Skip to main content
NCBI home page
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1978 Aug;129(2):118–120.

Infectious disease emergencies: the clostridial syndromes. Therapy of clostridial myonecrosis.

A A Schwartz
PMCID: PMC1238270  PMID: 695562

Full text

PDF
118

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Alpern R. J., Dowell V. R., Jr Clostridium septicum infections and malignancy. JAMA. 1969 Jul 21;209(3):385–388. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Alpern R. J., Dowell V. R., Jr Nonhistotoxic clostridial bacteremia. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971 Jun;55(6):717–722. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/55.6.717. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Altemeier W. A., Fullen W. D. Prevention and treatment of gas gangrene. JAMA. 1971 Aug 9;217(6):806–813. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BOGGS D. R., FREI E., 3rd, THOMAS L. B. Clostridial gas gangrene and septicemia in four patients with leukemia. N Engl J Med. 1958 Dec 25;259(26):1255–1258. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195812252592604. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Barrett-Connor E. Malaria: an "imported" disease to be reckoned with in the U.S. Calif Med. 1971 Aug;115(2):19–24. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bartlett J. G., Gorbach S. L., Finegold S. M. The bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia. Am J Med. 1974 Feb;56(2):202–207. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(74)90598-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Baxter C. R. Surgical management of soft tissue infections. Surg Clin North Am. 1972 Dec;52(6):1483–1499. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)39893-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bayer A. S., Nelson S. C., Galpin J. E., Chow A. W., Guze L. B. Necrotizing pneumonia and empyema due to Clostridium perfringens. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Med. 1975 Dec;59(6):851–856. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(75)90471-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bennett J. V. Tetanus--the role of diazepam in therapy. Calif Med. 1971 Oct;115(4):51–52. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Black L. F., Hyatt R. E. Maximal static respiratory pressures in generalized neuromuscular disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1971 May;103(5):641–650. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1971.103.5.641. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Blake P. A., Feldman R. A., Buchanan T. M., Brooks G. F., Bennett J. V. Serologic therapy of tetanus in the United States, 1965-1971. JAMA. 1976 Jan 5;235(1):42–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Brightmore T., Greenwood T. W. The significance of tissue gas and clostridial organisms in the differential diagnosis of gas gangrene. Br J Clin Pract. 1974 Feb;28(2):43–50. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Brown R. L., Peter G. Clostridial spontaneous peritonitis. JAMA. 1976 Nov 1;236(18):2095–2096. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Caplan E. S., Kluge R. M. Gas gangrene: review of 34 cases. Arch Intern Med. 1976 Jul;136(7):788–791. doi: 10.1001/archinte.136.7.788. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Cherington M. Botulism. Ten-year experience. Arch Neurol. 1974 Jun;30(6):432–437. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1974.00490360008003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Cherington M., Ryan D. W. Treatment of botulism with guanidine. Early neurophysiologic studies. N Engl J Med. 1970 Jan 22;282(4):195–197. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197001222820405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Chow A. W., Marshall J. R., Guze L. B. Anaerobic infections of the female genital tract: prospects and perspectives. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1975 Jul;30(7):477–494. doi: 10.1097/00006254-197507000-00028. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Clancy M. T., O'Briain S. Fatal Clostridium welchii septicaemia following acute cholecystitis. Br J Surg. 1975 Jul;62(7):518–519. doi: 10.1002/bjs.1800620704. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Clarke J. S. Bacteriology of the gut and its clinical implications. West J Med. 1974 Nov;121(5):390–403. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cole L., Youngman H. Treatment of tetanus. Lancet. 1969 May 17;1(7603):1017–1019. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(69)91812-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. DUFF J. T., WRIGHT G. G., YARINSKY A. Activation of Clostridium botulinum type E toxin by trypsin. J Bacteriol. 