Abstract
Over the past 15 years, many of the elaborate research techniques of cell biology and biochemistry have been applied toward discovering the cause of rheumatoid arthritis. Consequently, it is valuable to review the morphological, physiological and biochemical alterations that have been observed in rheumatoid synovial cells. All of the changes observed suggest that a viral agent may form the basis for these alterations. However, studies to date have failed to isolate or identify the putative causative virus and the search continues.
Full text
PDF










Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Aronson N. N., Jr, Davidson E. A. Lysosomal hyaluronidase from rat liver. II. Properties. J Biol Chem. 1967 Feb 10;242(3):441–444. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BALL J., CHAPMAN J. A., MUIRDEN K. D. THE UPTAKE OF IRON IN RABBIT SYNOVIAL TISSUE FOLLOWING INTRA-ARTICULAR INJECTION OF IRON DEXTRAN. A LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY. J Cell Biol. 1964 Aug;22:351–364. doi: 10.1083/jcb.22.2.351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BARLAND P., NOVIKOFF A. B., HAMERMAN D. Electron microscopy of the human synovial membrane. J Cell Biol. 1962 Aug;14:207–220. doi: 10.1083/jcb.14.2.207. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BARLAND P., NOVIKOFF A. B., HAMERMAN D. FINE STRUCTURE AND CYTOCHEMISTRY OF THE RHEUMATOID SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LYSOSOMES. Am J Pathol. 1964 May;44:853–866. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- BARTFELD H. RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIC AND NON-RHEUMATOID SYNOVIUM IN CELL CULTURE. MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, ACRIDINE ORANGE, AND FLUORESCENT FRACTION II STUDIES. Ann Rheum Dis. 1965 Jan;24:31–39. doi: 10.1136/ard.24.1.31. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barland P. Possible relationships between an infectious agent and the immune reactions of rheumatoid synovitis. Am J Med. 1973 Feb;54(2):143–147. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90217-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Barnett E. V., Balduzzi P., Vaughan J. H., Morgan H. R. Search for infectious agents in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1966 Oct;9(5):720–724. doi: 10.1002/art.1780090509. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Bauer E. A., Eisen A. Z., Jeffrey J. J. Studies on purified rheumatoid synovial collagenase in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Invest. 1971 Oct;50(10):2056–2064. doi: 10.1172/JCI106699. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Becker A., Sandson J. The source of the inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor in pathologic hyaluronateprotein. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 Nov-Dec;14(6):764–766. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140613. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Blau S., Janis R., Hamerman D., Sandson J. Cellular origin of hyaluronateprotein in human synovial membrane. Science. 1965 Oct 15;150(3694):353–355. doi: 10.1126/science.150.3694.353. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckingham R. B., Castor C. W. Rheumatoid behavior in normal human synovial fibroblasts induced by extracts of Gram-negative bacteria. J Lab Clin Med. 1975 Mar;85(3):422–435. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Buckingham R. B., Castor C. W. The effect of bacterial products on synovial fibroblast function: hypermetabolic changes induced by endotoxin. J Clin Invest. 1972 May;51(5):1186–1194. doi: 10.1172/JCI106912. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTOR C. W. Adrenocorticoid suppression of mucopoly-saccharide formation in human connective tissue cell cultures. J Lab Clin Med. 1962 Nov;60:788–798. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTOR C. W., PRINCE R. K. MODULATION OF THE INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF HYALURONIC ACID FORMED BY HUMAN "FIBROBLASTS" IN VITRO: THE EFFECTS OF HYDROCORTISONE AND COLCHICINE. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1964 Jul 7;83:165–177. doi: 10.1016/0926-6526(64)90032-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTOR C. W. THE EFFECTS OF CHRONIC GLUCOCORTICOID EXCESS ON HUMAN CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS IN VITRO. J Lab Clin Med. 1965 Mar;65:490–499. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTOR C. W. The microscopic structure of normal human synovial tissue. Arthritis Rheum. 