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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2025 Sep;39(9):1155–1159. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202506027

经桡骨近端新入路顺行弹性髓内钉内固定治疗儿童桡骨远端骨干与干骺端交界区骨折

Antegrade elastic intramedullary nailing fixation via a novel approach through proximal radius for distal radius metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction fractures in children

Bin JIN 1, Xinglei SHI 2, Hailong MA 1, Junchen ZHU 3,*
PMCID: PMC12440702  PMID: 40948006

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the surgical technique and preliminary effectiveness of closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) using antegrade elastic intramedullary nailing (ESIN) via a novel approach through the proximal radius for treating distal radius metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction (DRMDJ) fractures in children.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 34 children with DRMDJ fractures who met the selection criteria and were treated between January 2020 and June 2023. There were 21 boys and 13 girls, aged 6-14 years (mean, 8.2 years). Injury causes included falls in 11 cases and sports-related trauma in 23 cases. Twenty-six cases were associated with ipsilateral distal ulnar fractures. All patients had failed initial closed reduction in the outpatient clinic. The time from injury to operation ranged from 1 to 15 days (mean, 4 days). All patients underwent CRIF using antegrade ESIN inserted via a novel approach at the proximal one-third of the radius. The operation time, intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency, fracture healing time, and complications were recorded. Fracture reduction was assessed immediately after operation on anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films for residual translation and angulation. Wrist function was evaluated using the modified Mayo wrist score.

Results

Surgery was successfully completed in all 34 children. CRIF with ESIN failed in 2 cases with associated ipsilateral distal ulnar fractures, requiring conversion to open reduction of the ulna. Operation time ranged from 15 to 56 minutes (mean, 21 minutes). Intraoperative fluoroscopy frequency ranged from 5 to 21 times (mean, 7 times). Immediate postoperative X-ray films showed residual translation of 0-15% on anteroposterior view and 0-10% on lateral view, and residual angulation of 0°-5° on both anteroposterior and lateral views. All children were followed up 6-18 months (mean, 12 months). There was no complication such as neurovascular injury, incision infection, or limitation of forearm rotation. Follow-up X-ray films showed no fracture displacement, implant loosening, delayed union, or nonunion. Fracture healing time ranged from 4 to 8 weeks (mean, 6 weeks). Implants were removed at 4-6 months postoperatively (mean, 5 months). At last follow-up, all fractures had achieved anatomic or near-anatomic healing. The modified Mayo wrist score ranged from 80 to 100 (mean, 94), with 27 excellent and 7 good results, yielding an excellent and good rate of 100%.

Conclusion

CRIF using antegrade ESIN via a novel approach through proximal radius is a safe and effective treatment for pediatric DRMDJ fractures, associated with few postoperative complications and excellent restoration of wrist function.

Keywords: Distal radius fractures, closed reduction, elastic intramedullary nail, internal fixation, child


桡骨远端骨折是儿童最常见骨折之一,占所有儿童骨折的35%[1-2]。虽然儿童桡骨远端骨折可通过石膏或夹板成功保守治疗,但有21%~39%患儿存在复位丢失[3]。尤其是桡骨远端骨干与干骺端交界区(distal radius metaphyseal-diaphyseal junction,DRMDJ)骨折,由于其解剖位置特殊,骨折断端接触面有限,经常出现闭合复位不满意或者复位丢失,因此手术内固定成为其必要治疗手段[4-6]。但对于DRMDJ骨折的固定方法尚未达成共识[7]

目前已报道多种手术方法,包括钢板、外固定架、克氏针和弹性髓内钉内固定等,但各有其局限性。钢板内固定需要在断端经皮切口,形成较长手术瘢痕,影响美观。外固定架可取得良好疗效,但存在钉道感染风险,且护理难度大、费用昂贵。由于骨折部位髓腔狭窄且与生长板距离较远,交叉克氏针操作较困难且固定相对不稳,易发生术后骨折移位。针对这一情况,已有研究对克氏针及弹性髓内钉技术进行了改进,即经桡骨远端骨骺的克氏针髓内固定和预弯的弹性髓内钉经桡骨远端逆行固定[8],并取得了满意临床效果。但前一种方式容易损伤骺板造成医源性桡骨远端骨骺早闭;而后一种方式需要将弹性髓内钉精确预弯,术后内固定物难以取出[9]。Du等[10]使用了一种入针点位于桡骨颈部的弹性髓内钉顺行固定方法,虽然可以避免弹性髓内钉逆行固定的各种缺点,但该方法手术区间较窄,容易损伤桡神经,且必须穿过旋后肌,易造成术后前臂旋转受限。

鉴于此,针对以上问题,我们对弹性髓内钉进针点进行改进,尝试从桡骨近端1/3处进针顺行穿入弹性髓内钉固定治疗儿童DRMDJ骨折。现回顾分析2020年1月—2023年6月安徽中医药大学第一附属医院和太和县人民医院采用该方法治疗的DRMDJ骨折患儿临床资料,探讨其手术技术和初步临床结果。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患儿纳入标准:① 年龄≤14岁;② 确诊为新鲜DRMDJ骨折(伴或不伴同侧尺骨远端骨折);③ 术前手法复位失败;④ 随访时间≥6个月且临床资料完整。排除标准:① 开放性骨折;② 前臂骨折史;③ 病理性骨折;④ 有多发骨折或颅脑损伤;⑤ 有成骨不全等慢性疾病或其他基础疾病。2020年1月—2023年6月共34例患儿符合选择标准纳入研究。

本组男21例,女13例;年龄6~14岁,平均8.2岁。左侧15例,右侧19例。致伤原因:摔伤11例,运动损伤23例。合并同侧尺骨远端骨折26例。受伤至手术时间1~15 d,平均4 d。

1.2. 手术方法

手术由2名经验丰富的小儿骨科医生完成。将患儿颈、胸、腹及骨盆部位采用铅衣保护,常规消毒、铺巾,屈肘60°~90°。患儿均于静脉联合吸入麻醉下仰卧于手术床,移动式C臂X线机(Siemens公司,德国)接收器紧靠手术床边缘,以接收器代替手术操作台。于患肢体表标记桡骨头及桡骨远端位置,连线并三等分,透视定位于约桡骨近端1/3处,切口位于前臂近端外侧,纵向切开1 cm,从桡侧腕长伸肌与短肌之间的间隙进入,在桡骨外侧用电钻克氏针<45° 角钻孔,再用开孔锥扩孔。根据桡骨骨折位置,将弹性髓内钉(髓内钉直径选择以桡骨髓腔最狭窄处直径的60%~80%为宜)预弯成C形后插入髓腔。当钉尖接近骨折部位时,于透视下进行闭合复位;如果复位困难,则使用克氏针作为杠杆辅助骨折复位。复位满意后,将髓内钉推入桡骨远端髓腔,直至接近骨骺板。调整钉尾,使弧形顶端位于桡侧,钉尖朝向尺侧,钉尾末端留于皮下脂肪层。对合并同侧尺骨远端骨折者,从尺骨近端顺行植入弹性髓内钉。再次透视检查骨折部位以确保远端角度复位满意。术后使用屈肘90° 前臂石膏固定。

1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后观察石膏松紧、切口渗血、患肢肿胀、患指活动及末梢血运感觉情况。术后第1天复查前臂正侧位X线片,了解骨折复位及内固定情况。术后4周门诊复查X线片,若骨痂生长丰富可拆除石膏,指导患肢主动活动功能锻炼。术后4~6个月复查,若骨折愈合良好,可取出髓内钉。记录患儿手术时间、术中透视次数、骨折愈合时间及并发症发生情况,以及术后即刻正侧位X线片上骨折侧方移位及成角移位情况。腕关节功能采用改良Mayo腕关节评分[11]进行评价。

2. 结果

34例患儿手术均顺利完成;2例合并同侧尺骨远端骨折者行闭合复位弹性髓内钉内固定失败,改行尺骨切开复位。本组患儿手术时间15~56 min,平均21 min;术中透视次数5~21次,平均7次。术后即刻X线片示,正位片侧方移位0~15%,侧位片0~10%;正、侧位片成角移位均为0°~5°。所有患儿均获随访,随访时间6~18个月,平均12个月。无神经血管损伤、切口感染、前臂旋转受限等并发症发生;随访期间X线片示无骨折移位、内固定物松动、骨折延迟或不愈合发生,骨折愈合时间4~8周,平均6周。于术后4~6个月,平均5个月去除内固定物。末次随访时,所有患儿骨折均实现解剖或接近解剖愈合。改良Mayo腕关节评分为80~100分,平均94分;获优27例、良7例,优良率100%。见图1

图 1.

A 7-year-old boy with right DRMDJ fracture and ipsilateral distal ulnar fracture caused by fall

患儿,男,7岁,摔伤致右侧DRMDJ骨折伴同侧尺骨远端骨折

a、b. 术前尺桡骨正、侧位X线片示骨折移位明显;c. 术中标记体表进针点位置;d、e. 术后即刻尺桡骨正、侧位X线片示内固定物位置满意,骨折复位良好;f、g. 术后4个月尺桡骨正、侧位X线片示骨折愈合良好,未见畸形愈合

a, b. Preoperative anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the ulna and radius showed obvious fracture displacement; c. Marked the position of the needle insertion point on the body surface during operation; d, e. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the ulnar and radius immediately after operation showed that the internal fixation position was satisfactory and the reduction of the fracture was good; f, g. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the ulna and radius at 4 months after operation showed good fracture healing with no malunion

