Skip to main content
Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)
. 2025 May 20;56(3):812–817. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20250560607

β受体阻滞剂对老年高血压合并血管性痴呆的疗效分析

Efficacy of β-Blockers in Older Adults With Hypertension Combined With Vascular Dementia

Zhaoxia TIAN 1, Weiping LI 1, Weiwei TIAN 2, Hongmei LI 1, Xiaoyan XUE 1, Na ZHAO 1
PMCID: PMC12439656  PMID: 40964132

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the clinical efficacy of β-blockers in older patients with hypertension combined with vascular dementia.

Methods

A total of 152 older patients with hypertension combined with vascular dementia who were admitted to Shanxi Provincial Fenyang Hospital between January 2022 and October 2024 were enrolled. The participants were randomly assigned to either the study group or the control group (76 patients each) using the randomized numerical table method. Both groups received conventional treatment, and the study group received metoprolol for 5 weeks in addition to the conventional treatment. Primary outcome indicators, including changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) before and after treatment, were examined. Additionally, comparison was made to examine the intergroup difference in serological markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), homocysteine (Hcy), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and the scores for intelligence, cognitive, and behavioral assessments. Adverse reactions were recorded.

Results

After treatment, the study group showed reduced SBP from (146.90 ± 7.35) mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa) to (120.00 ± 6.03) mmHg and reduced DBP from (90.24 ± 5.97) mmHg to (77.23 ± 6.81) mmHg. The reduction in blood pressure in the study group became more significantly when compared with that of the control group, with intergroup difference in SBP reduction being -8.54 mmHg (P < 0.001) and intergroup difference in DBP reduction being -10.80 mmHg (P < 0.001). Patients in the 2 groups showed statistically significant differences in the levels of hs-CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, MMP-9, and Hcy, and in their cognitive and behavioral scores (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found in pulse pressure, von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels, or intelligence scores before and after treatment (P > 0.05). The main adverse reactions in the study group were central nervous system reactions (22.37%) and withdrawal syndrome (17.11%).

Conclusion

The β-blocker metoprolol effectively controlled blood pressure, significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory factors and specific vascular injury markers, and improved cognitive function and behavioral symptoms in older patients with hypertension combined with vascular dementia, suggesting its therapeutic efficacy for this condition. However, attention should be paid to its associated adverse reactions.

Keywords: Beta-blocker, Hypertension, Vascular dementia


痴呆是由于多种病因造成的慢性获得性进行性智能障碍综合征。临床上以缓慢出现的智能障碍为主要特征,并伴有不同程度的人格改变,常常以逐渐出现的记忆力减退为首发症状。根据不同病因将其分类为阿尔茨海默病、血管性痴呆(vascular dementia, VD)、路易体痴呆等[1]。而高血压(hypertension, HTN)被认为是VD的危险因素,约40%~60%的血管性痴呆可能与高血压有关[2]。此外,有研究指出,VD会对患者体内炎症因子及其相关蛋白的水平产生影响[3]。而β受体阻滞剂是一种应用广泛的降压药,但在临床上,关于心血管药物是否有助于治疗VD还存在争议[4]。常规治疗已经无法满足现阶段的VD,因此确定β受体阻滞剂是否能改善HTN合并VD非常重要。本研究旨在通过对患者炎性因子及血压相关蛋白的检测及分析,以探究β受体阻滞剂对HTN合并VD的临床疗效,为其提供一定的临床指导。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

根据既往研究[5],β受体阻滞剂降低收缩压的平均效应量约为10 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),标准差约15 mmHg,设定双侧α=0.05,检验效能1−β=0.80,考虑10% 脱落率时,每组最少需39例,总样本量78例。最终选取2022年1月–2024年10月在山西省汾阳医院住院的152例老年HTN合并VD患者,使用简单随机分组法将每个患者编号。将偶数组定为研究组,奇数组定为对照组,每组76例。患者血压模式分类参考《夜间高血压管理中国专家共识》[6],本研究通山西医科大学汾阳学院科学研究伦理委员会审核(编号:2023030),所有患者均知情同意。

