Abstract
Three new species belonging to the spider family Theridiidae are described based on materials collected from Xizang Autonomous Region, Southwestern China: Moneta linzhi Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. (♀♂), M. yinae Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. (♀♂) and Phoroncidia cibagou Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. (♀♂). Diagnostic photos of the habitus and copulatory organs, and a distribution map are provided.
Key words: Cob-web spider, DNA barcodes, morphology, Southwestern China, taxonomy
Introduction
Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833, a species-rich spider family, currently comprises 2596 extant species in 133 genera from around the world (WSC 2025). It has a high diversity in China, and currently, at least 447 extant species in 61 genera are recorded (WSC 2025). However, the taxonomic study of the Chinese theridiids remains unsatisfactory because more than one-third of its species are known only from a single sex. A most influential revision of the Chinese theridiids was provided by Zhu (1998), who described 223 species in 27 genera, including 87 new to science and 33 new recorded to China.
Xizang is located in southwest China, and currently known by 26 theridiid species belonging to 12 genera, of which 11 are endemics, and five are known only from a single sex (WSC 2025). The taxonomic study of the theridiid from Xizang was nearly halted after Hu (2001), who described seven endemic species, and only one new species has been described by Lin et al. (2024a).
Over the last two years, spider surveys in two National Nature Reserves from Linzhi City, Xizang, China, were carried out. After the examination of theridiid specimens, three species belonging to two genera are recognized as new to science. The goal of the present work is to describe those of three species.
Materials and methods
Specimens were collected by beating shrubs or hand collecting and preserved in 90% ethanol. Specimens are deposited in the Museum of Tongren University (TRU) in Tongren, China. They were examined using an Olympus SZX 16 stereomicroscope. After dissection, the vulvae were cleared in trypsin enzyme solution before examination and imaging. Left male palps were used for the descriptions and illustrations. Photographs of the copulatory organs and habitus were taken with a Kuy Nice CCD camera mounted on an Olympus BX43 compound microscope. Compound focus images were generated using Helicon Focus v. 6.7.1. ArcGIS v.10.4 software was used to create a distribution map.
A partial fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene of the three species was amplified and sequenced using the primers CO1-TY-F1 and CO1-TY-R1 (Yamasaki et al. 2018). The accession numbers are provided in Table 1.
Table 1.
Voucher specimen information.
| Species | Voucher code | Sex | GenBank accession number |
|---|---|---|---|
| Moneta linzhi Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. | TRU-XZ-THR-0004 | ♀ | PX021805 |
| TRU-XZ-THR-0005 | ♀ | PX021807 | |
| TRU-XZ-THR-0006 | ♂ | PX021809 | |
| M. yinae Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. | TRU-XZ-THR-0030 | ♀ | PX021802 |
| TRU-XZ-THR-0031 | ♀ | PX021804 | |
| TRU-XZ-THR-0060 | ♂ | PX021803 | |
| TRU-XZ-THR-0061 | ♂ | PX021806 | |
| Phoroncidia cibagou Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. | TRU-XZ-THR-0072 | ♀ | PX021808 |
| TRU-XZ-THR-0073 | ♂ | PX021810 |
All measurements are given in millimetres. Leg measurements are given as total length (femur, patella + tibia, metatarsus, tarsus). References to figures in the cited papers are listed in lowercase type (fig. or figs), and figures in this paper are noted with an initial capital (Fig. or Figs).
Abbreviations used in the text and figures are as follows:
AER anterior eye row;
ALE anterior lateral eye;
AME anterior median eye;
BP basal epigynal plate;
C conductor;
CD copulatory duct;
Chk cymbial hook;
CO copulatory opening;
E embolus;
EA embolic apophysis;
EB embolic base;
FD fertilization duct;
H hood;
PER posterior eye row;
PLE posterior lateral eye;
PME posterior median eye;
PTA prolateral tegular apophysis;
S spermatheca;
ST subtegulum;
VTA ventral tegular apophysis.
Taxonomy
Family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833
Genus. Moneta
O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
4FFC7B61-36FF-5585-8A77-D3A7C4D4DA47
Type species.
Moneta spinigera O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871.
Notes.
Moneta is represented by 22 species, mainly distributed in East and Southeast Asia, and extending to Australia (WSC 2025). Of these, 13 are known from China, and 10 are endemics (WSC 2025). The genus is considered to be related to Episinus Latreille, 1809, from which it can be distinguished from the latter by the clypeus extending far in front of eyes; eye region almost straight laterally; abdomen elongated with two humps, truncated anteriorly, and not overhanging the carapace; and the male palp usually with a lateromarginal projection on the cymbium (Vanuytven 2021). The taxonomy of the genus remains poorly studied, as 10 species are known only from a single sex, and several others cannot be reliably identified due to the absence of diagnostic illustrations or photographs (WSC 2025). The genus was not previously reported from Xizang, and the species described below represents its westernmost known record.
