Abstract
目的
探究司维拉姆(sevelamer, SL)与醋酸钙(calcium acetate, CA)治疗终末期肾病(end-stage renal disease, ESRD)维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD)患者高磷血症的治疗效果及对钙磷代谢、外周血胎球蛋白A(fetuin A)、成纤维细胞生长因子-23(fibroblast growth factor-23, FGF-23)水平的影响。
方法
选取2022年1月–2023年12月于淄博市第一医院收治的92例ESRD患者,依据随机数字表法分为CA组和SL组,每组各46例,两组均实施维持性血液透析治疗及常规治疗,CA组在此基础上加以醋酸钙治疗,SL组在常规治疗基础上加以司维拉姆治疗,持续治疗3个月。比较两组患者主要结局指标:临床疗效;次要结局指标:钙磷代谢指标〔血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、甲状旁腺激素(intact parathyroid hormone,iPTH)〕及冠状动脉钙化积分(coronary artery calcification score, CACs)水平、血清生化指标〔fetuin A、FGF-23、C-反应蛋白(C-reactive protein, CRP)〕及治疗期间不良反应情况、心血管事件发生率。
结果
两组基线资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);SL组、CA组临床疗效比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前后血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、CACs差值比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组治疗前后fetuin A、FGF-23、CRP差值比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗期间,组间不良反应发生率、心血管事件发生率比较无差异(P>0.05)。
结论
司维拉姆在治疗MHD患者高磷血症的疗效优于CA,可有效调节机体钙磷代谢、降低CACs、调节外周血fetuin A、FGF-23水平,不良反应少,值得临床应用。
Keywords: 终末期肾病, 维持性血液透析, 高磷血症, 司维拉姆, 醋酸钙
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the efficacy of sevelamer (SL) and calcium acetate (CA) in treating hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) and their effects on calcium-phosphorus metabolism and levels of peripheral blood fetuin-A and fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23).
Methods
A total of 92 ESRD patients attending the First Hospital of Zibo between January 2022 and December 2023 were enrolled. They were randomly assigned to either the CA group (46 cases) or the SL group (46 cases) using a random number table method. Patients in both groups received MHD and conventional treatment. Additionally, patients in the CA group were given CA, while those in the SL group were given SL, with the treatment continuing for 3 months. The outcome indicators were assessed and compared between the two groups. The primary outcome indicator was clinical efficacy. The secondary outcome indicators included calcium-phosphorus metabolism indicators (blood calcium, blood phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, and intact parathyroid hormone [iPTH]), coronary artery calcification score (CACs), serum biochemical indicators (including fetuin-A, FGF-23, and C-reactive protein [CRP]), and adverse reactions and cardiovascular events during the course of treatment.
Results
There were no statistically significant differences in baseline data between the two groups (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference in clinical efficacy between the SL group and the CA group (P < 0.05). The differences in blood calcium, blood phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus product, iPTH, and CACs before and after treatment were statistically significant between the two groups (P < 0.05). The differences in fetuin-A, FGF-23, and CRP before and after treatment were also statistically significant between the two groups (P < 0.05). During treatment, there was no significant difference in the incidences of adverse reactions and cardiovascular events between the two groups (P > 0.05).
Conclusion
SL demonstrates superior efficacy compared to CA in treating hyperphosphatemia in MHD patients. SL effectively regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism, reduces CACs, regulates peripheral blood fetuin-A and FGF-23 levels, and leads to fewer adverse reactions. SL may be a preferred option for clinical management.
Keywords: End-stage renal disease, Maintenance hemodialysis, Hyperphosphatemia, Sevelamer, Calcium acetate
终末期肾病(end stage renal disease, ESRD)是肾功能呈不可逆转性衰竭的终末病理状态,ESRD患者肾功能几乎完全丧失,需长期依靠肾脏替代治疗维持生命,包括维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis, MHD),但由于ESRD患者疾病严重程度高,全身多处脏器和系统受累,导致高磷血症、肾性贫血、高钾血症等并发症高发,其中高磷血症发病率高达85%,血磷长期升高可诱发血管钙化、肾性骨营养不良、维生素D代谢障碍,还可加速冠心病、脑出血、动脉粥样硬化等心脑血管疾病的发生,其危害不容忽视[1]。目前针对高磷血症的主要治疗措施遵循3D原则:限制磷摄入(diet)、调整透析方案(dialysis)、使用磷结合剂(drug)[2]。使用磷结合剂是临床实践中主要治疗手段之一[3]。醋酸钙(calcium acetate, CA)通过与磷结合形成不溶性复合物而降低血磷,在高血磷治疗中应用广泛[4]。但相关研究显示,合并高磷血症的MHD患者长期使用醋酸钙等含钙磷结合剂,可显著增加冠状动脉钙化和主动脉钙化发生率,全球肾脏病预后组织临床实践指南建议限制含钙磷结合剂的使用[5]。司维拉姆(sevelamer, SL)是一种新型的降磷药物,常用于控制正在接受透析治疗的慢性肾脏病患者的高磷血症,且司维拉姆不含钙元素,在下调血磷含量的同时对机体钙浓度无明显影响,不会引发高钙血症,可有效延缓血管钙化,提示司维拉姆在改善骨转换方面具有明显优势[6]。本研究将比较司维拉姆与醋酸钙治疗MHD患者高磷血症的效果及对钙磷代谢及血清生化指标的影响,现报道如下。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 一般资料
选取2022年1月–2023年12月淄博市第一医院收治的92例ESRD患者。纳入标准:①符合ESRD诊断标准[7];②接受MHD治疗≥6个月;③符合高磷酸血症诊断标准[7],血磷>1.78 mmol/L;④无认知与精神障碍;⑤自愿签署知情同意书。排除标准:①对本研究使用药物过敏者;②合并心力衰竭、脑卒中等严重心脑疾病者;③患有恶性肿瘤或严重内科疾病者;④合并感染性疾病者;⑤治疗依从性较差者;⑥高钙血症者。本研究样本量估算参考公式,其中n1为SL组样本含量。设定检验水准α=0.05,β=0.10,Zα/2=1.96,Zβ=1.28。查阅相关文献,设定SL组p1=0.9,CA组p2=0.5,p=(p1+p2)/2=0.70,c为两样本含量的比值c=n2/n1=1。取双尾检验结果,计算可得n1=n2=26,考虑到样本的遗失、剔除和脱落,为了减少误差,样本量再扩大15%~20%,最后确定两组最低样本含量为30~32例,总样本量例数选取需在60~64以上,本研究选取92例,高于最低样本量。将患者经数字随机表法分为CA组和SL组,每组46例。两组一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。本研究经淄博市第一医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(YXLL2022072759)。
表 1. Comparison of basic data between the two groups.
两组基本资料比较
Baseline information | CA group (n = 46) | SL group (n = 46) | t/χ2 | P |
Sex/case | 0.175 | 0.675 | ||
Male | 24 | 26 | ||
Female | 22 | 20 | ||
Age/yr. | 52.86 ± 8.45 | 50.72 ± 8.63 | 1.202 | 0.233 |
MHD treatment time/month | 22.86 ± 6.48 | 21.97 ± 6.54 | 0.656 | 0.514 |
Primary disease/case | ||||
Diabetic nephropathy | 16 | 15 | 0.049 | 0.825 |
Polycystic kidney | 2 | 3 | 0.211 | 0.646 |
Obstructive nephropathy | 1 | 2 | 0.345 | 0.557 |
Chronic glomerulonephritis | 21 | 22 | 0.044 | 0.834 |
Hypertensive nephropathy | 6 | 4 | 0.449 | 0.503 |
Serum urea clearance index/(mL·s−1/1.73 m2) | 1.24 ± 0.14 | 1.25 ± 0.16 | 0.319 | 0.750 |
β2-MG/(mg/L) | 17.32 ± 3.32 | 17.18 ± 3.25 | 0.204 | 0.839 |
Drug combination/case | ||||
Active vitamin D and its analogues | 34 | 31 | 0.567 | 0.451 |
Calcimimetic agent | 37 | 38 | 0.104 | 0.747 |
1.2. 方法
两组患者均实施MHD治疗,使用血液透析机(威高日机装,DBB-27C)进行高效率血透,透析液:碳酸氢盐,透析血流量:约为200 mL/min,透析液体积流量:500 mL/min,4 h/次,3次/周;予以戒烟限酒、限制富含蛋白食物、避免食用添加剂食品等常规饮食干预;进行纠正酸碱平衡、降高压、防止感染、调节血脂等对症治疗;治疗前均接受连续2周的药物洗脱期,停用各类影响磷吸收的药物。
CA组采用醋酸钙片(广州大光制药有限公司,国药准字H20223068,规格0.667 g/片)治疗,初始剂量为1片/次,3次/d,餐前服用,每隔2周检测1次血清钙磷水平,调整用药剂量或停药,血磷>1.78 mmol/L时,每隔2周在原剂量基础上增加1片,血磷<1.13 mmol/L时,使用1片/次者停药,使用2片及以上/次者减少1片/次,持续治疗3个月。
