynchos | American Crow |
| species | Corvuscorax | Common Raven |
| species | Prognesubis | Purple Martin |
| species | Bombycillacedrorum | Cedar Waxwing |
| species | Strixoccidentalis | Spotted Owl |
| species | Poecilerufescens | Chestnut-backed Chickadee |
| species | Sittacanadensis | Red-breasted Nuthatch |
| species | Certhiaamericana | Brown Creeper |
| species | Troglodytespacificus | Pacific Wren |
| species | Troglodytesaedon | Northern House Wren |
| species | Regulussatrapa | Golden-crowned Kinglet |
| species | Sialiamexicana | Western Bluebird |
| species | Catharusustulatus | Swainson's Thrush |
| species | Catharusguttatus | Hermit Thrush |
| species | Turdusmigratorius | American Robin |
| species | Ixoreusnaevius | Varied Thrush |
| species | Coccothraustesvespertinus | Evening Grosbeak |
| species | Spinuspinus | Pine Siskin |
| species | Spinustristis | American Goldfinch |
| species | Haemorhouspurpureus | Purple Finch |
| species | Loxiacurvirostra | Red Crossbill |
| species | Juncohyemalis | Dark-eyed Junco |
| species | Zonotrichialeucophrys | White-crowned Sparrow |
| species | Melospizamelodia | Song Sparrow |
| species | Pipilomaculatus | Spotted Towhee |
| species | Passerinaamoena | Lazuli Bunting |
| species | Icteriavirens | Yellow-breasted Chat |
| species | Pirangaludoviciana | Western Tanager |
| species | Pheucticusmelanocephalus | Black-headed Grosbeak |
| species | Geothlypistolmiei | MacGillivray's Warbler |
| species | Cardellinapusilla | Wilson's Warbler |
| species | Leiothlypiscelata | Orange-crowned Warbler |
| species | Setophagaoccidentalis | Hermit Warbler |
| species | Setophaganigrescens | Black-throated Gray Warbler |
| species | Oreortyxpictus | Mountain Quail |
| species | Patagioenasfasciata | Band-tailed Pigeon |
| species | Zenaidamacroura | Mourning Dove |
| species | Meleagrisgallopavo | Wild Turkey |
| species | Chordeilesminor | Common Nighthawk |
| species | Glaucidiumcalifornicum | Northern Pygmy-Owl |
Temporal coverage
Data range: 2020-6-08 – 2020-6-30; 2021-6-10 – 2021-6-27.
Usage licence
Usage licence
Creative Commons Public Domain Waiver (CC-Zero)
Data resources
Data package title
Survey of breeding bird communities and quanitification of landscape change in the Oregon Coast Range
Resource link
Number of data sets
2
Data set 1.
Data set name
Clements_Robinson_breedingbirdsurveys_OregonCoastRange.csv
Data format
.csv
Description
A total of 4,934 records of birds occurrences from the Oregon Coast Range. Data exist as one bird per record. In case where flocks or pairs were observed, direction, distance, cue and detection history are duplicated for the number of birds observed. This format supports distance sampling analyses (Buckland et al. 2001), as implemented in Clements et al. (2025). For analyses that cannot accommodate duplicate records, we recommend aggregating species occurrences by date, time, latitude and longitude. Data and metadata are preserved in Suppl. materials 1, 2.
Data set 1.
| Column label | Column description |
|---|---|
| English Name | Contains the English species name of each bird species following the American Ornithological Society 2024 species names (http://checklist.americanornithology.org). Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Jiménez, R.A.; Johnson, O.; Kratter, A.W.; Mason, N.A.; et al. AOU Checklist of North and Middle American Birds Available online: https://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa/ (accessed on 11 September 2024). |
| Scientific Name | Contains the scientific species name of each bird species following the American Ornithological Society 2024 species names (http://checklist.americanornithology.org). Chesser, R.T.; Billerman, S.M.; Burns, K.J.; Cicero, C.; Dunn, J.L.; Hernández-Baños, B.E.; Jiménez, R.A.; Johnson, O.; Kratter, A.W.; Mason, N.A.; et al. AOU Checklist of North and Middle American Birds Available online: https://checklist.americanornithology.org/taxa/ (accessed on 11 September 2024). |
| Direction | To help observers keep track of different individual birds detected within a survey, direction was noted, based on the location of each bird at its initial detection. East = e, West = w, North = n, South = s, North-northeast = nne, Northeast = ne, East-southeast = ese, Southeast = se, South-southwest = ssw, Southwest = sw, West-northwest = wnw, Northwest = nw, North-northwest = nnw. |
| Distance | Distance between the observer and each bird at its initial point of detection was estimated and measured, when possible, to the nearest 5 m up to 50 m, the nearest 10 m up to 100 m and the nearest 25 m at greater distances when possible. Detections within 20 m were noted to within 1 m if the bird was seen. A few records above 20 m were also measured more precisely if the bird was seen or if circumstances allowed more precise measurements, such as recognition a bird must be in a specific tree. |
| cfsvd | Detection cues. The cues by which each bird was detected are noted, including calls (c) , song (s), drumming by woodpeckers (d), visuals (v) and fly-over (f). More than one cue can be noted for any given bird. |
| interval1_1 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the first one-minute interval of a 5-min count. |
| interval1_2 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the second one-minute interval of a 5-min count. |
| interval1_3 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the third one-minute interval of a 5-min count. |
| interval1_4 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the fourth one-minute interval of a 5-min count. |
| interval1_5 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the fifth one-minute interval of a 5-min count. |
| Time | Start time of each count period in HH:MM format. |
| Lat | Latitude in decimal degrees. Measured to 10 m accuracy with hand-held GPS unit. |
| Long | Longitude in decimal degrees. Measured to 10 m accuracy with hand-held GPS unit. |
| Plot | Anderson plot within which individual surveys were located. Plots begin with the abbreviation AP (Anderson Plot) followed by a number between 3 and 9. |
| CountLoc | Count location. Indicates whether survey location was within the quarter-sections originally designated by Anderson as his plots or not. In = latitude and longitude coordinates place the survey location within his original plot. Out = latitude and longitude coordinates place the survey location outside his original plot, but within 250 m of its boundary and containing habitat that, when viewed on satellite imagery taken within a year of our surveys, had similar habitat to that in the nearby plot. |
| Date | YYYY-MM-DD on which each bird was detected. |
| obs | Observer who conducted the count. Nolan M. Clements W. Douglas Robinson. |
| notes | An additional notation indicating that 1512 records used two 5-min time intervals instead 5 x 1-min intervals in back-to-back 5-min counts is made. |
| Crediting data use | A reminder is entered: If using any record(s) from this dataset in electronic or other published works, including other datasets, the record(s) are to be fully cited as: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX |
| RecordID | Unique numerical identifier for each observation. |
| interval5_1 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the first five-minute interval of a 10-min count. |
| interval5_2 | Noted as 1 if a bird was detected and 0 if it was not during the second five-minute interval of a 10-min count. |
Data set 2.
Data set name
Clements_Robinson_landcover_OregonCoastRange.csv
Data format
.csv
Description
Quantitative descriptions of land-cover characteristics in the Oregon Coast Range. Data and metadata are preserved in Suppl. materials 3, 4.
Data set 2.
| Column label | Column description |
|---|---|
| Plot | Anderson plot within which landcover is classified. Plots begin with the abbreviation AP (Anderson Plot) followed by a number between 3 and 9. |
| Year | Year aerial imagery was collected as YYYY. |
| Cover_type | Type of cover present within the plot boundaries described as clearcut, early successional (early), mid-successional (mid) and late successional (late). |
| Percent_cover | Percentage of total plot area represented by the cover type. |
| Crediting data use | A reminder is entered: If using any record(s) from this dataset in electronic or other published works, including other datasets, the record(s) are to be fully cited as: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX. |
Supplementary Material
Clements_Robinson_summerbirdsurvey_OregonCoastRange
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
avian occurrences
Brief description
Occurrence data for breeding birds of the Oregon Coast Range. See associated README for metadata information.
File: oo_1384433.csv
README_Clements_Robinson_summerbirdsurveys
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
README
Brief description
Metadata information for bird occurrence data.
File: oo_1384434.txt
Clements_Robinson_landcover_OregonCoastRange
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
land cover composition
Brief description
Land-cover composition for categorical forest age classes from 1970 and 2021 in plots in the Oregon Coast Range. See associated README for metadata information.
File: oo_1354790.csv
README_Clements_Robinson_landcover
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
README
Brief description
Metadata information for land-cover composition dataset.
File: oo_1349822.txt
Acknowledgements
We thank Brent Klumph and Steve Fitzgerald of Oregon State University College of Forestry for permission to access the McDonald-Dunn Research Forest. Similarly, we thank Starker Forests, Inc., for permitting us to conduct surveys on their property adjacent to the Siuslaw National Forest. Constructive feedback from Morgan Tingley, Matt Halley, Robert Mesibov, Mike Skinner and Therese Catanach greatly improved the quality of this manuscript and associated data.
Funding Statement
Bob and Phyllis Mace Professorship and Hatch Funds
Author contributions
NMC and WDR contributed equally to data collection, analysis and writing; WDR procured the funding which supported this research.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Clements_Robinson_summerbirdsurvey_OregonCoastRange
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
avian occurrences
Brief description
Occurrence data for breeding birds of the Oregon Coast Range. See associated README for metadata information.
File: oo_1384433.csv
README_Clements_Robinson_summerbirdsurveys
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
README
Brief description
Metadata information for bird occurrence data.
File: oo_1384434.txt
Clements_Robinson_landcover_OregonCoastRange
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
land cover composition
Brief description
Land-cover composition for categorical forest age classes from 1970 and 2021 in plots in the Oregon Coast Range. See associated README for metadata information.
File: oo_1354790.csv
README_Clements_Robinson_landcover
Nolan M. Clements, W. Douglas Robinson
Data type
README
Brief description
Metadata information for land-cover composition dataset.
File: oo_1349822.txt