. Moneta linzhi
Gan, Mi & Wang sp. nov.
DC8D544A-F035-5EA0-BEC9-B045026F64FB
https://zoobank.org/D242E3EE-8985-4850-AA43-829032A6773F
Figure 1.
Male palp of Moneta linzhi Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov., holotype. A. Prolateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 2.
Moneta linzhi Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. A, B, D, E. Female paratype (TRU-XZ-THR-0002), C. Male holotype. A. Epigyne, ventral view; B. Vulva, dorsal view; C, E. Habitus, dorsal view; D. Ditto, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C–E).
Figure 5.
Epigyne of Moneta linzhi Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. (A, B) female paratype (TRU-XZ-THR-0003) and Phoroncidia cibagou Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. (C, D) female paratype (TRU-XZ-THR-0067). A, C. Epigyne, ventral view; B, D. Vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 8.
Distributional records of the three new theridiid species.
Type material.
Holotype • ♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0001), China: Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Bomi County, Gangyunshanlin Scenic Area (29°52.66'N, 95°34.22'E, c. 2658 m), 21.V. 2024, X.Q. Mi et al. leg. Paratypes • 4♀13♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0002–0018), same data as for holotype; • 2♀ (TRU-XZ-THR-0019–0020), same site as for holotype, 29.VI. 2023, C. Wang leg.
Etymology.
The species name is a noun in apposition and derived from the type locality, Linzhi City.
Diagnosis.
The male of this species is closely similar to that of M. tumulicola Zhu, 1998 in having a very similar palpal structure, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) embolic apophysis (EA) is sheet-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 1B) vs almost bar-shaped (Zhu 1998: fig. 190A); and (2) ventrally extending portion of the distal cymbium is about 2/5 the bulb width and having a blunt end in prolateral view (Fig. 1A) vs about 4/5 the bulb width and having a rather pointed end (Zhu 1998: fig. 190B). This species is also similar to that of M. oupeng Lin & Li, 2024 in having similar copulatory organs, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) embolus (E) is arc-shaped in ventral view (Fig. 1B) vs invisible (Lin et al. 2024b: fig. 10B); (2) retrolateral branch of the ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) is sclerotized distally and has a blunt tip in ventral view (Fig. 1B) vs membranous and has a somewhat pointed tip (Lin et al. 2024b: fig. 10B); (3) prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) is about as long as wide (Fig. 1A) vs obviously wider than long (Lin et al. 2024b: fig. 10A); (4) basal epigynal plate (BP) is far away from the atrium about the atrial length (Figs 2A, 5A) vs almost touched (Lin et al. 2024b: fig. 11A); and (5) copulatory ducts (CD) are obvious wider than long (Figs 2B, 5B) vs almost as wide as long (Lin et al. 2024b: fig. 11B).
Description.
Male (holotype; Figs 1, 2C). Total length 2.65. Carapace 1.10 long, 1.00 wide. Abdomen 1.61 long, 1.03 wide. Carapace oval, yellow except surrounding dark brown, with irregular dark patch behind PMEs. Radial grooves indistinct. Clypeus projecting, 0.13 high. AER slightly recurved and PER straight. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.08, ALE 0.11, PME 0.08, PLE 0.08, AME–AME 0.17, AME–ALE 0.17, PME–PME 0.17, PME–PLE 0.21, ALE–PLE 0.17. Chelicerae saffron yellow, base black grey. Endites beige. Labium pale grey, base black grey. Sternum pale yellow and edge black grey. Legs beige, with black grey stripes on side. Measurements of legs: I 5.86 (2.08, 1.75, 1.75, 0.28), II 4.11 (1.28, 1.50, 1.13, 0.20), III 2.22 (0.73, 0.63, 0.63, 0.23), IV 4.33 (1.50, 1.25, 1.25, 0.33). Dorsum of abdomen mainly dark except central portion pale, covered with off-white spots, with central furcella, and pair of longitudinal yellow sigilla lateral to furcella; venter off-white, anterior black grey.
