Abstract
Sinosenecio yaanensis K.Huang & Z.X.Fu (Asteraceae) is described as a new species from Tianquan County, western Sichuan, China. It resembles S. chienii and S. homogyniphyllus in its scapigerous habit and palmately veined ovate to ovate-cordate radical leaves, but differs in several stable traits. Its leaves are subcoriaceous with whitish blotches adaxially and a purplish red abaxial surface, whereas S. chienii has submembranous blades that are pale green on the abaxial surface, while S. homogyniphyllus has smaller membranous leaves. Sinosenecio yaanensis produces 3–10 (vs. 2–9 in S. chienii and mostly solitary in S. homogyniphyllus) capitula, ca. 8 (vs. 10–12 and 8–17) ray florets, and lacks a pappus (vs. absent or rarely with short hairs). Phylogenetic analyses based on chloroplast genomes and ITS sequences place S. yaanensis within the Sinosenecio–tussilaginoid assemblage corresponding to the Tussilagininae subtribe, clustering with S. chienii and S. homogyniphyllus.
Key words: Morphology, new species, Senecioneae , taxonomy
Introduction
Sinosenecio B.Nord. is a genus in the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae), established several decades ago (Nordenstam 1978). The genus currently comprises 49 species, which are primarily distributed in central and southwestern China (Chen et al. 2011; Liu and Yang 2012; Liu et al. 2019; Zou et al. 2020; Chen et al. 2022; Peng et al. 2022a; Su et al. 2023a, b; Zhang et al. 2025). Species of this genus typically have subscapiform or leafy stems, palmately veined leaves (occasionally pinnately veined), capitula ranging from solitary to numerous, and generally campanulate involucres that mostly lack calyculate bracts (Jeffrey and Chen 1984; Peng et al. 2022a). Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that Sinosenecio is a polyphyletic genus (Pelser et al. 2007; Wang et al. 2009; Liu 2010; Liu and Yang 2011a, b; Gong et al. 2016). The genus can be divided into two major lineages based on differences in basic chromosome number (x = 30 vs. x = 24 or rarely 13) and endothecial cell wall thickenings of anthers (strictly polarized vs. both polarized and radial), with the former closely related to the tussilaginoid genera and the latter to Nemosenecio and Tephroseris (Zhang et al. 2025).
In 2022, a botanical survey in Tianquan County, Ya’an City, western Sichuan, China, led to the discovery of an unknown species of Sinosenecio. The plants resemble Sinosenecio chienii and S. homogyniphyllus in being perennial herbs with rhizomes, palmately veined radical leaves that are ovate to ovate-cordate, and terminal corymbiform inflorescences. Morphological comparisons revealed consistent differences in stem indumentum, leaf texture, involucre shape, and ray floret morphology. These differences support its recognition as a new species, described here as Sinosenecio yaanensis. Its morphological and floral micromorphological traits are documented and compared with those of allied species. A phylogenetic analysis based on complete chloroplast genomes was conducted to clarify its placement within the genus.
Material and methods
Morphological analysis
The new species was collected on 29 April 2025 in Xingye Township, Tianquan County, Ya’an City, Sichuan Province, China. Both living material and herbarium specimens were examined. Morphological comparisons were conducted with closely related species, including Sinosenecio chienii and S. homogyniphyllus, based on taxonomic literature and herbarium images. Taxonomic descriptions follow the terminology of Chen et al. (2011) and Beentje (2016). The holotype of S. yaanensis is deposited in the herbarium of Sichuan Normal University (SCNU). The conservation status was preliminarily assessed following the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2024).
Genome assembly and annotation
Total genomic DNA was extracted from silica-dried leaf tissue using the modified CTAB protocol (Doyle and Doyle 1987). The nrITS region of S. yaanensis was amplified and sequenced with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (Doyle and Doyle 1987) following the procedure of Peng et al. (2022a). Paired-end DNA libraries for the chloroplast genome were constructed following the Illumina DNA Library Preparation Guide (Allen et al. 2006). The complete chloroplast genome was sequenced on the Illumina HiSeq X platform (San Diego, CA, USA). High-quality reads were assembled using GetOrganelle v1.7.2 with default parameters (Jin et al. 2020). Genome annotations were manually inspected and adjusted in Geneious after annotation with CPGAVAS2 (Kearse et al. 2012; Shi et al. 2019). A circular map of the chloroplast genome was generated using Organellar Genome Draw (OGDRAW; https://chlorobox.mpimpgolm.mpg.de/OGDraw.html, accessed 6 June 2025) (Greiner et al. 2019). Cis-splicing and trans-splicing gene structures were identified and visualized using CPGView (http://47.96.249.172:16085/cpgview/view) (Liu et al. 2023). Various plastome characteristics, including gene length and GC content, were analyzed using CPJSdraw (Li et al. 2023). The chloroplast genome and ITS sequences of S. yaanensis were deposited in GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under accession numbers PV748924 and PV946708, respectively.
Phylogenetic analysis
Phylogenetic relationships of S. yaanensis were reconstructed using maximum likelihood (ML) based on complete chloroplast genomes and ITS sequences. The chloroplast dataset included 48 species selected following Liu et al. (2024), with Anthriscus cerefolium and Kalopanax septemlobus as outgroups (Suppl. material 1: table S1). The ITS dataset comprised 56 accessions, including 45 Sinosenecio, 4 Nemosenecio, 6 Tephroseris, and Petasites tricholobus as the outgroup (Suppl. material 1: table S2), following Zhang et al. (2025).
Sequences were aligned using MAFFT v7.520 with the auto strategy (Katoh and Standley 2013). ModelFinder (Kalyaanamoorthy et al. 2017) selected TVM+F+I+R4 and TIM3e+G4 as the best-fit models for the chloroplast and ITS datasets, respectively. Phylogenetic trees were inferred with IQ-TREE v2.3.6 (Minh et al. 2020), and branch support was assessed with 1,000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates, with UFBoot ≥95% regarded as strong support (Hoang et al. 2018). Trees were visualized and annotated in FigTree v1.4.4.
Results
Taxonomic treatment
. Sinosenecio yaanensis
K.Huang & Z.X.Fu sp. nov.
F214B32E-3B5A-52A3-B316-1A51183B3C52
urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77368634-1
Figure 1.
Sinosenecio yaanensis. A. Habitat; B–D. Habit; E. Rhizome; F. Adaxial (bottom) and abaxial (top) leaf surface (Photographed by Ke Huang and Z.X. Fu).
Figure 2.
Sinosenecio yaanensis. A. Inflorescence (face view); B. Inflorescence (rear view); C. Capitulum(side view); D. Capitulum (rear view); E. Phyllaries; F. Disc florets; G. Ray floret (red box); H. Achenes; I. Uniformly-sized cells of filament collar; J. Strictly polarized anther endothecial cell wall thickenings (Photographed by T.M. Qu and Z.X. Fu).
Figure 3.
Holotype of Sinosenecio yaanensis.
Type.
China • Sichuan Province, Ya’an City, Tianquan County, Xingye Township, 29°52'36.89"N, 102°45'14.70"E, elev. 1,500–1,600 m, growing in humid forest understory with shade, 29 April 2025 (fl.), Ke Huang & Zhixi Fu 8550 (holotype: SCNU!) (Fig. 3).
Diagnosis.
Sinosenecio yaanensis resembles S. chienii and S. homogyniphyllus in being scapigerous herbs with solitary, erect stems and palmately veined ovate to ovate-cordate radical leaves, but differs by its subcoriaceous blades with marginal whitish blotches adaxially and purplish red abaxially, densely fulvous-villous petioles, 3–10 capitula with about 8 ray florets bearing the longest ligules (11–12 mm), and achenes lacking a pappus (Table 1).
Table 1.
Comparison between Sinosenecio yaanensis, S. chienii and S. homogyniphyllus.
| Characters | S. yaanensis | S. chienii | S. homogyniphyllus |
| Height (cm) | 18–35 | 20–30 | 10–30 |
| Indumentum on stems | Sparsely pilose with white hairs | Fulvous-villous or ± glabrescent | Densely villous with long fulvous hairs |
| Indumentum on petiole | Densely fulvous villous | Fulvous-villous, ± glabrescent | Densely villous, with long fulvous hairs or sometimes subglabrous |
| Length of petiole (cm) | 6–12 | 10–15 | 2.5–9 |
| Shape of lamina | Ovate or ovate-cordate | Ovate or broadly ovate | Ovate to broadly ovate-orbicular, or reniform |
| Size of lamina (cm) | 4.5–9 × 4–8.5 | 4–9 × 4.5–9.5 | 2–4 × 2.2–5.5 |
| Texture of lamina | Subcoriaceous | Submembranous | Membranous |
| Color of lamina | Adaxially green with marginal whitish blotches, abaxially purplish red | Adaxially green to dark green, abaxially pale green or light purple when dry | Adaxially green, abaxially green or purple |
| Leaf margin | Entire with slight serration | Repand or sinuate-dentate, with prominent teeth | Repand-dentate or subentire, with obscure mucronulate teeth |
| Length of peduncle (cm) | 3–8 | 2.5–7 | 2–3.5 |
| Number of capitula | 3–10 | 2–9 | solitary or 2, rarely 7 |
| Shape of involucre | Campanulate | Obconic-campanulate or narrowly campanulate | Obconic |
| Number of phyllaries | 8–10 | 8–10 | 7–10, rarely 13 |
| Number of ray florets | ca. 8 | 10–12 | 8–17 |
| Ray size (mm) | 11–12 × 3–4 | 8–10 × 2.5–3.5 | 9–9.5 × 3–3.5 |
| Achene length (mm) | 2.4–3 | ca. 2.7 | 2–2.5 |
| Pappus | Absent | Absent or rarely of several ca. 1.5 mm hairs | Absent, rarely of several hairs |
| Flowering | Apr–May | Apr–Jul | Apr-Jul |
| Fruiting | May–Jun | May–Aug | Jun-Aug |
| Distribution | Sichuan | Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan | Sichuan, Hunan |
Description.
Scapigerous perennial herbs. Rhizomes short and stout, 1.5–3.5 mm in diam., with numerous fibrous roots. Stem solitary, erect, scapiform, 16–24 cm tall, simple, pale brown, sparsely pilose with white hairs. Leaves several, radical, rosulate, densely fulvous villous as the stems, long petiolate, petioles 6–12 cm long; blade ovate or ovate-cordate, with marginal whitish blotches, 4.5–9 × 4–8.5 cm, subcoriaceous; adaxially green, densely white-pubescent, especially along veins; abaxially purplish red, sparsely pubescent, with reddish-brown hairs on veins; margin villous; palmately veined, lateral veins 3–5 pairs, base cordate, margin entire with slight serration, apex acute. Capitula 3–10, 2–3 cm in diameter, arranged in a terminal corymb; peduncles slender, 3–8 cm long, green to pale brown, minutely and sparsely puberulent, with several linear bracts subtending the corymb. Receptacle slightly raised and pubescent. Involucres campanulate, 6–8 × 3–4 mm, ecalyculate; phyllaries 8–10, lanceolate, 6–7.5 × 1.5–2 mm; herbaceous, sparsely puberulent outside; green, apically purplish, acuminate. Ray florets ca. 8; corolla tube 1.3–2.3 mm long, glabrous; rays yellow, oblong, 11–12 × 3–4 mm, 4-veined, apically 3-denticulate. Disc florets numerous; corolla yellow, 4–5 mm long, with ca. 2–3 mm tube and campanulate limb; lobes ovate-oblong, ca. 1 mm long, apically acute. Anthers oblong, ca. 2 mm long, basally obtuse. Style branches ca. 0.5 mm long, recurved, apically truncate. Achenes cylindric, 2.4–3 mm long, smooth, glabrous. Pappus absent.
Floral micromorphological characters.
The filament collar of S. yaanensis consisted of uniformly sized cells (Fig. 2I), and the anther endothecial cell wall thickenings were strictly polarized (Fig. 2J).
Phenology.
Flowering from April to May; fruiting from May to June.
Etymology.
The specific epithet is derived from the type locality, Ya’an City, Sichuan Province, China. The proposed Chinese name is “雅安蒲儿根”, pronounced as “yǎ ān pú ér gēn”.
Distribution and ecology.
The new species is currently known only from its type locality, i.e. Tianquan county, Ya’an city in western Sichuan, China (Fig. 4). It grows in the humid, shaded forest understory at an altitude of 1,500–1,600 m above sea level.
Figure 4.
Distribution of Sinosenecio yaanensis sp. nov. (red star).
Conservation status.
Sinosenecio yaanensis is currently recorded only from Tianquan County, Ya’an City, Sichuan Province, China. Field investigations revealed an estimated population of approximately 400–500 mature individuals confined to a narrow distribution range. According to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria (IUCN 2024), this meets the criteria for Vulnerable (VU) status under criterion D1, which applies to taxa with fewer than 1,000 mature individuals.
Distributional differences
Sinosenecio yaanensis is currently known only from Tianquan County, Sichuan. In contrast, S. chienii and S. homogyniphyllus have broader and partly overlapping distributions. Both species occur in Tianquan, Baoxing, Mount Emei, Hongya, Dujiangyan, Leibo, and Zhangjiajie in Hunan. Additionally, S. chienii has been recorded in Shimian and Kangding (Sichuan), Wushan (Chongqing), and Shaoyang (Hunan), while S. homogyniphyllus is also found in Ebian and Meigu (Sichuan) (Suppl. material 1: table S3). These distribution records are based on specimens archived in the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH, https://www.cvh.ac.cn/index.php, accessed 2 August 2025).
Phylogenetic affiliation
The chloroplast genome of S. yaanensis is 150,344 bp in length with an overall GC content of 37.41%, and the IR regions have a GC content of 43.01% (Fig. 5, Table 2). The genome contains multiple cis-splicing genes and one trans-spliced gene, rps12, as illustrated in Figs 6, 7. The complete chloroplast genome was included in a phylogenetic analysis of Sinosenecio (Fig. 8). S. yaanensis is placed within a well-supported monophyletic lineage of Sinosenecio, separated from other genera of Senecioneae (Peng et al. 2022b; Liu et al. 2024). The ITS phylogeny (Fig. 9) places S. yaanensis within the Sinosenecio–tussilaginoid assemblage, a well-supported clade corresponding to the Tussilagininae subtribe (Liu 2010; Ren et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2025). Within this assemblage, S. yaanensis forms a fully supported sister relationship with S. chienii (BS = 100). Together with S. homogyniphyllus and S. yilingii, they constitute a subclade with strong support (BS = 97) as a distinct group within the assemblage.
Figure 5.
Circular map of Sinosenecio yaanensis. Genes inside of the circle are transcribed clockwise and those on the outside are transcribed counter-clockwise.
Table 2.
Characteristics of the complete chloroplast genomes of Sinosenecio yaanensis.
| Species | Genome Size (bp) | LSC Size (bp) | IRa/IRb Size (bp) | SSC Size (bp) | Total GC Content (%) | GC content in LSC (%) | GC content in IRa/IRb (%) | GC content in SSC (%) |
| Sinosenecio yaanensis | 150, 344 | 82, 885 | 24, 639 | 18, 181 | 37.41 | 35.57 | 43.01 | 30.65 |
Figure 6.