SL组采用司维拉姆(Genzyme Europe B.V.国药准字J20130160,规格:0.8 g)治疗,初始剂量为1片/次,3次/d,每隔2周检测1次血清钙磷水平,调节使用剂量或停药,调整方案同CA组,持续治疗3个月。
1.3. 观察指标
主要结局指标:临床疗效[7]:显效:患者水、电解质、酸碱代谢紊乱等指标恢复正常,血磷<1.78 mmol/L;有效:代谢紊乱指标有所改善,血磷>1.78 mmol/L但降低>25%;无效:代谢紊乱指标无改善,血磷水平降低<25%。次要结局指标:①钙磷代谢指标:于治疗前后,于长透析间隔后采血,使用全自动生化分析仪检测患者的血钙、血磷,并计算钙磷乘积,并检测甲状旁腺激素(intact Parathyroid hormone,iPTH)水平。②冠状动脉钙化积分(coronary artery calcification score,CACs):于治疗前后,采用多层螺旋CT检测并采用Agatston积分[8]评估,冠脉钙化密度越高则得分越高。③血清生化指标:于治疗前后,于长透析间隔后采集患者空腹静脉血,检测胎球蛋白A(fetuin A)、成纤维细胞生长因子(fibroblast growth factor-2,FGF-23)、C-反应蛋白(C-reaction protein,CRP),分别采用赛默飞人ProcartaPlexTM Simplex试剂盒、科艾博生物FGF-23 ELISA检测试剂盒、CRP ELISA检测盒,以ELISA法按操作说明书测定。④统计治疗期间出现的不良反应。⑤统计两组患者治疗后6个月发生的心血管事件。
1.4. 统计学方法
采用SPSS22.0软件处理数据。计量资料(年龄、CACs等)符合正态分布,以描述,组间资料及治疗前后差值比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料(性别、原发疾病、临床疗效、不良反应)以例数(%)描述,行χ2检验;P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2. 结果
2.1. 临床疗效
持续治疗3个月后,SL组、CA组临床疗效比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
表 2. Comparison of clinical efficacy between the two groups.
两组患者临床疗效比较
Group | n | Markedly effective/case (%) |
Effective/ case (%) |
Ineffective/ case (%) |
CA | 46 | 16 (34.78) | 19 (41.30) | 11 (23.91) |
SL | 46 | 26 (56.52) | 16 (34.78) | 4 (8.70) |
2.2. 钙磷代谢指标和冠状动脉钙化积分
两组治疗前后血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、CACs差值比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3。
表 3. Comparison of calcium-phosphorus metabolism indicators and coronary artery calcification score between the two groups (n = 46).
两组患者钙磷代谢指标和冠状动脉钙化积分比较(n=46)
Group | Time point | Blood calcium/ (mmol/L) |
Blood phosphorus/ (mmol/L) |
Calcium-phosphorus product/(mmol2/L2) |
iPTH/(pg/mL) | CACs |
iPTH: intact parathyroid hormone; CACs: coronary artery calcification score. * P < 0.05, vs. difference value of SL group. | ||||||
CA | Before treatment | 2.21 ± 0.14 | 2.19 ± 0.51 | 4.84 ± 0.89 | 389.31 ± 85.61 | 320.31 ± 34.31 |
After treatment | 2.31 ± 0.17 | 1.76 ± 0.46 | 4.40 ± 0.71 | 314.31 ± 76.39 | 346.93 ± 38.63 | |
Difference value | 0.10 ± 0.02* | 0.43 ± 0.07* | 0.44 ± 0.06* | 75.00 ± 14.22* | 26.62 ± 6.04* | |
SL | Before treatment | 2.26 ± 0.15 | 2.21 ± 0.48 | 4.99 ± 0.85 | 381.96 ± 91.75 | 322.65 ± 35.28 |
After treatment | 2.24 ± 0.12 | 1.51 ± 0.34 | 3.50 ± 0.68 | 286.46 ± 54.24 | 326.57 ± 31.42 | |
Difference value | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.70 ± 0.12 | 1.49 ± 0.25 | 95.50 ± 17.84 | 3.92 ± 0.71 |
2.3. 血清生化指标
两组治疗前后fetuin A、FGF-23、CRP差值比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表4。
表 4. Comparison of serum biochemical indicators between the two groups (n = 46).
