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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2025 Sep;39(9):1149–1154. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202506034

肌骨超声联合完全清醒技术在示指固有伸肌腱转位修复拇长伸肌腱断裂中的应用研究

Application of musculoskeletal ultrasound combined with Wide-Awake technique in extensor indicis proprius tendon transfer for repairing extensor pollicis longus tendon rupture

Xi YANG 1, Hua FAN 2, Xixiong SU 2, Xiang FANG 1, Yongqing XU 1, Xiaoqing HE 1,*
PMCID: PMC12440703  PMID: 40948005

Abstract

Objective

To explore effectiveness of musculoskeletal ultrasound combined with Wide-Awake technique in extensor indicis proprius tendon (EIP) transfer for repairing extensor pollicis longus tendon (EPL) rupture.

Methods

A clinical data of 20 patients with EPL spontaneous rupture, who were admitted between January 2019 and June 2024 and met the selective criteria, was retrospectively analyzed. During EIP transfer surgery, the musculoskeletal ultrasound-guided incision marking combined with Wide-Awake technique was used in combination group (n=10) and the tourniquet-assisted surgery under brachial plexus block anesthesia in the control group. There was no significant difference in the baseline data between groups (P>0.05), including gender, age, affected side, cause and location of tendon rupture, and time from injury to hospitalization. The accuracy of preoperative musculoskeletal ultrasound in predicting the actual tendon rupture site was evaluated in the combination group. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores during operation and at 6 hours after operation, total incision length, and postoperative complications were recorded. Surgical outcomes were assessed at 12 months after operation using the specific EIP-EPL evaluation method (SEEM), which included measurements of thumb elevation loss, thumb flexion loss, index finger dorsiflexion loss, and total score.

Results

In the combination group, the incision position marked by preoperative musculoskeletal ultrasound positioning was consistent with the actual tendon rupture position. Compared with the control group, the operation time and total incision length in the combination group were significantly shorter and the VAS score at 6 hours after operation was significantly higher (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss or intraoperative VAS score between groups (P>0.05). All incisions in both groups healed by first intention. Two patients in the control group developed swelling and blisters in the tourniquet area, which subsided spontaneously without special treatment. All patients were followed up 12-14 months, with an average of 12.5 months. The thumb dorsiflexion function of all patients recovered to varying degrees. At last follow-up, the thumb elevation loss in combination group was significantly lower than that in control group, and the total score was significantly higher (P<0.05); there was no significant difference in thumb flexion loss or index finger dorsiflexion loss between groups (P>0.05).

Conclusion

Musculoskeletal ultrasound can accurately locate the site of tendon rupture, assist the Wide-Awake technique in implementing precise anesthesia, and adjust tendon tension while reducing tissue trauma, with satisfactory effectiveness.

Keywords: Musculoskeletal ultrasound, Wide-Awake technique, tendon rupture, tendon transfer, hand


手部肌腱转位术是修复肌腱断裂的重要术式,其中拇长伸肌腱(extensor pollicis longus tendon,EPL)断裂常选择示指固有伸肌腱(extensor indicis proprius tendon,EIP)转位修复[1-2]。研究表明,肌腱张力调节是影响术后手指关节功能恢复的核心环节,张力过高可导致关节屈曲受限,过低则可能引发背伸无力[3-5]。传统手术多采用臂丛阻滞麻醉联合止血带,通过静态体位估计肌腱张力,调整依赖术者经验,难以实现实时校准,且存在止血带相关并发症发生风险。此外,缺乏精确术前定位和精准局部麻醉,难以实现“精准麻醉-微创操作”的协同。

完全清醒技术是局部注射含肾上腺素的局部麻醉药物(如利多卡因),在无需止血带情况下实现手术区域镇痛与止血,同时患者保持完全清醒并能主动配合完成肢体活动(如手指主动屈伸)[6-8]。该技术可在术中实时引导患者进行特定动作,为动态评估肌腱张力和精准调整提供直接依据[9-10]。肌骨超声对肌腱组织有较高分辨率,能准确定位断裂部位[11-13],为手术入路与麻醉部位确定提供影像学依据。目前,上述两种技术联合用于肌腱断裂修复报道较少。2019年开始我们采用肌骨超声联合完全清醒技术辅助EIP转位修复EPL断裂,现回顾分析患者临床资料,探讨联合应用价值。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患者纳入标准:① EPL自发性断裂;② 示指背伸功能完好且EIP存在;③ 能接受臂丛阻滞麻醉和局部浸润麻醉;④ 采用EIP转位修复EPL断裂。排除标准:① 存在手部缺血疾病或病史,包括硬皮病、雷诺综合征、杵状指等;② 随访时间未满1年或者失访。

2019年1月—2024年6月,共20 例患者符合选择标准纳入研究。修复术中10例采用肌骨超声联合完全清醒技术(联合组),10例采用臂丛阻滞麻醉联合上臂止血带(对照组)。两组患者性别、年龄、患指侧别、断裂原因、断裂区域、断裂至入院时间等基线资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1

表 1.

