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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Aug 21.
Published before final editing as: Device. 2025 Aug 21:100898. doi: 10.1016/j.device.2025.100898

Figure 2. Transient-state temperature rise in a cuboid source operated in a pulsatile mode.

Figure 2.

(A) Transient-state analytical solution for the heat distribution and variation of temperature due to a given pulsative mode of operation. (B) Analytical and numerical solutions for the dependence of temperature on time for an optical and thermal cuboid source, where the total power is 1 mW, pulsing frequency (1/T) is 5 Hz, and duty cycle (D) is 5%. (C) Temperature variation for a 1 mW cuboid source with 50% optical efficiency at different distances from the source surface (100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μm). (D) Heat maps of the temperature rise (ΔT) of a 1 mW cuboid source with 50% optical efficiency at 100 μm from the surface of the source for different pulsing frequencies with D of 5%, and for different duty cycle values with a frequency of 2 Hz. (E) Temperature rise of a 1 mW cuboid source with 50% optical efficiency at 100 μm from the surface of the source after 100 s for different values of D (1, 5, 10, and 20%) and different 1/T (1, 5, 10, 20 Hz).