1956 Oct;72(4):455–460. doi: 10.1128/jb.72.4.455-460.1956. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Demello F. J., Haglin J. J., Hitchcock C. R. Comparative study of experimental Clostridium perfringens infection in dogs treated with antibiotics, surgery, and hyperbaric oxygen. Surgery. 1973 Jun;73(6):936–941. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Duff J. H., McLean A. P., MacLean L. D. Treatment of severe anaerobic infections. Arch Surg. 1970 Aug;101(2):314–318. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1970.01340260218032. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Eaton C. J., Peterson E. P. Diagnosis and acute management of patients with advanced clostridial sepsis complicating abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971 Apr 15;109(8):1162–1166. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90658-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Faich G. A., Graebner R. W., Sato S. Failure of guanidine therapy in botulism A. N Engl J Med. 1971 Sep 30;285(14):773–776. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197109302851404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Finegold S. M., Bartlett J. G., Chow A. W., Flora D. J., Gorbach S. L., Harder E. J., Tally F. P. Management of anaerobic infections. Ann Intern Med. 1975 Sep;83(3):375–389. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-83-3-375. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Galpin J. E., Chow A. W., Bayer A. S., Guze L. B. Sepsis associated with decubitus ulcers. Am J Med. 1976 Sep;61(3):346–350. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90371-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Gehrz R. C., Ward R. M., Lien R. H., Thompson R., Jarvis C. W. Meningitis due to combined infections. Association of Haemophilus influenzae type B and Clostridium perfringens. Am J Dis Child. 1976 Aug;130(8):877–879. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1976.02120090087016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Gorbach S. L., Bartlett J. G. Anaerobic infections. 1. N Engl J Med. 1974 May 23;290(21):1177–1184. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197405232902106. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Gutmann L., Pratt L. Pathophysiologic aspects of human botulism. Arch Neurol. 1976 Mar;33(3):175–179. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1976.00500030031006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Hart G. B., O'Reilly R. R., Cave R. H., Broussard N. D. The treatment of clostridial myonecrosis with hyperbaric oxygen. J Trauma. 1974 Aug;14(8):712–715. doi: 10.1097/00005373-197408000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Himal H. S., McLean A. P., Duff J. H. Gas gangrene of the scrotum and perineum. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1974 Aug;139(2):176–178. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Isenberg A. N. Clostridium welchii infection. A clinical evaluation. Arch Surg. 1966 May;92(5):727–731. doi: 10.1001/archsurg.1966.01320230075014. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Isenberg H. D., Lavine L. S., Painter B. G., Rubins W. H., Berkman J. I. Primary osteomyelitis due to an anaerobic microorganism. Am J Clin Pathol. 1975 Sep;64(3):385–388. doi: 10.1093/ajcp/64.3.385. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. JONES L. E., WIRTH W. A., FARROW C. C. Clostridial gas gangrene and septicemia complicating leukemia. South Med J. 1960 Jul;53:863–866. doi: 10.1097/00007611-196007000-00007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. KOENIG M. G., SPICKARD A., CARDELLA M. A., ROGERS D. E. CLINICAL AND LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS ON TYPE E BOTULISM IN MAN. Medicine (Baltimore) 1964 Sep;43:517–545. doi: 10.1097/00005792-196409000-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Kanarek D. J., Kaufman B., Zwi S. Severe sympathetic hyperactivity associated with tetanus. Arch Intern Med. 1973 Oct;132(4):602–604. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Kao I., Drachman D. B., Price D. L. Botulinum toxin: mechanism of presynaptic blockade. Science. 1976 Sep 24;193(4259):1256–1258. doi: 10.1126/science.785600. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Kerner M., Meakins J. L., Wilson W. E., McLean P. Gas gangrene complicating limb trauma. J Trauma. 1976 Feb;16(2):106–110. doi: 10.1097/00005373-197602000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Kerr J. H., Corbett J. L., Prys-Roberts C., Smith A. C., Spalding J. M. Involvement of the sympathetic nervous system in tetanus. Studies on 82 cases. Lancet. 1968 Aug 3;2(7562):236–241. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(68)92350-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Koenig M. G., Drutz D. J., Mushlin A. I., Schaffner W., Rogers D. E. Type B botulism in man. Am J Med. 1967 Feb;42(2):208–219. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(67)90020-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. LEVINSON A., MARSKE R. L., SHEIN M. K. Tetanus in heroin addicts. J Am Med Assoc. 1955 Feb 19;157(8):658–660. doi: 10.1001/jama.1955.02950250032009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. LaForce F. M., Young L. S., Bennett J. V. Tetanus in the United States (1965-1966):epidemiologic and clinical features. N Engl J Med. 1969 Mar 13;280(11):569–574. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196903132801101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Lambert E. H., Elmqvist D. Quantal components of end-plate potentials in the myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1971 Sep 15;183:183–199. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb30750.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Lorber B., Swenson R. M. Bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia. A prospective study of community- and hospital-acquired cases. Ann Intern Med. 1974 Sep;81(3):329–331. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-81-3-329. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Lorber B., Swenson R. M. The bacteriology of intra-abdominal infections. Surg Clin North Am. 1975 Dec;55(6):1349–1354. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(16)40792-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Lulu D. J., Rivera F. J. Gas gangrene. Am Surg. 1970 Sep;36(9):528–532. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. MACLENNAN J. D. The histotoxic clostridial infections of man. Bacteriol Rev. 1962 Jun;26:177–276. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. MEYER K. F. The status of botulism as a world health problem. Bull World Health Organ. 1956;15(1-2):281–298. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. MOLLER V., SCHEIBEL I. Preliminary report on the isolation of an apparently new type of CI. botulinum. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand. 1960;48:80–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1699-0463.1960.tb04741.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. MULLER D. A. CLOSTRIDIUM WELCHII INFECTION IN GYNAECOLOGY. S Afr Med J. 1964 Jul 25;38:539–541. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. McQuillen M. P., Cantor H. E., O'Rourke J. R. Myasthenic syndrome associated with antibiotics. Arch Neurol. 1968 Apr;18(4):402–415. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1968.00470340088008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. McSwain B., Sawyers J. L., Lawler M. R., Jr Clostridial infections of the abdominal wall: review of 10 cases. Ann Surg. 1966 Jun;163(6):859–865. doi: 10.1097/00000658-196606000-00007. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Mentzer R. M., Jr, Golden G. T., Chandler J. G., Horsley J. S., 3rd A comparative appraisal of emphysematous cholecystitis. Am J Surg. 1975 Jan;129(1):10–15. doi: 10.1016/0002-9610(75)90159-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Merson M. H., Dowell V. R., Jr Epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory aspects of wound botulism. N Engl J Med. 1973 Nov 8;289(19):1005–1010. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197311082891904. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Merson M. H., Gangarosa E. J., Dowell V. R. More on botulism. Calif Med. 1973 Sep;119(3):65–66. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Merson M. H., Hughes J. M., Dowell V. R., Taylor A., Barker W. H., Gangarosa E. J. Current trends in botulism in the United States. JAMA. 1974 Sep 2;229(10):1305–1308. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Meyer K. F. The rise and fall of botulism. Calif Med. 1973 May;118(5):63–64. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Moore A., Gottfried E. L., Stone P. H., Coleman M. Case report. Clostridium perfringens septicemia with detection of phospholipase C activity in the serum. Am J Med Sci. 1976 Jan-Feb;271(1):59–63. doi: 10.1097/00000441-197601000-00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. PERLSTEIN M. A., STEIN M. D., ELAM H. Routine treatment of tetanus. JAMA. 1960 Aug 6;173:1536–1541. doi: 10.1001/jama.1960.03020320016005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Peebles T. C., Levine L., Eldred M. C., Edsall G. Tetanus-toxoid emergency boosters: a reappraisal. N Engl J Med. 1969 Mar 13;280(11):575–581. doi: 10.1056/NEJM196903132801102. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Pickett J., Berg B., Chaplin E., Brunstetter-Shafer M. A. Syndrome of botulism in infancy: clinical and electrophysiologic study. N Engl J Med. 1976 Sep 30;295(14):770–772. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197609302951407. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Pontoppidan H., Geffin B., Lowenstein E. Acute respiratory failure in the adult. 3. N Engl J Med. 1972 Oct 19;287(16):799–806. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197210192871605. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Poretz D. M., Wood L., Park C. Adenocarcinoma of the colon presenting as Clostridium septicum cellulitis of the left thigh. South Med J. 1974 Jul;67(7):862–864. doi: 10.1097/00007611-197407000-00027. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Pritchard J. A., Whalley P. J. Abortion complicated by Clostridium perfringens infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971 Oct 15;111(4):484–492. doi: 10.1016/0002-9378(71)90464-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Propst A., Möse J. R. Die Wirkung apathogener Clostridien auf bösartige Tumoren. Z Krebsforsch. 1966;68(4):337–351. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. RAMSAY A. M. The significance of Clostridium welchii in the cervical swab and blood-stream in postpartum and postabortum sepsis. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Emp. 1949 Apr;56(2):247–258. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1949.tb07096.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. ROGERS D. E. BOTULISM, VINTAGE 1963. Ann Intern Med. 1964 Sep;61:581–588. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-61-3-581. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Ricker K., Döll W. Guanidinbehandlung des Botulismus. Z Neurol. 1970;198(3):332–341. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Robineau M., Modai J., Laffay J., Domart A. Note préliminaire sur le traitement du botulisme par la guanidine. A propos d'un cas. Presse Med. 1971 May 22;79(25):1169–1171. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Roding B., Groeneveld P. H., Boerema I. Ten years of experience in the treatment of gas gangrene with hyperbaric oxygen. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1972 Apr;134(4):579–585. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. SOSCIA J., GRACE W. J. GAS BACILLUS INFECTIONS: TWO UNUSUAL CASES. Am J Dig Dis. 1965 Jul;10:625–630. doi: 10.1007/BF02237636. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Sarma P. S., Shiu G., Baron S., Huebner R. J. Inhibitory effect of interferon on murine sarcoma and leukaemia virus infection in vitro. Nature. 1969 Aug 23;223(5208):845–846. doi: 10.1038/223845a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Schweigel J. F., Shim S. S. A comparison of the treatment of gas gangrene with and without hyperbaric oxygen. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1973 Jun;136(6):969–970. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Selecky P. A. Tracheostomy: a review of present day indications, complications, and care. Heart Lung. 1974 Mar-Apr;3(2):272–283. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Sim F. H. Anaerobic infections. Orthop Clin North Am. 1975 Oct;6(4):1049–1056. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Simpkins H., Kahlenberg A., Rosenberg A., Tay S., Panko E. Structural and compositional changes in the red cell membrane during Clostridium welchii infection. Br J Haematol. 1971 Aug;21(2):173–182. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1971.tb03427.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Smith L. P., McLean A. P., Maughan G. B. Clostridium welchii septicotoxemia. A review and report of 3 cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971 May 1;110(1):135–149. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Tarlov I. M., Ling H., Yamada H. Neuronal pathology in experimental local tetanus. Clinical implications. Neurology. 1973 Jun;23(6):580–591. doi: 10.1212/wnl.23.6.580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. Weinstein L., Barza M. A. Gas gangrene. N Engl J Med. 1973 Nov 22;289(21):1129–1131. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197311222892107. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. Weinstein L. Tetanus. N Engl J Med. 1973 Dec 13;289(24):1293–1296. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197312132892408. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Werner S. B., Chin J. Botulism--diagnosis, management and public health considerations. Calif Med. 1973 May;118(5):84–88. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Wynne J. W., Armstrong D. Clostridial septicemia. Cancer. 1972 Jan;29(1):215–221. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(197201)29:1<215::aid-cncr2820290132>3.0.co;2-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES