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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2025 Aug 1;43(4):513–517. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2025.2025108

乳磨牙萌出障碍的临床表现分析

Clinical manifestation analysis of the eruption failure of deciduous molars

Wang Manting 1,2,3, Jiang Dingzhou 2, Zhu Xiao 2, Qian Linna 2, Gou Junzhuo 2, Jiang Wenxiang 2, Wu Zhifang 2,✉,
Editor: 杜 冰
PMCID: PMC12419827  PMID: 40899205

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the incidence, imaging characteristics, and clinical manifestations of the eruption failure of deciduous molars using panoramic radiographs to provide a foundation for diagnosis and treatment in this population.

Methods

This study retrospectively reviewed panoramic radiographs of children aged 4-8 years obtained from Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2021 and December 2023. A total of 31 331 subjects were included for the radiographic assessment of the tooth eruption failure of deciduous molars. Incidence, radiographic characteristics, and associated complications were documented. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0.

Results

The incidence of the eruption failure of deciduous molars among children aged 4-8 years was 0.94% (296/31 331). The rate was 1.55 times higher in females than in males, demonstrating a significant gender difference (P<0.001). Among the affected deciduous molars, mandibular first deciduous molars accounted for 76.4%, followed by the mandibular second deciduous molars (13.8%), and the maxillary deciduous molars collectively comprised 9.8%. The severity of eruption disorders was significantly associated with the mesial and distal tilting of adjacent teeth and elongation of the antagonist (P<0.001).

Conclusion

The incidence of the eruption failure of deciduous molars in children aged 4-8 years was 0.94%, with a high prevalence in females and a predilection for the mandible, particularly the mandibular first deciduous molar. For deciduous molars with severe eruption failure, early intervention is crucial to mitigate complications such as malocclusion and space loss.

Keywords: deciduous molar, eruption failure, panoramic radiograph, complication


牙齿萌出障碍是牙齿在超过正常萌出时间范围未能到达功能位置的一种萌出异常,可累及乳牙和恒牙,以恒牙较为常见[1]。当萌出障碍发生于乳牙时,绝大多数发生于乳磨牙,乳前牙受累则较为少见[2]。乳磨牙萌出障碍的主要临床表现是低位咬合,即乳磨牙萌出高度的不足或是阻生于颌骨内[1,3]。乳磨牙萌出障碍病因机制尚不明确,目前认为主要与牙齿固连、机械性阻挡因素、遗传因素等有关[4-6]。乳磨牙萌出障碍可能导致各类并发症,如由于受累牙萌出高度不足,会逐渐出现对颌牙的伸长,邻牙倾斜、移位,牙槽骨高度不足,甚至牙弓长度缩短。牙齿萌出障碍发生的年龄越早,其带来的咬合问题及伴发症状会越严重[7-9]

国外学者研究报道乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率为1.3%~8.9%[7,10],该疾病的不同人种间发生率差异较大,不同年龄组的发生率也呈现差异性,以8~9岁儿童发生率最高,12岁最低[8,11]。目前国内关于乳磨牙萌出障碍的研究多为病例报道,本研究采用曲面体层片记录乳磨牙萌出障碍的临床及影像学特征,分析其发生率、男女好发比例、好发部位、严重程度与伴发症状间的关系,旨在为乳磨牙萌出障碍的临床诊治提供一定的参考依据。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 研究对象

本研究通过浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院伦理委员会审查批准(批准号:2024-008R)。初步选取2021年1月—2023年12月在浙江大学医学院附属口腔医院拍摄的4~8岁儿童的曲面体层片共40 316例。纳入标准:1)患儿全身情况良好,无系统性疾病;2)曲面体层片影像清晰;3)重复检查者取首次影像。排除标准:1)影像质量欠佳影响萌出高度判读;2)乳磨牙大面积龋坏导致咬合平面无法准确定位。经过纳入和排除标准筛选,共31 331例符合研究要求。

1.2. 研究方法

研究者利用iEIS v5.3.8医生工作站,对满足纳入和排除标准的影像资料进行乳磨牙萌出障碍判读。由2名研究者独立阅片,并对诊断为乳磨牙萌出障碍的曲面体层片提取相关数据,对结果进行一致性检验。若研究者间存在分歧,由一名高年资儿童口腔医学专业的主治医师仲裁诊断。

1.3. 收集资料

1.3.1. 乳磨牙萌出障碍患儿的基本特征

记录患儿年龄、性别、受累乳磨牙数量及位置。

1.3.2. 萌出障碍乳磨牙的分度及伴发症状

1)萌出障碍乳磨牙的低位咬合分度:按照Brearley分度[12],患牙(牙合)面位于邻牙(牙合)面与邻牙接触点之间记为“轻度”;患牙(牙合)面与邻牙接触点平齐记为“中度”;患牙(牙合)面位于邻牙接触点以下记为“重度”。2)受累牙乳磨牙的伴随症状:①龋、补情况(基于冠部低密度影判定);②邻牙倾斜:若萌出到位且方向正常,记为“无倾斜”;若存在邻牙未萌、早失、未萌出到位者记录具体状态;③对颌牙伸长:若受累牙的对颌牙齿萌出到位且无伸长,记为“无伸长”;若对颌牙齿存在未萌、早失、未萌出到位者记录具体状态。

1.4. 数据处理分析

采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。定量资料以均值±标准差描述,定性资料以百分比形式描述。组间比较采用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验(双侧α=0.05)。

2. 结果

2.1. 质量控制结果

2名研究者间乳磨牙萌出障碍诊断一致性Kappa值为0.948。2名研究者提取的数据中,其对颌位、牙位的诊断相同,对于乳磨牙萌出障碍分度、龋坏、近中邻牙倾斜、远中邻牙倾斜、对颌牙伸长的诊断具有较高的一致性,Kappa值均大于0.8,一致性良好。

2.2. 患者的基本特征分析

31 331例研究对象中,男16 220例,女15 111例。乳磨牙萌出障碍患儿296例,发生率为0.94%。患儿平均年龄为6.4岁;男性121例,女性175例;男、女性患儿乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率分别为0.75%、1.16%,二者比例为1∶1.55,男性患儿发生率显著低于女性(χ2=14.197,P<0.001)。

296例患儿中受累乳磨牙356颗。有1颗乳磨牙萌出障碍者242例,2颗者50例,3颗者2例,4颗者2人。乳磨牙萌出障碍仅发生于下颌者269例,仅上颌受累23例,双颌受累4例。受累乳磨牙中发生于下颌的占90.2%(321/356),上颌占9.8%(35/356)。下颌第一乳磨牙为最主要受累牙位(76.4%,272/356),其次为下颌第二乳磨牙(13.8%,49/356)。另外,乳磨牙萌出障碍较少累及上颌第一乳磨牙(4.2%,15/356)和上颌第二乳磨牙(5.6%,20/356)。

2.3. 萌出障碍乳磨牙的分度及伴发症状

按照Brearley分度,受累乳磨牙中,轻度占74.7%(266/356),中度占3.1%(11/356),重度占22.2%(79/356)。下颌第一乳磨牙萌出障碍轻度的构成比最高,占92.6%(252/272)。但上、下颌第二乳磨牙中占比最高的类型均为重度萌出障碍,其中下颌第二乳磨牙萌出障碍中重度的构成比最高,占91.8%(45/49)(表1)。

表 1.

乳磨牙萌出障碍分度的牙位分布

Tab 1 The distribution of tooth positions in the classification of failure of tooth eruption in deci-duous molars

分度 上颌第一乳磨牙 上颌第二乳磨牙 下颌第一乳磨牙 下颌第二乳磨牙 合计
合计 15 20 272 49 356
轻度 9 2 252 3 266
中度 1 1 8 1 11
重度 5 17 12 45 79

受累乳磨牙严重程度与并发症的发生情况见表2。由于中度萌出障碍样本量较少,且轻、中度均属于可进行保守观察的范围[13],为提高统计分析的精度,将两者合并后对分度及各类并发症的分布情况进行统计分析。为准确评估并发症与萌出障碍程度的相关性,排除因邻牙未萌出或早失等无法评估邻牙倾斜情况(n=63),以及因对颌牙未萌或未萌出至(牙合)平面等情况导致无法判断牙齿伸长者(n=13)。统计分析显示乳磨牙萌出障碍严重程度与受累牙的近中邻牙倾斜、远中邻牙倾斜、对颌牙伸长的情况均存在显著关联(P<0.001),其中重度病例中上述并发症发生率显著增高。但萌出障碍严重程度与受累牙的龋坏情况无显著相关性(P>0.05)。

表 2.

乳磨牙萌出障碍的分度及伴发症状发生情况

Tab 2 Classification and complications of failure of tooth eruption in deciduous molars

伴发症状 乳磨牙萌出障碍分度(n/%) 合计
轻度 中度 重度
龋齿 龋/补 79/77.5 3/2.9 20/19.6 102
未见龋坏 187/73.6 8/3.1 59/23.2 254
近中牙齿 无倾斜 263/84.0 11/3.5 39/12.5 313
倾斜 1/2.9 0/0.0 34/97.1 35
未萌/早失 2/25.0 0/0.0 6/75.0 8
远中牙齿 无倾斜 252/95.1 9/3.4 4/1.5 265
倾斜 5/13.9 1/2.8 30/83.3 36
未萌/早失 9/16.4 1/1.8 45/81.8 55
对颌牙 无伸长 258/86.0 10/3.3 32/10.7 300
伸长 2/4.7 1/2.3 40/93.0 43
未萌/早失 6/46.2 0/0.0 7/53.8 13