Palp (Fig. 1A–C): femur c. 4.5 times longer than wide, yellow except base and terminus dark prolaterally; patella c. 2 times longer than wide, yellow except terminal dark; tibia c. 1.4 times longer than wide, gradually widened from base to distal end; cymbium almost 1.5 times longer than wide; prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) irregular, large, mainly sheet-shaped in prolateral view; ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) divided into slender, distally curved prolateral branch and wider, distally sclerotized retrolateral branch; conductor (C) almost triangular, membranous; embolus (E) strongly curved medially, originates from anterior 1/3 portion of retrolateral side of bulb, rather pointed apically; embolic apophysis (EA) sheet-shaped, almost parallel to emblolus, with pointed tip.
Female (TRU-XZ-THR-0002, Fig. 2A, B, D, E; TRU-XZ-THR-0003, Fig. 5A, B). Total length 2.39. Carapace 1.01 long, 0.95 wide. Abdomen 1.34 long, 1.00 wide. Clypeus 0.13 high. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.05, ALE 0.08, PME 0.06, PLE 0.07, AME–AME 0.15, AME–ALE 0.16, PME–PME 0.16, PME–PLE 0.21, ALE–PLE 0.12. Measurements of legs: I 4.99 (1.73, 1.55, 1.48, 0.23), II 3.61 (1.13, 1.15, 1.15, 0.18), III 2.06 (0.65, 0.68, 0.55, 0.18), IV 4.11 (1.38, 1.23, 1.25, 0.25). Habitus (Fig. 2D, E) similar to that of male.
Epigyne (Figs 2A, B, 5A, B): slightly longer than wide, with base plate slightly beyond epigastric groove; atrium oval, centrally located; copulatory openings (CO) beneath antero-lateral portions of atrium; copulatory ducts (CD) oval; spermathecae (S) oblong, slightly less than 2 times wider than long, slightly separated from each other; fertilization ducts (FD) posterior to spermathecae.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 8).
. Moneta yinae
Gan, Mi & Wang sp. nov.
4CCFBC70-A53D-533B-9AF7-834318EC8FCF
https://zoobank.org/1DEDFCA5-8FA3-49C6-A568-E5E4122159CB
Figure 3.
Male palp of Moneta yinae Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov., holotype. A. Prolateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 4.
Moneta yinae Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. A, B, D, E. Female paratype (TRU-XZ-THR-0022), C. Male holotype. A. Epigyne, ventral view; B. Vulva, dorsal view; C, E. Habitus, dorsal view; D. Ditto, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C–E).
Type material.
Holotype • ♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0021), China: Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Chayu County, Cibagou National Nature Reserve (28°36.03'N, 97°4.01'E, c. 2200 m), 22–27.VI. 2023, C. Wang leg. Paratypes • 29♀12♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0022–0062), same data as for holotype; • 1♀1♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0063–0064), Motuo County, Beibeng Township, De'ergong Village (29°10.84'N, 95°8.67'E, c. 2200 m), 25.V. 2024, X.Q. Mi et al. leg.
Etymology.
The epithet is a patronym in honor of Prof. Changming Yin (late), who contributed to the taxonomy of Chinese spiders; noun in genitive case.
Diagnosis.
This species is similar to that of M. mirabilis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906), but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) is about triangular in ventral view (Fig. 3B) vs crescent-shaped (Zhu 1998: fig. 189C); (2) posterior portion of the ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) is almost triangular in ventral view (Fig. 3B) vs hooked (Zhu 1998: fig. 189C); (3) embolic apophysis (EA) is almost straight in ventral view (Fig. 3B) vs obvious arc-shaped (Zhu 1998: fig. 189C); and (4) epigynal hood is distinct, posteriorly located (Fig. 4A) vs invisible (Zhu 1998: fig. 189B).
Description.
Male (holotype; Figs 3, 4C). Total length 3.91. Carapace 1.46 long, 1.24 wide. Abdomen 2.57 long, 1.50 wide. Carapace ovoid, beige and edge grey, radial grooves indistinct. Clypeus projecting, 0.18 high. AER slightly recurved and PER straight. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.09, ALE 0.12, PME 0.10, PLE 0.13, AME–AME 0.18, AME–ALE 0.19, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.22, ALE–PLE 0.13. Chelicerae pale yellow. Endite and sternum beige. Labium fulvous, base black grey. Legs pale yellow, without spots. Measurements of legs: I 10.97 (3.80, 3.43, 3.37, 0.37), II 6.96 (2.23, 2.33, 2.17, 0.23), III 3.77 (1.20, 1.17, 1.13, 0.27), IV 8.46 (2.80, 2.43, 2.83, 0.40). Abdomen rhomboid, dorsum grey, with ecru irregular spots, and pair of median sigilla running parallel to abdomen; venter creamy yellow.