纳入标准:①60周岁以上的老年人;②依据《中国血管性认知障碍诊治指南(2024版)》[7]确诊的血管性痴呆;③患者及其家属知情同意。排除标准:①伴有其他炎症性疾病;②因脑部外伤所致的痴呆;③伴有精神病或语言障碍。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 用药方法

两组患者均进行健康饮食、规律运动等常规治疗[8];研究组在常规治疗上使用β受体阻滞剂美托洛尔(上海旭东海普药业有限公司)[9],起始剂量为6.25 mg,每日1~2次,之后每周视情况调整剂量,持续5周。

1.2.2. 检测指标

分别于患者住院第二天及治疗结束后次日早上8点左右,使用欧姆龙 HBP-1300型血压计,按照标准测量流程检测患者坐位右上臂血压,每次测量间隔1 min,取3次测量平均值记录收缩压(SBP)与舒张压(DBP)。同时采集患者空腹肘静脉血5 mL,高速离心机3000 r/min离心5 min分离血清,用于血清学相关指标的检测。其中血清血管性血友病因子(von Willebrand factor, vWF)、超敏C反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein, hs-CRP)、肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6, IL-6)、白细胞介素-8(interleukin-8, IL-8)、基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metallopeptidase 9, MMP-9)水平使用酶联免疫法检测;同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine, Hcy)水平使用循环酶法检测;超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)水平使用化学发光法检测。

1.2.3. 智力、认知、行为评分方法

智力状态利用简易智力状态检查量表(MMSE)[10]评估,总分30分,评分越高智力状态越佳。认知功能用阿尔茨海默病评定量表-认知(ADAS-Cog)[11]评估,总分70分,评分高则认知差。行为和精神症状利用阿尔茨海默病行为病理评定量表(BEHAVE-AD)[12]评估,共8个维度,总分75分,评分越高行为和精神症状越重。

1.2.4. 观察指标

不良反应包括:①心血管系统,包括心率减慢、严重心动过缓和房室传导阻滞;②代谢系统,包括震颤、心动过速;③呼吸系统,包括气道阻力增加、哮喘等;④中枢神经系统,包括疲劳、头痛、睡眠紊乱、失眠、多梦和压抑等;⑤撤药综合征,包括高血压、心律失常、心绞痛恶化。

1.3. 统计学方法

采用SPSS 27.0软件对数据进行统计处理,对于符合正态分布的计量资料采用Inline graphic表示,两组之间比较用t检验;计数资料使用百分比表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验,对于连续性变量(如血压、炎性因子等),计算治疗前后差值(∆=治疗后-治疗前),对差值进行正态性检验后,采用Inline graphic表示,两组之间比较用t检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 一般资料对比

两组患者血压模式、年龄上差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明两组具有可比性,见表1

表 1. General information of the participants.

一般资料

Group Blood pressure pattern/case (%) Age/yr.
Dipper pattern Non-dipper pattern Reverse-dipper pattern Extreme-dipper pattern
Research (n = 76) 37 (48.68) 9 (11.84) 11 (14.48) 19 (25.00) 69.32 ± 5.71
Control (n = 76) 36 (47.37) 10 (13.16) 9 (11.84) 21 (27.63) 69.91 ± 5.61
t/χ2 0.366 -0.922
P 0.947 0.357

2.2. 治疗前后血压相关因子差异

两组患者收缩压、舒张压和脉压治疗前后均差异明显(P<0.001)。两组收缩压和舒张压治疗前后差值相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001),两组脉压治疗前后差值差异无统计学意义。见表2

表 2. Findings for blood pressure-related factors before and after treatment.