两组患者血清生化指标比较(n=46)
Group | Time point | Fetuin A/(g/L) | FGF-23/(ng/mL) | CRP/(mg/L) |
FGF-23: fibroblast growth factor-23; CRP: C-reactive protein. * P < 0.05, vs. difference value of SL group. | ||||
CA | Before treatment | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 73.65 ± 8.16 | 10.87 ± 1.85 |
After treatment | 0.35 ± 0.06 | 69.26 ± 7.51 | 7.15 ± 1.12 | |
Difference value | 0.07 ± 0.01* | 4.39 ± 0.95* | 3.72 ± 0.41* | |
SL | Before treatment | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 72.94 ± 8.13 | 10.75 ± 1.25 |
After treatment | 0.43 ± 0.09 | 62.86 ± 7.34 | 5.63 ± 0.85 | |
Difference value | 0.16 ± 0.04 | 10.08 ± 1.11 | 5.12 ± 0.64 |
2.4. 不良反应
治疗期间,组间不良反应发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表5。
表 5. Comparison of adverse reactions between the two groups.
两组患者不良反应比较
Group | n | Abdominal distension/case (%) | Nausea and vomiting/case (%) | Hypercalcemia/case (%) | Total incidence of adverse reactions/case (%) |
CA | 46 | 5 (10.87) | 2 (4.35) | 1 (2.17) | 8 (17.39) |
SL | 46 | 3 (6.52) | 1 (2.17) | 0 (0.00) | 4 (8.70) |
2.5. 心血管事件
治疗后随访6个月,CA组新发心血管事件4例(8.70%):心肌梗死1例,心力衰竭2例,缺血性卒中1例;SL组新发心血管事件2例(4.35%):心力衰竭1例,心肌梗死1例,组间心血管事件发生率比较差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.713,P=0.398)。
3. 讨论
慢性肾脏病已成为全世界非常重要的公共卫生问题,给社会和家庭带来沉重的经济负担[9]。据统计,我国慢性肾病患病人数高达1.2亿,有一部分患者会持续进展至ESRD,目前有100多万ESRD患者,并且随着人口老龄化和生活方式的改变,每年约新增26万ESRD患者[10]。ESRD长期依靠MHD治疗调节酸碱平衡、延长生存时间,但研究显示,我国MHD患者高磷血症控制情况仍不理想,普遍存在矿物质和骨代谢异常现象,其中磷结合剂的应用不足是重要原因之一[2]。临床对比研究证实,使用磷结合剂可有效降低ESRD患者的死亡率[11]。CA、碳酸钙等含钙磷结合剂能在肠道与磷相结合进而降低血磷水平,其中CA磷结合能力是碳酸钙的2倍,具有良好耐受性,应用较为广泛[4]。但近年来相关研究表明,长期使用含钙磷结合剂可显著增加钙负荷,增加冠状动脉钙化和主动脉钙化发生风险,整体疗效不如非含钙磷结合剂[12]。
本研究纳入患者多数原发疾病为慢性肾小球肾炎和糖尿病肾病,这主要是肾小球肾炎是我国最常见的肾脏病,是ESRD的主要病因;此外,糖尿病肾病是糖尿病患者的常见慢性并发症之一,我国糖尿病患病总人数已超过1.17亿人,并呈逐年上升趋势[13]。本研究采用司维拉姆治疗ESRD患者的高磷血症,与CA治疗的CA组进行对比,研究结果显示,SL组临床总有效率为91.30%,高于CA组的76.09%,治疗后,SL组血钙、血磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH、CACs均低于CA组,提示使用司维拉姆治疗可有效改善血磷水平,并能延缓血管钙化。分析原因:(1)司维拉姆是一种不含钙成分的磷结合剂,主要成分为多聚丙烯酰胺,是一种弱碱性的弱碱性阴离子交换树脂,具有高度亲水性,口服后可胃肠道内螯合磷酸盐,并通过粪便排出体外,从而发挥下调血磷、降低钙磷乘积作用[14];(2)临床上通常需服用大剂量的磷结合剂以快速纠正高磷血症,研究显示,长期大量CA可能会发生高钙血症,导致钙负荷增加,加重冠状动脉、心脏瓣膜钙化程度,进而导致心血管事件风险增加;司维拉姆不含钙成分,使用司维拉姆不会出现钙蓄积,避免冠状动脉和主动脉钙化持续进展,降低死亡风险[15];(3)高磷酸血症的并发症之一是甲状旁腺功能亢进,表现为iPTH水平异常升高,iPTH的溶骨作用增强,骨中磷释放增加,导致血磷升高,形成恶性循环,司维拉姆可通过降低血磷水平,控制甲状旁腺功能亢进,降低iPTH水平[16]。司维拉姆在降低血磷、钙磷沉积、iPTH水平并有效缓解高磷血症相关临床症状的同时,还能维持血钙水平保持稳定、延缓冠状动脉钙化,此外,本研究中,两组患者药物使用剂量并无明显差异,司维拉姆在治疗MHD患者高磷血症的疗效高于CA。