Schematic representation of the cis-splicing genes in the chloroplast genome of Sinosenecio yaanensis.
Figure 7.
Schematic representation of the trans-splicing genes in the chloroplast genome of Sinosenecio yaanensis.
Figure 8.
Phylogenetic tree reconstructed using the ML method based on complete chloroplast genomes of the Asteraceae. Node values represent SH-aLRT support (left) and bootstrap support (right) values. The phylogenetic position of Sinosenecio yaanensis is marked with a red star.
Figure 9.
Phylogenetic tree reconstructed using the ML method based on ITS sequences. Node values represent bootstrap support values; values below 70 are indicated by “-”. The phylogenetic position of Sinosenecio yaanensis is marked with a red star.
Supplementary Material
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.
Citation
Qu T, Zheng X, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Li B, Huang K, Fu Z (2025) Sinosenecio yaanensis (Asteraceae, Senecioneae), a new species from western Sichuan, China. PhytoKeys 262: 129–144. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.262.161687
Funding Statement
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32000158), the National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2021XJKK0702), the Foundation of Sustainable Development Research Center of Resources and Environment of Western Sichuan, Sichuan Normal University (No. 2020CXZYHJZX03), the Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), and State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education (No. MZY2301).
Contributor Information
Ke Huang, Email: 542176689@qq.com.
Zhixi Fu, Email: fuzx2017@sicnu.edu.cn.
Additional information
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Ethical statement
No ethical statement was reported.
Use of AI
No use of AI was reported.
Funding
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32000158), the National Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (No. 2021XJKK0702), the Foundation of Sustainable Development Research Center of Resources and Environment of Western Sichuan, Sichuan Normal University (No. 2020CXZYHJZX03), the Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources (Yunnan Minzu University), and State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education (No. MZY2301).
Author contributions
TQ: Conceptualization, Writing – Original draft; XZ: Software, Formal analysis; XC: Formal analysis, Data Curation; YZ: Data Curation; TZ: Data Curation; BL: Data Curation; KH: Resources, Writing – Review and Editing; ZF: Conceptualization, Writing – Review and Editing. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Author ORCIDs
Tianmeng Qu https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0185-5306
Xinyi Zheng https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2300-5525
Xinyu Chen https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6347-2490
Yanru Zhang https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0450-2001
Tonglin Zhang https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8345-7097
Bo Li https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5131-8639
Data availability
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.
Supplementary materials
Supplementary information
This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Tianmeng Qu, Xinyi Zheng, Xinyu Chen, Yanru Zhang, Tonglin Zhang, Bo Li, Ke Huang, Zhixi Fu
Data type
docx
Explanation note
table S1. Species and GenBank accession numbers used in chloroplast phylogenetic analysis. table S2. Species and GenBank accession numbers used in ITS phylogenetic analysis. table S3. Voucher specimen records of Sinosenecio chienii and S. homogyniphyllus from the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH).
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Associated Data
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Supplementary Materials
Supplementary information
This dataset is made available under the Open Database License (http://opendatacommons.org/licenses/odbl/1.0/). The Open Database License (ODbL) is a license agreement intended to allow users to freely share, modify, and use this Dataset while maintaining this same freedom for others, provided that the original source and author(s) are credited.
Tianmeng Qu, Xinyi Zheng, Xinyu Chen, Yanru Zhang, Tonglin Zhang, Bo Li, Ke Huang, Zhixi Fu
Data type
docx
Explanation note
table S1. Species and GenBank accession numbers used in chloroplast phylogenetic analysis. table S2. Species and GenBank accession numbers used in ITS phylogenetic analysis. table S3. Voucher specimen records of Sinosenecio chienii and S. homogyniphyllus from the Chinese Virtual Herbarium (CVH).
Data Availability Statement
All of the data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text or Supplementary Information.