患者治疗前后血压相关因子结果

Factor Research group (n = 76) Control group (n = 76) t P
 SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pluse pressure; ∆ = (Post - PrHge). 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa. * P < 0.001, vs. Pre.
SBP/mmHg Pre 146.90 ± 7.35 148.05 ± 8.06
Post 120.00 ± 6.03* 129.51 ± 5.77*
-26.90 ± 8.87 -18.54 ± 10.14 -7.649 < 0.001
DBP/mmHg Pre 90.24 ± 5.97 89.90 ± 5.85
Post 77.23 ± 6.81* 87.69 ± 7.04*
-13.01 ± 8.97 -2.21 ± 8.92 -10.519 < 0.001
PP/mmHg Pre 56.66 ± 9.58 58.15 ± 9.58
Post 42.76 ± 9.58* 41.82 ± 9.017*
-13.90 ± 12.2 -16.33 ± 14.26 1.599 0.111

2.3. 患者治疗前后血清学相关指标的差异

同组患者治疗前后相比,除vWF外,其余指标水平均发生明显变化。同时,两组患者治疗后炎症相关因子(Hs-CRP、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8)和血管标志物(MMP-9、Hcy)水平差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表3

表 3. Difference in serological indicators between the two groups before and after treatment.

两组患者治疗前后血清学相关指标的差异

Factor Research group (n = 76) Control group (n = 76) t P
 vWF: von Willebrand factor; Hs-CRP: hypersensitive C-reactive protein; TNF-α: tumour necrosis factor-α; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-8: interleukin-8; MMP-9: matrix metallopeptidase 9; Hcy: homocysteine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; ∆ = (Post - Pre). * P < 0.001, vs. Pre.
vWF/(pg/mL) Pre 19.91 ± 2.90 20.13 ± 3.09
Post 20.17 ± 3.43 20.07 ± 3.43
0.26 ± 4.69 -0.06 ± 4.80 0.575 0.566
Hs-CRP/(mg/L) Pre 29.34 ± 5.40 30.53 ± 5.59
Post 11.35 ± 3.71* 20.33 ± 5.19*
-17.99 ± 6.25 -10.20 ± 7.86 -9.385 < 0.001
TNF-α/(μg/L) Pre 4.54 ± 0.87 4.51 ± 0.88
Post 1.97 ± 0.60* 3.74 ± 0.72*
-2.57 ± 1.10 -0.77 ± 1.13 -14.066 < 0.001
IL-6/(pg/mL) Pre 13.07 ± 2.85 12.93 ± 3.30
Post 10.50 ± 3.05* 11.99 ± 2.88*
-2.57 ± 4.13 -0.94 ± 4.29 -3.384 < 0.001
IL-8/(pg/mL) Pre 86.44 ± 18.91 82.67 ± 19.04
Post 57.92 ± 20.91* 62.98 ± 18.25*
-28.52 ± 25.61 -19.69 ± 26.92 -2.931 0.004
MMP-9/(μg/L) Pre 165.80 ± 12.60 167.34 ± 13.27
Post 159.80 ± 11.70* 165.99 ± 12.72
-6.00 ± 17.45 -1.35 ± 17.47 -2.318 0.021
Hcy/(μmol/L) Pre 24.35 ± 3.94 24.45 ± 3.79
Post 11.35 ± 2.16* 18.50 ± 3.87*
-13.00 ± 4.58 -5.95 ± 5.32 -12.385 < 0.001
SOD/(U/L) Pre 105.85 ± 14.52 106.47 ± 14.82
Post 121.57 ± 11.48* 120.91 ± 11.85*
15.72 ± 18.02 14.44 ± 19.58 0.591 0.555

2.4. 患者治疗前后智力、认知、行为评分差异

研究组及对照组同组之间治疗前后认知、行为评分差异显著,且研究组认知、行为评分与对照组相比,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.001),见表4

表 4. Differences in intelligence, cognition, and behavior scores between the two groups before and after treatment.