Fetuin A是重要的血管钙化抑制性因子,HERRMANN等[17]研究发现,fetuin A缺陷小鼠因微血管钙化导致多器官病变,提示fetuin A对预防心血管疾病有重要调节作用。MHD患者通常伴随钙磷代谢紊乱,fetuin A通过竞争性结合循环血液中的钙磷微颗粒,可阻止不溶性钙磷复合物在血管壁沉积,从而延缓血管钙化进程。多项临床研究显示,fetuin A是MHD患者血管钙化的保护因素,血清fetuin A水平与腹主动脉钙化程度呈负相关,其浓度降低不仅增加左心室舒张功能障碍风险,还可能通过促进冠状动脉钙化影响患者预后[18-20]。FGF-23隶属于成纤维细胞生长因子家族,主要由成骨细胞和成熟骨细胞分泌,在调控慢性肾脏病的矿物质平衡中起重要作用,其通过抑制肾小管钠磷转运蛋白减少对磷的重吸收,还可通过下调活性维生素D3水平减少肠道磷吸收[21]。MHD患者的FGF-23水平会异常升高,难以通过透析有效清除,血清FGF-23浓度升高与慢性肾病患者和MHD患者的心血管死亡率相关[22]。此外,FGF-23水平还与MHD患者的肾性贫血、营养不良等并发症的发生存在关联[23]。CRP是ESRD患者慢性微炎症状态最具代表性的标志物之一[24]。本研究结果显示,治疗后,SL组fetuin A水平高于CA组,FGF-23、CRP水平均低于CA组,提示司维拉姆可改善微炎症状态,并通过fetuin A、FGF-23调节钙磷代谢,促进小肠对磷的吸收作用,确保尿磷正常排泄,有效抑制血管钙化发展进程,这与林建明等[4]研究结果相符,但其具体机制仍需进一步研究。值得关注的是,本研究通过联合分析fetuin A、FGF-23与CACs这3个与血管钙化密切相关的指标发现,司维拉姆通过上调fetuin A增强血管钙化抑制作用,同时通过抑制FGF-23分泌减少促钙化因子释放,两途径的协同作用最终在影像学层面表现为CACs进展减缓,直观地反映了司维拉姆延缓血管钙化的临床效应,为深入探讨其作用机制提供了更全面的视角。
综上所述,司维拉姆在治疗MHD患者高磷血症的疗效优于CA,可有效调节机体钙磷代谢、降低CACs、调节外周血fetuin A、FGF-23水平,不良反应少,值得临床应用。
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作者贡献声明 刘康负责论文构思、数据审编、正式分析、经费获取、调查研究、研究方法、研究项目管理、提供资源、软件、验证、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,赵锦和王凡负责监督指导,刘晓东负责论文构思和监督指导,高晶负责经费获取、提供资源、软件、验证、可视化、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已同意将文章提交给本刊,且对要发表的版本进行最终定稿。
Author Contribution LIU Kang is responsible for conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, investigation, methodology, project administration, resources, software, validation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. ZHAO Jin and WANG Fan are responsible for supervision. LIU Xiaodong is responsible for conceptualization and supervision. GAO Jing is responsible for funding acquisition, resources, software, validation, visualization, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.
利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突
Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.
Funding Statement
山东省科技发展计划项目(No. Q-2023166)和淄博市科技发展计划项目(No. 2019ZC010102)资助
Contributor Information
康 刘 (Kang LIU), Email: lk15222@163.com.
晶 高 (Jing GAO), Email: 1378584279@qq.com.
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