1960 Apr;3:140–151. doi: 10.1002/art.1780030205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CASTOR C. W. The rate of hyaluronic acid production by human synovial cells studied in tissue culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1959 Jun;2(3):259–265. doi: 10.1002/1529-0131(195906)2:3<259::aid-art1780020307>3.0.co;2-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- CLARKE S. K. Attempt to isolate a virus from biopsy material in cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1958 Mar;17(1):51–51. doi: 10.1136/ard.17.1.51. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- COCHRANE W., DAVIES D. V., PALFREY A. J. ABSORPTIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE. Ann Rheum Dis. 1965 Jan;24:2–15. doi: 10.1136/ard.24.1.2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W. Connective tissue activation. 3. Observations on the mechanism of action of connective tissue activating peptide. J Lab Clin Med. 1972 Feb;79(2):285–301. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W. Connective tissue activation. I. The nature, specificity, measurement and distribution of connective tissue activating peptide. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 Jan-Feb;14(1):41–54. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W. Connective tissue activation. II. Abnormalities of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 Jan-Feb;14(1):55–66. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140108. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W. Connective tissue activation. IV. Regulatory effects of antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Sep-Oct;15(5):504–514. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150506. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W. Connective tissue activation. VII. Evidence supporting a role for prostaglandins and cyclic nucleotides. J Lab Clin Med. 1975 Mar;85(3):392–404. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W., Dorstewitz E. L. Abnormalities of connective tissue cells cultured from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. I. Relative unresponsiveness of rheumatoid synovial cells to hydrocortisone. J Lab Clin Med. 1966 Aug;68(2):300–313. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W., Dorstewitz E. L., Rowe K., Ritchie J. C. Abnormalities of connective tissue cells cultured from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. II. Defective regulation of hyaluronate and collagen formation. J Lab Clin Med. 1971 Jan;77(1):65–75. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Castor C. W., Prince R. K., Hazelton M. J. Hyaluronic acid in human synovial effusions; a sensitive indicator of altered connective tissue cell function during inflammation. Arthritis Rheum. 1966 Dec;9(6):783–794. doi: 10.1002/art.1780090606. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Christian C. L., Phillips P. E. Viruses and autoimmunity. Am J Med. 1973 May;54(5):611–620. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(73)90119-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Clarris B. J., Fraser J. R., Rodda S. Effect of cell-bound hyaluronic acid on infectivity of Newcastle disease virus for human synovial cells in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis. 1974 May;33(3):240–242. doi: 10.1136/ard.33.3.240. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Cole B. C., Ward J. R., Smith C. B. Studies on the infectious etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1973 Mar-Apr;16(2):191–198. doi: 10.1002/art.1780160209. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- DINGLE J. T., THOMAS D. P. P. In vitro studies on human synovial membrane; a metabolic comparison of normal and rheumatoid tissue. Br J Exp Pathol. 1956 Aug;37(4):318–323. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dayer J. M., Graham R., Russell G., Krane S. M. Collagenase production by rheumatoid synovial cells: stimulation by a human lymphocyte factor. Science. 1977 Jan 14;195(4274):181–183. doi: 10.1126/science.188134. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Dayer J. M., Krane S. M., Russell R. G., Robinson D. R. Production of collagenase and prostaglandins by isolated adherent rheumatoid synovial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976 Mar;73(3):945–949. doi: 10.1073/pnas.73.3.945. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Evanson J. M., Jeffrey J. J., Krane S. M. Studies on collagenase from rheumatoid synovium in tissue culture. J Clin Invest. 1968 Dec;47(12):2639–2651. doi: 10.1172/JCI105947. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ford D. K. Noncytopathogenicity of rubella vaccine strain HPV-77 for synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 May-Jun;15(3):313–315. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150314. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ford D. K., Oh J. O. Use of "synovial" cell cultures in the search for virus in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1965 Dec;8(6):1047–1052. doi: 10.1002/art.1780080604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fraser J. R., McCall J. F. Culture of synovial cells in vitro. Notes on isolation and propagation. Ann Rheum Dis. 1965 Jul;24(4):351–359. doi: 10.1136/ard.24.4.351. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ghadially F. N., Roy S. Ultrastructure of synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1967 Sep;26(5):426–443. doi: 10.1136/ard.26.5.426. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Goldfischer S., Smith C., Hamerman D. Altered acid hydrolase activities in rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. Am J Pathol. 1968 Mar;52(3):569–578. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grayzel A. I., Beck C. Rubella infection of synovial cells and the resistance of cells derived from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med. 1970 Feb;131(2):367–375. doi: 10.1084/jem.131.2.367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Grayzel A. I. Uridine incorporation into the media and RNA of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 1973 May-Jun;16(3):419–421. doi: 10.1002/art.1780160320. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HAMERMAN D., SANDSON J. UNUSUAL PROPERTIES OF HYALURONATEPROTEIN ISOLATED FROM PATHOLOGICAL SYNOVIAL FLUIDS. J Clin Invest. 1963 Dec;42:1882–1889. doi: 10.1172/JCI104873. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- HIROHATA K., KOBAYASHI I. FINE STRUCTURES OF THE SYNOVIAL TISSUES IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS. Kobe J Med Sci. 1964 Dec;10:195–225. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamerman D., Janis R., Smith C. Cartilage matrix depletion by rheumatoid synovial cells in tissue culture. J Exp Med. 1967 Dec 1;126(6):1005–1012. doi: 10.1084/jem.126.6.1005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hamerman D., Todaro G. J., Green H. The production of hyaluronate by spontaneously established cell lines and viral transformed lines of fibroblastic origin. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1965 Nov 1;101(3):343–351. doi: 10.1016/0926-6534(65)90013-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harris E. D., Jr, Cohen G. L., Krane S. M. Synovial collagenase: its presence in culture from joint disease of diverse etiology. Arthritis Rheum. 1969 Apr;12(2):92–102. doi: 10.1002/art.1780120206. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harris E. D., Jr, Evanson J. M., DiBona D. R., Krane S. M. Collagenase and rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1970 Jan-Feb;13(1):83–94. doi: 10.1002/art.1780130109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harris E. D., Jr, Krane S. M. An endopeptidase from rheumatoid synovial tissue culture. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972 Feb 28;258(2):566–576. doi: 10.1016/0005-2744(72)90249-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Harris E. D., Jr, McCroskery P. A. The influence of temperature and fibril stability on degradation of cartilage collagen by rheumatoid synovial collagenase. N Engl J Med. 1974 Jan 3;290(1):1–6. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197401032900101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Highton T. C., Caughey D. E., Rayns D. G. A new inclusion body in rheumatoid synovia. Ann Rheum Dis. 1966 Mar;25(2):149–155. doi: 10.1136/ard.25.2.149. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Hurd E. R., Kinsella D., Ziff M. Immunohistologic studies of synoviocytes and synovial exudate cells. J Exp Med. 1971 Sep 1;134(3 Pt 2):296s–205s. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ishimoto N., Temin H. M., Strominger J. L. Studies of carcinogenesis by avian sarcoma viruses. II. Virus-induced increase in hyaluronic acid synthetase in chicken fibroblasts. J Biol Chem. 1966 May 10;241(9):2052–2057. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Janis R., Sandson J., Smith C., Hamerman D. Synovial cell synthesis of a substance immunologically like cartilage proteinpolysaccharide. Science. 1967 Dec 15;158(3807):1464–1467. doi: 10.1126/science.158.3807.1464. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Kinsella T. D., Baum J., Ziff M. Studies of isolated synovial living cells of rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial membranes. Arthritis Rheum. 1970 Nov-Dec;13(6):734–753. doi: 10.1002/art.1780130603. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Koob T. J., Jeffrey J. J., Eisen A. Z. Regulation of human skin collagenase activity by hydrocortisone and dexamethasone in organ culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1974 Dec 11;61(3):1083–1088. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(74)90266-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krane S. M. IV. Joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1974 May-Jun;17(3):306–312. doi: 10.1002/art.1780170316. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Krey P. R., Cohen A. S., Smith C. B., Finland M. The human fetal synovium. Histology, fine structure and changes in organ culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1971 May-Jun;14(3):319–341. doi: 10.1002/art.1780140303. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- LUSCOMBE M. Acid phosphatase and catheptic activity in rheumatoid synovial tissue. Nature. 1963 Mar 9;197:1010–1010. doi: 10.1038/1971010a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- MALLUCCI L., ALLISON A. C. LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN CELLS INFECTED WITH CYTOPATHIC AND NON-CYTOPATHIC VIRUSES. J Exp Med. 1965 Mar 1;121:477–485. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.3.477. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mackay J. M., Panayi G., Neill W. A., Robinson A., Smith W., Marmion B. P., Duthie J. J. Cytology of rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. I. Composition and sequence of cell populations in cultures of rheumatoid synovial fluid. Ann Rheum Dis. 1974 May;33(3):225–233. doi: 10.1136/ard.33.3.225. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- McCord J. M. Free radicals and inflammation: protection of synovial fluid by superoxide dismutase. Science. 1974 Aug 9;185(4150):529–531. doi: 10.1126/science.185.4150.529. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Mohr W., Beneke G., Mohing W. Proliferation of synovial lining cells and fibroblasts. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975 Jun;34(3):219–224. doi: 10.1136/ard.34.3.219. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muirden K. D. Ferritin in synovial cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1966 Sep;25(5):387–401. doi: 10.1136/ard.25.5.387. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muirden K. D., Fraser J. R., Clarris B. Ferritin formation by synovial cells exposed to haemoglobin in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis. 1967 May;26(3):251–259. doi: 10.1136/ard.26.3.251. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Muirden K. D. Lysosomal enzymes in synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis. Relationship to joint damage. Ann Rheum Dis. 1972 Jul;31(4):265–271. doi: 10.1136/ard.31.4.265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neumark T., Farkas K. Nuclear bodies in rheumatoid synovium. Ann Rheum Dis. 1970 Nov;29(6):653–659. doi: 10.1136/ard.29.6.653. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Neumark T., Hollós I., Farkas K. Virus-like particles in rheumatoid synovium. Scand J Rheumatol. 1973;2(1):21–28. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norval M., Marmion B. P. Attempts to identify viruses in rheumatoid synovial cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 1976 Apr;35(2):106–113. doi: 10.1136/ard.35.2.106. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Norval M., Ogilvie M. M., Marmion B. P. DNA polymerase activity in rheumatoid synovial membranes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1975 Jun;34(3):205–212. doi: 10.1136/ard.34.3.205. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Oronsky A. L., Perper R. J., Schroder H. C. Phagocytic release and activation of human leukocyte procollagenase. Nature. 1973 Dec 14;246(5433):417–419. doi: 10.1038/246417a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Palmer D. G. Dispersed cell cultures of rheumatoid synovial membrane. Acta Rheumatol Scand. 1970;16(4):261–270. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Panayi G. S., Mackay J. M., Neill W. A., McCormick J. N., Marmion B. P., Duthie J. J. Cytology of rheumatoid synovial cells in culture. II. Association of polykarocytes with rheumatoid and other forms of arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1974 May;33(3):234–239. doi: 10.1136/ard.33.3.234. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Parker M. D., McCollum D. E., Kerby G. P. Susceptibility of cultures of rheumatoid tissues to rubella virus infection. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 May-Jun;15(3):275–282. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Patterson R. L., Peterson D. A., Deinhardt F., Howard F. Rubella and rheumatoid arthritis: hyaluronic acid and susceptibility of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells to viruses. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1975 Jul;149(3):594–598. doi: 10.3181/00379727-149-38859. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Pedersen N. C., Castles J. J., Weisner K. Noninfectious canine arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1976 Aug 1;169(3):295–303. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Person D. A., Rawls W. E., Sharp J. T. Replication of rubella, Newcastle disease, and vesicular stomatitis viruses in cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1971 Nov;138(2):748–752. doi: 10.3181/00379727-138-35981. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Person D. A., Sharp J. T., Rawls W. E. A search for viruses and mycoplasms in connective tissue diseases. Arthritis Rheum. 1973 Sep-Oct;16(5):677–687. doi: 10.1002/art.1780160513. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roberts J. E., McLees B. D., Kerby G. P. Pathways of glucose metabolism in rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial membrane. J Lab Clin Med. 1967 Sep;70(3):503–511. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Runge L. A., Allison A. C. Growth of rubella virus in cultures of synovial cells from rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Jan-Feb;15(1):85–88. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150111. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SCHUR P. H., SANDSON J. Immunologic studies of the proteins of human synovial fluid. Arthritis Rheum. 1963 Apr;6:115–129. doi: 10.1002/art.1780060204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- SUTER E. R., MAJNO G. ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE JOINT CAPSULE IN THE RAT: PRESENCE OF TWO KINDS OF CAPILLARIES. Nature. 1964 May 30;202:920–921. doi: 10.1038/202920b0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schumacher H. R., Kitridou R. C. Synovitis of recent onset. A clinicopathologic study during the first month of disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Sep-Oct;15(5):465–485. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schumacher H. R. The microvasculature of the synovial membrane of the monkey: ultrastructural studies. Arthritis Rheum. 1969 Aug;12(4):387–404. doi: 10.1002/art.1780120406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Shannon S. L., Graham R. C., Jr Protein uptake by synovial cells. I. Ultrastructural study of the fate of intraarticularly injected peroxidases. J Histochem Cytochem. 1971 Jan;19(1):29–42. doi: 10.1177/19.1.29. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Sliwinski A. J., Zvaifler N. J. In vivo synthesis of IgG by rheumatoid synovium. J Lab Clin Med. 1970 Aug;76(2):304–310. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smiley J. D., Sachs C., Ziff M. In vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin by rheumatoid synovial membrane. J Clin Invest. 1968 Mar;47(3):624–632. doi: 10.1172/JCI105758. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith C. A. Properties of synovial cells in culture. J Exp Med. 1971 Sep 1;134(3 Pt 2):306s–312s. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith C., Hamerman D., Janis R., Habermann E. Virus resistance transferred from human rheumatoid cells to rabbit synovial cells. I. Methods and results of intra-articular injection of human cells into rabbit joints. Ann Rheum Dis. 1974 Mar;33(2):173–179. doi: 10.1136/ard.33.2.173. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith C., Hamerman D. Significance of persistent differences between normal and rheumatoid synovial membrane cells in culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1969 Dec;12(6):639–645. doi: 10.1002/art.1780120612. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Smith C., Hamerman D. Virus resistance transferred from human rheumatoid cells to rabbit synovial cells. II. Cell fusion. Ann Rheum Dis. 1974 Mar;33(2):180–184. doi: 10.1136/ard.33.2.180. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Southwick W. O., Bensch K. G. Phagocytosis of colloidal gold by cells of synovial membrane. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1971 Jun;53(4):729–741. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spruance S. L., Richards O. C., Smith C. B., Ward J. R. DNA polymerase activity of cultured rheumatoid synovial cells. Arthritis Rheum. 1975 May-Jun;18(3):229–235. doi: 10.1002/art.1780180306. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Spruance S. L., Smith C. B., Krall J., Ward J. R. Growth of Newcastle disease virus and rubella virus in rheumatoid and nonrehumatoid synovial cell cultures. Infect Immun. 1972 Sep;6(3):326–329. doi: 10.1128/iai.6.3.326-329.1972. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Steven F. S. Evidence for the chemical modification of collagen in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1965 Sep;24(5):473–476. doi: 10.1136/ard.24.5.473. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Swann D. A., Radin E. L., Nazimiec M., Weisser P. A., Curran N., Lewinnek G. Role of hyaluronic acid in joint lubrication. Ann Rheum Dis. 1974 Jul;33(4):318–326. doi: 10.1136/ard.33.4.318. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- THOMAS D. P. P., DINGLE J. T. In vitro studies of rheumatoid synovium; preliminary metabolic comparison between synovial membrane and villi. Br J Exp Pathol. 