两组患者治疗前后智力、认知、行为评分差异

Factor Research group (n = 76) Control group(n = 76) t P
 MMSE: minimum mental state examination; ADAS-Cog: Alzheimer disease assessment scale-cog; BEHAVE-AD: behavioral pathology in Alzheimer’s disease rating scale; ∆ = (Post - Pre). * P < 0.001, vs. Pre.
MMSE Pre 6.45 ± 4.44 6.83 ± 4.51
Post 6.71 ± 3.61 7.38 ± 3.84
0.26 ± 5.35 0.55 ± 5.91 -0.448 0.655
ADAS-Cog Pre 26.84 ± 13.01 26.47 ± 11.97
Post 33.79 ± 12.16* 28.70 ± 14.95
6.95 ± 19.46 2.23 ± 21.59 2.409 < 0.001
BEHAVE-AD Pre 28.43 ± 13.86 28.43 ± 14.55
Post 36.38 ± 14.62* 27.05 ± 13.51
7.95 ± 20.35 -1.38 ± 20.30 4.001 < 0.001

2.5. 患者治疗后不良反应

研究组中,患者治疗后,心血管系统有关的不良反应率为2例(2.63%),代谢系统有关的不良反应率为4例(5.26%),呼吸系统有关的不良反应率为7例(9.21%),中枢神经系统的不良反应率为17例(22.37%),出现撤药综合征率为13例(17.11%)。

3. 讨论

高血压会显著影响老年人的认知能力,易造成血管性痴呆[13]。该病由多个病理环节共同参与,会导致脑血管循环损伤,占我国老年痴呆发生率的30%左右[14]。当前HTN并VD常用药物治疗,同时采用康复训练来帮助患者恢复,但常规药物仅针对单一环节或者单一因素,而β受体阻滞剂具有心血管保护效应,能够取得更高的临床获益[15],因此本研究侧重观察β受体阻滞剂在HTN合并VD的作用。

血压值是评判高血压的常规指标,本研究以血压变化作为主要结局指标,结果显示,研究组治疗后收缩压由(146.90±7.35) mmHg降至(120.00±6.03) mmHg,舒张压由(90.24±5.97)mmHg降至(77.23±6.81) mmHg,较对照组降幅更显著(收缩压组间差值-8.54 mmHg,P<0.001;舒张压组间差值-10.80 mmHg,P<0.001)。这表明β受体阻滞剂美托洛尔在常规治疗基础上,能更有效降低老年高血压合并血管性痴呆患者的血压水平。从机制上看,美托洛尔作为选择性β1受体阻滞剂,可通过抑制心脏β1受体,降低心肌收缩力和心率,减少心输出量,同时抑制肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS),从而发挥降压作用。但在血清学相关的指标检测中,本研究发现两组vWF水平差异不显著。这可能是由于vWF的作用是介导血小板黏附及稳定凝血因子[16],其可能并未处于β阻滞剂的通路调节范围内。本研究还分析了两组患者治疗前后的脉压,发现两组患者治疗后脉压并无显著差异,这是因为虽然研究组的收缩压与舒张压显著低于对照组,但二者差值的差异并不显著。而脉压反应了动脉弹性[17],这说明β受体阻滞剂可能对改善动脉方面并无显著的效果。除血压等常规指标,炎症因子会参与VD的发展,VD患者的炎症指标会显著上升,因此炎症指标可用于判断VD的治疗效果[18]。在本研究结果中促炎因子TNF-α、Hs-CRP、IL-6、IL-8的水平显著降低,提示β阻滞剂对HTN并VD有显著的改善作用。