3. 讨论

本研究显示乳磨牙萌出障碍的发生率为0.94%。过往研究中,Kurol[11]对1 059名瑞典3~12岁儿童进行的流行病学调查显示,乳磨牙萌出障碍的发生率为8.9%;Alshaya等[10]通过筛查542张曲面体层片,得出乳磨牙萌出障碍的发生率为7.38%。不同学者[10-11]对于乳磨牙萌出障碍发生的人群比率报道大多在1.3%~8.9%之间。各种研究中对于萌出障碍的诊断标准大体一致,存在的差异可能由诊断方法固有的差异或人种差异[14]引起,本研究使用的是曲面体层片,有的研究[15-16]则使用口腔检查或口腔模型评估。目前国内关于乳磨牙萌出障碍的研究多为病例报道,本研究是基于中国地区人群的乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率报告,补充了我国该领域的基础数据。

根据数据分析可得出,乳磨牙萌出障碍存在性别差异,女性发病率显著高于男性,这与既往的研究报道一致。Kurol[11]通过对1 059名3~12岁健康儿童进行口腔检查发现,3~6岁年龄段中,女性乳磨牙萌出障碍的发生比例显著高于男性,而7~12岁的乳磨牙萌出障碍患儿中,男孩患病比例显著增高;但当合并全年龄段(3~12岁)的数据时,乳磨牙的患病未显示出明显的性别差异。然而,也有文献[15,17-18]报道乳磨牙萌出障碍的发生未见有明显的性别差异。

本研究结果显示,单颗乳磨牙受累为最常见的形式,其次是2颗乳磨牙受累,这一结果与既往的研究[19]报道一致。下颌乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率显著高于上颌,Ciftci等[17]报道下颌乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率为上颌的10倍;而Odeh等[15]报道下颌乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率是上颌的27倍。本研究显示下颌第一乳磨牙为最常见受累牙位(76.4%),呈明显的优势分布。而下颌第二乳磨牙萌出障碍虽仅占13.8%,但91.8%表现为重度,提示该牙位临床处置需重点关注。关于最好发牙位,不同研究间存在较大差异,尚无明确结论,现有报道中下颌第一乳磨牙[11,19]和下颌第二乳磨牙[10,20]均有作为主要受累牙的记录。

在本研究中,356颗萌出障碍乳磨牙的患龋率28.7%(102/356),相较杭州地区正常儿童患龋率无明显增高[21]。有研究[22-23]认为,重度萌出障碍可能会增加患龋风险。这可能是因为重度萌出障碍乳磨牙的(牙合)面部分被牙龈覆盖,形成盲袋,从而增加龋病可能性[24]。但本研究结果显示,尽管重度萌出障碍乳磨牙的患龋率高于轻度者,但严重程度与患龋率之间并无显著相关性,这可能是由于龋坏发生不仅与牙齿萌出状态有关,还受到许多其他因素影响,如口腔卫生习惯、饮食习惯等。

受累乳磨牙的低位咬合越严重,其引发的咬合问题越多,如对颌牙的伸长,邻牙倾斜、移位等。本研究显示萌出障碍严重程度与近、远中邻牙倾斜、对颌牙伸长等伴随症状均有显著相关性。这提示,当乳磨牙发生重度萌出障碍时,需特别关注因咬合紊乱和间隙丧失而带来的问题,并及时采取干预和间隙管理措施。萌出障碍较轻时,对邻近牙齿和牙弓功能的影响有限,早期发现和干预能够有效降低治疗难度。对于轻中度乳磨牙萌出障碍病例,可定期复查监测,若发现存在牙齿低位咬合进展的情况,可及时采取措施,如树脂加高或预成冠修复,预防间隙丧失和咬合紊乱的发生[25-26]

本研究是针对中国地区儿童乳磨牙萌出障碍的特征研究,对填补关于中国人群乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率研究方面的空缺起到一定帮助,为萌出障碍乳磨牙的临床诊治、风险评估和管理提供了新的证据。但目前研究数据主要为影像学判读,缺少与临床口内检查结果的直接对应性。受分辨率和投照角度的限制,早期釉质脱矿及微小龋坏易漏诊,从而低估实际患病情况,故后续研究建议应用影像学-临床联合诊断方案。另外,受限于单中心横断面设计,仅纳入就诊患儿,存在选择偏倚风险,且缺乏纵向随访数据。建议后续开展多中心队列研究,结合长期追踪评估不同干预方案的预后差异。

综上所述,本研究统计得出4~8岁儿童乳磨牙萌出障碍发生率为0.94%,该年龄段中女性更好发。重度萌出障碍乳磨牙易伴随咬合紊乱、间隙丧失等并发症,需尽早干预,轻中度的乳磨牙萌出障碍对邻牙及咬合功能影响有限,建议密切观察随访。

利益冲突声明

作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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