1Artificial Intelligence Research Center (AIRC), College of Engineering and Information Technology, Ajman University, P.O. Box: 346, Ajman, UAE
2Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800 Malaysia
3Faculty of Engineering, Warith Al-Anbiyaa University, Karbala, 56001 Iraq
4Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Engineering and Technology, GLA University, Mathura (U.P.) - 281406, India
6College of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Najran University, King Abdulaziz Road, P.O Box 1988, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
7Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11432 Saudi Arabia
8Mining Research Center, Northern Border University, P.O. Box 1321, Arar, 91431 Saudi Arabia
9Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Ha’il, Ha’il City, 81451 Saudi Arabia
10Renewable Energy Research Group, Isfahan, Iran
© The Author(s) 2025
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.