根据前人的研究发现[19-20],MMP-9与Hcy两种蛋白质会对通过炎性反应加重血管性痴呆的进展。在本研究中,β阻滞剂可以降低MMP-9与Hcy的水平,与既往研究结果一致[21],这可能是由于β受体阻滞剂通过抑制RAAS,减少血管紧张素Ⅱ生成,进而降低MMP-9表达。Hcy水平降低,可能是因改善血管内皮功能,促进同型半胱氨酸代谢。既往研究发现,β阻滞剂具有抗氧化作用,它能够减少氧化应激和自由基的生成,间接导致SOD水平的增加,机体抗氧化能力增强[22]。但是,本研究发现β受体阻滞剂对于SOD水平并无显著影响,推测原因可能是SOD作为机体抗氧化酶,其活性受多种因素调控,β受体阻滞剂作用靶点主要是β受体,并未直接作用于影响SOD合成的关键环节。此外,机体内存在复杂抗氧化防御网络,当β受体阻滞剂干预后,其他抗氧化物质或机制可能代偿性维持氧化还原平衡,导致SOD水平未出现明显改变。因此,β受体阻滞剂可通过有效控制血压、调节神经递质、改善血管内皮功能以及减轻炎症反应等方式,延缓HTN合并VD的发展[23]

高血压可增加晚年认知能力下降和痴呆发病率的风险,β阻滞剂可有效改善患者的认知与行为能力[24]。考虑到VD多发于脑卒中、高血压等心脑血管疾病之后,对血管的改善在一定程度上也能够对血管性痴呆产生积极影响。VD是由于脑血管病变所引发的痴呆综合征,其发病机制与脑部血管的损伤密切相关[25]。当β受体阻滞剂发挥其改善血管功能的效应时[26],血管功能的改善能够减轻因血管病变导致的脑组织损伤,从而对VD的病情产生有益的影响,可能在一定程度上延缓认知功能障碍的进展,改善患者的认知状态和相关症状。因此,可认为血管功能的改善与血管性痴呆的改善存在关联,而β受体阻滞剂在其中可能起到了一定的积极作用,今后可进一步深入探究β受体阻滞剂对高血压合并血管性痴呆症相关通路的调节作用,以明晰β受体阻滞剂改善该病症的具体机制。

考虑到β阻滞剂在临床应用中可能引发一系列不良反应,尤其在中枢神经系统方面表现较为突出。患者常出现疲劳等症状,这是该类药物较为常见的中枢神经系统方面的不良反应之一。此外,撤药综合征也是β阻滞剂容易出现的不良反应情况。当患者停止使用该药物时,可能会出现心律失常等症状,对患者的健康产生一定影响。在临床实践中,医务人员应密切关注患者使用β阻滞剂后的反应,及时发现并处理这些不良反应,以保障患者的治疗效果和生活质量。

综上所述,β阻滞剂对高血压合并血管性痴呆有一定疗效,但在临床上还应多注意患者服药后的不良反应。

*    *    *

作者贡献声明 田朝霞负责论文构思、验证、初稿写作和审读与编辑写作,李卫萍负责数据审编和正式分析,田威威负责调查研究、研究方法和提供资源,李红梅负责经费获取和研究项目管理,薛晓燕负责监督指导和可视化,赵娜负责调查研究。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

Author Contribution  TIAN Zhaoxia is responsible for conceptualization, validation, writing--original draft, and writing--review and editing. LI Weiping is responsible for data curation and formal analysis. TIAN Weiwei is responsible for investigation, methodology, and resources. LI Hongmei is responsible for funding acquisition and project administration. XUE Xiaoyan is responsible for supervision and visualization. ZHAO Na is responsible for investigation. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.