图 1

3. 讨论

儿童DRMDJ骨折发生于前臂肌腱-肌肉过渡区,是一种比较罕见的桡骨远端骨折,发生率低于干骺端骨折。该类型骨折愈合能力较差,与干骺端骨折相比更容易发生延迟愈合或不愈合[12]。临床上关于此类骨折报道较少,目前常见治疗方法有手法复位保守治疗或手术治疗,但仍具有挑战性[13]

有学者提倡采用钢板内固定治疗,钢板可以提供良好复位和可靠固定,但由于手术创伤大,内固定物取出术后骨折复发率高,主要用于成人患者。对于DRMDJ骨折,由于克氏针进针角度有限,很难用交叉克氏针直接固定骨折[14]。研究发现,桡骨远端骨折线离骺板线越远,要获得良好的克氏针置针位置与均匀的克氏针分布就越困难[14]。因此,部分骨科医生选择经过骨骺板穿入克氏针进入髓腔髓内固定[15]。为了能选择满意进针点位置,往往需要反复多次进针和术中X线透视,增加了骺板损伤和辐射暴露,可能导致桡骨远端骨骺医源性早闭。Li等[14]比较了外固定架和克氏针固定的治疗结果,发现外固定架手术时间较短,肌腱刺激较少,影像学结果较好;然而,费用高昂、外固定架松动、钉眼感染和骨折延迟愈合等高风险,使得患儿家属满意度较低。弹性髓内钉的使用可以降低这些风险。有学者报道采用弹性髓内钉顺行固定治疗这种骨折,但手术入路较复杂,需在桡骨近端开口,该处肌肉丰富且需要更深层肌肉剥离,后骨间神经损伤风险更高。虽然Du等[10]认为,在前臂过度旋前位有5~8 mm的进针点“安全区”,可有效避免前臂神经损伤,但是仍存在神经损伤风险;同时,软组织损伤较重,钉尾尖端持续磨损旋后肌,影响前臂旋转功能。Cai等[16]尝试选择传统逆行穿入弹性髓内钉,但由于骨折远端距离骨骺较短,骨折近端易被弹性髓内钉推向对侧,导致骨折对位欠佳,复位不满意,固定不稳定。

本研究患儿均选择新的入针点,即桡骨近端1/3处进针,顺行穿入弹性髓内钉固定治疗儿童DRMDJ骨折。早期随访结果显示,该新入路能有效避免神经损伤及前臂旋转受限,患儿均获得满意结果,与相关研究结论一致[7]。该术式具有以下优势:首先,其避免了桡骨远端医源性损伤,大大减少了骨骺过早闭合可能性;其次,避免了前臂旋转功能的丢失及受限;第三,避免了桡神经和旋后肌损伤,减少了旋后肌活动受限的可能性;最后,将弹性髓内钉的尾部放置于深筋膜表面,不会发生钉尾激惹产生滑囊,降低了感染风险。与其他技术相比,采用桡骨近端1/3处进针新入路顺行穿入弹性髓内钉固定治疗儿童DRMDJ骨折可以早期进行康复功能锻炼,使患儿更早重返学校生活,并降低家庭和社会成本[14]

对于7岁以下较小患儿以及稳定的儿童DRMDJ骨折,保守治疗往往可获得良好效果。然而,治疗方法的选择往往受到患儿体型、骨折特征、家庭需求等影响。本研究中有3例6岁患儿、1例5岁患儿,这4例患儿的骨折线为短斜形,初始X线片示骨折移位明显不稳定。首先选择闭合复位,但失败后应患儿家属要求,最终选择手术治疗,获得良好疗效。本研究中有2例合并同侧尺骨远端骨折患儿,因闭合复位失败,改行切开复位,术中切开后发现尺骨骨折端卡压肌肉等软组织,阻碍骨折复位。

综上述,采用桡骨近端1/3处进针新入路顺行穿入弹性髓内钉固定治疗儿童DRMDJ骨折安全、有效。该技术在既往经桡骨近端顺行弹性髓内钉内固定基础上加以改进,注重进针位置及进针角度的选择、降低医源性神经损伤发生,且易于学习和使用,是一种可行的微创治疗选择。但本研究样本量较少、随访时间较短,为回顾性分析且未设对照组,下一步将开展前瞻性、多中心对照研究并增加随访时间,进一步证实该技术的疗效。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经安徽中医药大学第一附属医院(EYLL-2022-037)和太和县人民医院伦理审查委员会批准(2022-11);患儿家属均签署知情同意书

作者贡献声明 金斌:研究设计、资料收集、论文撰写及修改;石兴雷:资料收集、数据整理;马海龙:论文修改、数据整理分析;朱俊琛:论文修改、经费支持

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金资助项目(U19A2057);安徽省卫生健康科研项目(AHWJ2022b008)

National Natural Science Foundation of China (U19A2057); Health Research Project of Anhui Province (AHWJ2022b008)

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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