1955 Apr;36(2):195–198. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- UTZ J. P., PHELPS E. T., SMITH L. G. Rheumatoid arthritis: viral studies of adult human synovial fluid and tissue using tissue culture techniques. Bull Georgetown Univ Med Cent. 1959 May;12(5):198–200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wahl L. M., Wahl S. M., Mergenhagen S. E., Martin G. R. Collagenase production by lymphokine-activated macrophages. Science. 1975 Jan 24;187(4173):261–263. doi: 10.1126/science.163038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warren S. L., Marmor L., Boak R., Liebes D. M. Transmission of an active agent from rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue to chicks. Arch Intern Med. 1971 Oct;128(4):619–622. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warren S. L., Marmor L., Liebes D. M., Hollins R. L. Congenital deformities of mice transmitted by a human rheumatoid synovium agent. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970 May-Jun;70:216–219. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warren S. L., Marmor L., Liebes D. M., Hollins R. L. Congenital transmission in mice of an active agent from human rheumatoid arthritis. Nature. 1969 Aug 9;223(5206):646–647. doi: 10.1038/223646a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Warren S. L., Marmor L., Liebes D. M., Hollins R. An active agent from human rheumatoid arthritis which is transmissible in mice. Arch Intern Med. 1969 Nov;124(5):629–634. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weiss J. B., Shuttleworth C. A., Brown R., Sedowfia K., Baildam A., Hunter J. A. Occurrence of type III collagen in inflamed synovial membranes: a comparison between non rheumatoid, rheumatoid, and normal synovial collagens. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 Aug 4;65(3):907–912. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(75)80471-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Weissmann G. Lysosomal mechanisms of tissue injury in arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1972 Jan 20;286(3):141–147. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197201202860307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Werb Z., Burleigh M. C. A specific collagenase from rabbit fibroblasts in monolayer culture. Biochem J. 1974 Feb;137(2):373–385. doi: 10.1042/bj1370373. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Werb Z., Gordon S. Secretion of a specific collagenase by stimulated macrophages. J Exp Med. 1975 Aug 1;142(2):346–360. doi: 10.1084/jem.142.2.346. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Werb Z., Reynolds J. J. Stimulation by endocytosis of the secretion of collagenase and neutral proteinase from rabbit synovial fibroblasts. J Exp Med. 1974 Dec 1;140(6):1482–1497. doi: 10.1084/jem.140.6.1482. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wilkes R. M., Simsarian J. P., Hopps H. E., Roth H., Decker J. L., Aptekar R. G., Meyer H. M., Jr Virologic studies on rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1973 Jul-Aug;16(4):446–454. doi: 10.1002/art.1780160403. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woolley D. E., Glanville R. W., Evanson J. M. Differences in the physical properties of collagenases isolated from rheumatoid synovium and human skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1973 Apr 2;51(3):729–734. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(73)91376-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Woolley D. E., Roberts D. R., Evanson J. M. Inhibition of human collagenase activity by a small molecular weight serum protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1975 Sep 16;66(2):747–754. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(75)90573-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wyllie J. C., Haust M. D., More R. H. The fine structure of synovial lining cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Lab Invest. 1966 Mar;15(3):519–529. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Wynne-Roberts C. R., Castor C. W. Ultrastructural comparison of rheumatoid and nonrheumatoid synovial fibroblasts grown in tissue culture. Arthritis Rheum. 1972 Jan-Feb;15(1):65–83. doi: 10.1002/art.1780150110. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Ziff M. Viruses and the connective tissue diseases. Ann Intern Med. 1971 Dec;75(6):951–958. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-75-6-951. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Zvaifler N. J. The immunopathology of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Immunol. 1973;16(0):265–336. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60299-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