Funding Statement

山西省吕梁市重点实验室研发项目(No. 2020SHFZ49)和山西医科大学汾阳学院2023年度省级及校级质量工程项目(No. 20231796)资助

References

  • 1.NORDESTGAARD L T, CHRISTOFFERSEN M, FRIKKE-SCHMIDT R Shared risk factors between dementia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(17):9777. doi: 10.3390/ijms23179777. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.RUNDEK T, TOLEA M, ARIKO T, et al Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) Neurotherapeutics. 2022;19(1):68–88. doi: 10.1007/s13311-021-01170-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.WANG X X, ZHANG B, XIA R, et al Inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy as critical players in vascular dementia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24(18):9601–9614. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202009_23048. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.OU Y N, KUO K, YANG L, et al Longitudinal associations of cardiovascular health and vascular events with incident dementia. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2024;9(4):418–428. doi: 10.1136/svn-2023-002665. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.MA S, YANG L, ZHAO M, et al Trends in hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment and control rates among Chinese adults, 1991-2015. J Hypertens. 2021;39(4):740–748. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.中国高血压联盟《夜间高血压管理中国专家共识》委员会 夜间高血压管理中国专家共识. 中华高血压杂志. 2023;31(7):610–618. doi: 10.16439/j.issn.1673-7245.2023.07.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; Chinese Hypertension League Committee of "Chinese Expert Consensus on Management of Nocturnal Hypertension" Chinese expert consensus on the management of nocturnal hypertension. Chin J Hypertens. 2023;31(7):610–618. doi: 10.16439/j.issn.1673-7245.2023.07.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.中国卒中学会血管性认知障碍分会, 汪凯, 董强, 等 中国血管性认知障碍诊治指南(2024版) 中华医学杂志. 2024;104(31):2881–2894. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20240501-01024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; Chinese Stroke Association Vascular Cognitive Impairment Subcommittee, WANG K, DONG Q, et al Chinese guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of vascular cognitive impairment (2024 edition) Chin Med J. 2024;104(31):2881–2894. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20240501-01024. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.中国老年医学学会高血压分会, 北京高血压防治协会, 国家老年疾病临床医学研究中心(中国人民解放军总医院, 等 中国老年高血压管理指南2023. 中华高血压杂志. 2023;31(6):508–538. doi: 10.16439/j.issn.1673-7245.2023.06.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; Hypertension Branch Of Chinese Geriatrics Society, Beijing Hypertension Prevention And Control Association, National Clinical Research Center For Geriatric Diseases (Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital), et al Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension in the elderly 2023. Chin J Hypertens. 2023;31(6):508–538. doi: 10.16439/j.issn.1673-7245.2023.06.003. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.关晓楠, 刘文婷, 黄雯, 等 美托洛尔与伊伐布雷定对老年患者新型冠状病毒感染后直立性心动过速综合征的疗效研究. 中华老年心脑血管病杂志. 2024;26(3):280–283. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0126.2024.03.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; GUAN X N, LIU W T, HUANG W, et al Efficacy of metoprolol versus ivabradine in treatment of POTS in elderly patients after COVID-19 infection. Chin J Geriatr Heart Brain Vessel Dis. 2024;26(3):280–283. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0126.2024.03.010. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.李俊驹, 李庆志, 胡佳豪, 等 帕金森病丘脑底核脑深部电刺激器术中电极融合误差与抑郁改善关联性探究. 中华老年心脑血管病杂志. 2024;26(10):1167–1172. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0126.2024.10.011. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; LI J J, LI Q Z, HU J H, et al Association between electrode fusion error and depression improvement during subthalamic nucleus-deep brain stimulation in PD. Chin J Geriatr Heart Brain Vessel Dis. 2024;26(10):1167–1172. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1009-0126.2024.10.011. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.刘文广, 吴丽媛, 高智勇, 等 Ghrelin基因单核苷酸多态性与老年痴呆及认知功能的相关性. 中国老年学杂志. 2024;44(3):587–590. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2024.03.020. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; LIU W G, WU L Y, GAO Z Y, et al Correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms of Ghrelin gene and senile dementia and cognitive function. Chin J Gerontol. 2024;44(3):587–590. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2024.03.020. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.李经纬, 李群, 杨硕, 等 阿尔茨海默病患者的酰胺质子转移加权磁共振成像研究. 中国全科医学. 2022;25(24):3005–3012. doi: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; LI J W, LI Q, YANG S, et al Amide proton transfer-weighted imaging imaging in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Chin Gen Pract. 