Palp (Fig. 3A–C): femur, patella and tibia yellow, femur c. 5.5 times longer than wide, patella and tibia about 2 times longer than wide; cymbium almost 2 times longer than wide; prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) sub-triangular in ventral view; ventral tegular apophysis (VTA) flat, wider than embolus, base wide and terminal sharp in ventral view; conductor (C) membranous, fusiform in ventral view; embolus (E) slightly curved into wave-shape, originates from retrolateral side of bulb, with base, knife-shaped apophysis extends along embolus, and wider than embolus.
Female (TRU-XZ-THR-0022; Fig. 4A, B, D, E). Total length 4.36. Carapace 1.43 long, 1.19 wide. Abdomen 2.93 long, 2.05 wide. Clypeus 0.21 high. Eye sizes and inter-distances: AME 0.07, ALE 0.09, PME 0.08, PLE 0.09, AME–AME 0.18, AME–ALE 0.20, PME–PME 0.18, PME–PLE 0.23, ALE–PLE 0.12. Measurements of legs: I 9.48 (3.17, 2.87, 3.07, 0.37), II 6.19 (2.00, 2.03, 1.93, 0.23), III 3.49 (1.13, 1.13, 1.00, 0.23), IV 7.94 (2.57, 2.17, 2.77, 0.43). Habitus (Fig. 4D, E) similar to that of male, except darker.
Epigyne (Fig. 4A, B): almost 1.5 times longer than wide, posteriorly with hood (H) opened upward; atrium large, nearly heart-shaped, with pair of anterolateral arc-shaped ridges; copulatory openings (CO) invisible, located anterolaterally on atrium; copulatory ducts (CD) anteriorly extending at origin and then turn back and forming bowling ball-like portions; spermathecae (S) almost spherical, touched; fertilization ducts (FD) posterior to spermathecae.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 8).
Genus. Phoroncidia
Westwood, 1835
30F54C34-F67B-5C31-A69E-90786AFA354D
Type species.
Phoroncidia aculeata Westwood, 1835.
Notes.
Phoroncidia is represented by a group of spiders characterised by the eye region strongly overhanging the carapace, and by having a large sclerotized ring around the spinnerets (Gao and Li 2014). It contains 83 species distributed worldwide (WSC 2025). Among the species, 53 (nearly 60%) are known only from a single sex, and at least 20 species cannot be acutely identified due to a lack of enough diagnostic drawings or photos. Currently, nine species, including five endemics, are known from China (WSC 2025).
. Phoroncidia cibagou
Gan, Mi & Wang sp. nov.
84012E73-EF65-518C-9FB3-E9E4B3D5F7F2
https://zoobank.org/9C430AF8-349C-4AF6-BD0A-B37572159EE5
Figure 6.
Male palp of Phoroncidia cibagou Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov., holotype. A. Prolateral view; B. Ventral view; C. Retrolateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 7.
Phoroncidia cibagou Gan, Mi & Wang, sp. nov. A, B, D, F. Female paratype (TRU-XZ-THR-0066) C, E. Male holotype. A. Epigyne, ventral view; B. Vulva, dorsal view; C, D. Habitus, dorsal view; E, F. Ditto, lateral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, B); 0.5 mm (C–F).
Type material.
Holotype • ♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0065), China: Xizang Autonomous Region, Linzhi City, Chayu County, Cibagou National Nature Reserve (28°36.03'N, 97°4.01'E, c. 2200 m), 22–27.VI. 2023, C. Wang leg. Paratypes • 7♀3♂ (TRU-XZ-THR-0066–0075), same data as for holotype.
Etymology.
The specific name is a noun in apposition and refers to the type of locality, Cibagou National Nature Reserve.
Diagnosis.
This species is similar to that of P. septemaculeata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873 in having similar copulatory organs, but it can be easily distinguished by the following: (1) origin of the embolus (E) after the embolic base is directed towards about 1 o’clock in retrolateral view (Fig. 6C) vs towards the 4 o’clock (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 3A); (2) end of the prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) is blunt and flat (Fig. 6A) vs sharp and slender (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 4B); (3) copulatory ducts (CD) are forming a circle on proximal 1/3, and extending beyond the anterior-most level of the spermathecae (Figs 5C, D, 7B) vs not forming similar circle, and just extending to the median level of the spermathecae (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 4F); and (4) female abdomen is about trapeziform (Fig. 7D) vs quadrate (Nafin et al. 2019: fig. 2A).
Description.
Male (holotype; Figs 6, 7C, E). Total length 2.75. Carapace 1.07 long, 1.03 wide. Abdomen 2.00 long, 1.95 wide. Carapace yellow brown except edge brown; ocular area protrudes more than female and extends forward to upper part of forehead. Chelicerae, endites and sternum yellowish-brown, labium brown, fused with sternum, endites, sternum and labium covered with brown setae. Legs overall yellow except femora, patellae, tibiae I and tibiae IV dark brown, and metatarsi I yellow brown, tibiae I with 5 short spines. Measurements of legs: I 4.37 (1.63, 1.18, 0.88, 0.68), II 2.86 (1.05, 0.88, 0.40, 0.53), III 2.32 (0.75, 0.73, 0.36, 0.48), IV 3.66 (1.40, 1.16, 0.49, 0.61). Abdomen sclerotized, dorsum yellow, covered with circular impressed dots, with eleven symmetrically arranged, circular orange-brown spots, four small and seven larger and edge with seven short and stout spines; later sub-triangular, with five circular orange-brown spots, and brown sclerotized ring encircled spinnarets; venter colored as dorsum.
Palp (Fig. 6A–C): femur yellow, c. 6 times longer than wide; patella and tibia almost equal in length; tibia gradually widened from base to distal end, with several dorso-distal setae; cymbium ~2 times longer than wide, with tapered antero-retrolateral hook with blunt tip; embolus (E) slender, originates from upper of retrolateral side of bulb, curved into C-shape at origin, and then extending along edge of bulb to top of conductor; embolic base (EB) sub-oval, with short, spiny, baso-prolateral apophysis; conductor (C) membranous and transparent; prolateral tegular apophysis (PTA) flat and elongated, about one-third cymbial length, end truncated.
Female (TRU-XZ-THR-0066; Figs 5C, D, 7A, B, D, F). Total length 3.52. Carapace 1.41 long, 1.16 wide. Abdomen 3.03 long, 5.42 wide. Measurements of legs: I 5.10 (2.00, 1.45, 0.81, 0.84), II 3.24 (1.24, 1.00, 0.40, 0.60), III 3.03 (1.08, 1.00, 0.40, 0.55), IV 4.97 (1.86, 1.68, 0.65, 0.78). Habitus (Fig. 7D, F) generally similar to that of male except bulge and protrusion of head region smaller, femora, patellae I dark brown, tibiae I without spines, abdomen sliver, and more swollen.
Epigyne (Figs 5C, D, 7A, B): highly sclerotized, except part of anteromedian portion transparent, with sheet-shaped basal plate (BP) beyond epigastric groove; copulatory openings (CO) small, anterior to basal epigynal plate; copulatory ducts (CD) long, anteroprolaterally extending at origin until forming circle at proximal 1/3, then extending into invert U-shape, and distal end connected to bottom of spermathecae; spermathecae (S) pear-shaped, separated from each other ~1/4 their width; fertilization ducts (FD) tilted upwards.
Distribution.
Known only from the type locality in Xizang, China (Fig. 8).
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
The manuscript benefitted greatly from comments by Alireza Zamani (Finland, Turku), Yuri M. Marusik (Magadan, Russia) and one anonymous reviewer. We are grateful to Xiefeng Wang, Zhongjie Pan, Hong Yao, Nonghao Yao for helping with the fieldwork and Jincan Zhang, Yuanyuan Yang for assisting with the molecular work.
Citation
Gan J, Mi X, Wang C, Fan L (2025) Three new species of Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833 (Araneae) from Xizang, China. ZooKeys 1251: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1251.164206
Contributor Information
Cheng Wang, Email: wchengspider@163.com.
Liqing Fan, Email: fanliqing@xza.edu.cn.
Additional information
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Use of AI
No use of AI was reported.
Funding
This research was supported by the Scientific Monitoring of Cibagou National Nature Reserve Project, the Scientific Monitoring of Yarung Zangbo Grand Canyon National Nature Reserve Project, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University Doctoral Program in Forestry (Phase I) funded by Grant 533325001, the Science and Technology Projects of Xizang Autonomous Region, China (XZ202501ZY0018), the Training Project of High-level Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province (2024-(2022)-050).
Author contributions
CW and LF designed the study. JG, XM and CW performed morphological species identification. JG and CW finished the species photos and descriptions. JG, XM and CW drafted and revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Author ORCIDs
Jiahui Gan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-3705
Xiaoqi Mi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1744-3855
Cheng Wang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1831-0579
Liqing Fan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8397-741X
Data availability
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Supplementary Materials
Data Availability Statement
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.