2022;25(24):3005–3012. doi: 10.12114/j.issn.1007-9572.2022.0093. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.HAINSWORTH A H, MARKUS H S, SCHNEIDER J A Cerebral small vessel disease, hypertension, and vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Hypertension. 2024;81(1):75–86. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19943. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.尤一萍, 浦梦佳 丁苯酞胶囊联合多奈哌齐对老年血管性痴呆患者细胞因子、MMP-9、Hcy和SOD表达的影响. 中国老年学杂志. 2022;42(8):1899–1902. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2022.08.034. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; YOU Y P, PU M J Effects of butylphthalide capsules combined with donepezil on expression of cytokines, MMP-9, Hcy and SOD in elderly patients with vascular dementia. Chin J Gerontol. 2022;42(8):1899–1902. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-9202.2022.08.034. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.KOIDE M, HARRAZ O F, DABERTRAND F, et al Differential restoration of functional hyperemia by antihypertensive drug classes in hypertension-related cerebral small vessel disease. J Clin Invest. 2021;131(18):e149029. doi: 10.1172/JCI149029. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.O'DONNELL J S Low VWF: insights into pathogenesis, diagnosis, and clinical management. Blood Adv. 2020;4(13):3191–3199. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002038. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.YOUNG J, LYNGBAKKEN M N, HVEEM K, et al Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and pulse pressure in relation to the risk of subclinical myocardial injury: The Tromsø Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;32(8):762. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.123.031107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.CUSTODERO C, CIAVARELLA A, PANZA F, et al Role of inflammatory markers in the diagnosis of vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Geroscience. 2022;44(3):1373–1392. doi: 10.1007/s11357-022-00556-w. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.SHARIFI M A, WIERER M, DANG T A, et al ADAMTS-7 modulates atherosclerotic plaque formation by degradation of TIMP-1. Circ Res. 2023;133(8):674–686. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.123.322737. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.范月辉, 刘惠钦, 李伟峰, 等 血管性痴呆患者VILIP-1、MMP-9、ApoE水平变化及危险因素分析. 实用临床医药杂志. 2021;25(15):32–36. doi: 10.7619/jcmp.20212150. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; FAN Y H, LIU H Q, LI W F, et al Changes of VILIP-1, MMP-9 and ApoE levels in patients with vascular dementia and risk factors analysis. J Pract Clin Med. 2021;25(15):32–36. doi: 10.7619/jcmp.20212150. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.伍小玲, 宁为民, 刘发生, 等 天麻健脑颗粒联合高压氧对血管性痴呆患者炎症因子、MMP-9、Hcy和SOD表达的影响研究. 广州中医药大学学报. 2024;41(10):2648–2655. doi: 10.13359/j.cnki.gzxbtcm.2024.10.021. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; WU X L, NING W M, LIU F S, et al Effect of Tianma Jiannao Granules combined with hyperbaric oxygen on expression of inflammatory factors, matrix metalloproteinnase 9, homocysteine and superoxide dismutase in patients with vascular dementia. J Guangzhou Univ Chin Med. 2024;41(10):2648–2655. doi: 10.13359/j.cnki.gzxbtcm.2024.10.021. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.WEN Q, HONG X, HE K, et al Can acupuncture reverse oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory damage in animal models of vascular dementia? A preclinical systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023;102(23):e33989. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000033989. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.DRYGALA S, RADZIKOWSKI M, MACIEJCZYK M β-blockers and metabolic modulation: unraveling the complex interplay with glucose metabolism, inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15(1):1489657. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1489657. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.SANTISTEBAN M M, IADECOLA C, CARNEVALE D Hypertension, neurovascular dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Hypertension. 2023;80(1):22–34. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.18085. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.LEVINE D A, SPRINGER M V, BRODTMANN A Blood pressure and vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke. 2022;53(4):1104–1113. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.121.036140. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.MA Y, WANG M, CHEN X, et al Effect of the blood pressure and antihypertensive drugs on cerebral small vessel disease: a mendelian randomization study. Stroke. 2024;55(7):1838–1846. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.123.045664. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) are provided here courtesy of Editorial Board of Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)

RESOURCES