Comparison of baseline data between groups (n=10)

两组基线资料比较(n=10)

基线资料
Baseline data
联合组
Combination group
对照组
Control group
统计量
Statistical value
P
P value
性别(男/女,例) 6/4 4/6 0.328
年龄(x±s,岁) 40.50±11.75 44.70±10.41 t=−0.824 0.431
患指侧别(左/右,例) 3/7 4/6 0.500
断裂原因(慢性劳损/痛风结石/类风湿性关节炎/
桡骨远端骨折后遗症/固醇类药物注射后,例)
4/2/3/1/0 3/2/2/2/1 0.795
断裂区域(Ⅲ/Ⅳ/Ⅴ/Ⅵ/Ⅶ,例) 1/2/1/5/1 1/1/0/7/1 0.797
断裂至入院时间(x±s,周) 2.00±0.94 2.10±1.19 t=−0.190 0.853

1.2. 手术方法

1.2.1. 联合组

局部麻醉药物配制方法[6-7]:取1 mL浓度为1 mg/mL肾上腺素,加入99 mL生理盐水,制备1∶10万U肾上腺素溶液后取10 mL,按照1∶1比例与1%利多卡因混合,制备成20 mL含1∶20万U肾上腺素+0.5%利多卡因麻醉药物。

术前行肌骨超声定位肌腱断裂部位并标记体表位置。然后采用Hole-In-One注射方式[14]进行局部浸润麻醉。于标记区域皮下注射制备的麻醉药物,每个标记部位注射2~5 mL,药物总量控制在 15 mL以内,待20~30 min药物起效后消毒铺巾。首先,按照术前标记断裂位置作长约0.5 cm纵切口(第1个切口),显露EPL远侧断端,清创断端至正常组织。然后,在示指掌指关节背侧作长0.5~1.0 cm切口,显露并辨认EIP后,在腱帽近端切断。嘱患者活动示指,确认背伸功能存在。于第 3、4 伸肌腱间室处作长约1 cm切口,显露EIP近端,通过皮下隧道将其转移至第1个切口。于EPL中间尖刀劈开0.5 cm,将EIP穿入其中,缝线临时固定1针,嘱患者在腕关节屈曲10° 至背伸20° 范围内不同位置活动,伸展拇指评估肌腱张力,以背伸高度略大于健侧拇指为宜,同时结合患者主动活动时的主观反馈调整至无明显不适为止[9, 14]。使用2-0 Ethibond缝线通过Pulvertaft编织技术固定。嘱患者多次活动拇指,检查缝线稳定性。最后关闭切口。

1.2.2. 对照组

采用臂丛阻滞麻醉,上臂上止血带。于第1掌腕关节尺背侧作长1.0~2.0 cm弧形切口,探查肌腱断裂处,必要时向上、下延长切口。肌腱转位修复操作同联合组。在腕关节背伸 20° 位将拇指维持于完全伸展位,且背伸高度略高于其休息位水平,以此状态维持肌腱张力。

1.3. 术后处理及疗效评价指标

术后两组均以伸腕10° 及拇指外展、背伸位石膏固定,3周后拆除石膏开始拇指主动伸直、被动屈曲等活动,6周后行主动抗阻力练习。两组术后均常规采用口服药物镇痛管理;术后 6 h 内若疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)≥4 分则口服非甾体类抗炎药,疼痛缓解后停药。

观察联合组基于术前肌骨超声定位标记切口位置与术中确定的实际肌腱断裂位置是否相符。记录两组手术时间、术中出血量、术中实施麻醉30 min后及术后6 h VAS 评分、切口总长度(所有切口长度总和)以及术后并发症发生情况。术后12个月采用SEEM(specific EIP-EPL evaluation method)方法[15]评价疗效,包括拇指抬高丢失、拇指屈曲丢失、示指单独背伸丢失及总分4个方面。

1.4. 统计学方法

采用SPSS25.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验均符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验;计数资料组间比较采用Fisher确切概率法;检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

联合组基于术前肌骨超声定位标记切口位置与实际肌腱断裂位置均相符。联合组手术时间、切口总长度较对照组缩短,术后6 h VAS评分更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组术中出血量、术中VAS评分差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2。两组切口均Ⅰ期愈合;术后对照组2例出现止血带区域肿胀和水疱,未作处理后自行消退。

表 2.

Comparison of outcome indicators between groups (n=10, x±s)

两组结局指标比较(n=10,x±s

结局指标
Outcome indicator
联合组
Combination group
对照组
Control group
效应值(95%CI
Effect value (95%CI)
P
P value
手术时间(min) 19.80±3.52 26.30±3.65 MD=−6.50(−9.88,−3.12) 0.001
术中出血量(mL) 9.80±2.61 7.70±2.20 MD=2.10(−0.16,4.36) 0.069
切口总长度(cm) 3.01±0.11 4.20±0.12 MD=−1.19(−1.30,−1.09) 0.001
VAS评分
 术中 1.3±1.0 1.0±0.8 MD=0.30(−0.55,1.15) 0.460
 术后 2.6±1.7 1.0±1.1 MD=1.60(0.26,2.94) 0.023
SEEM评价
 拇指抬高丢失(cm) 0.80±0.63 1.80±0.79 MD=−1.00(−1.66,−0.34) 0.006
 拇指屈曲丢失(cm) 0.90±0.74 1.10±0.73 MD=−0.20(−0.86,0.46) 0.552
 示指单独背伸丢失(°) 4.10±2.68 3.40±3.30 MD=0.70(−2.13,3.53) 0.612
 总分 81.6±7.0 70.4±10.7 MD=11.20(2.70,19.70) 0.009

20例患者均获随访,随访时间12~14个月,平均12.5个月。患者拇指背伸功能获得不同程度恢复,末次随访时联合组拇指抬高丢失低于对照组,SEEM总分更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组拇指屈曲丢失、示指单独背伸丢失差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2图1

图 1.

A 58-year-old female patient with left EPL rupture in the combination group

联合组患者,女,58岁,左侧EPL断裂

a. 术前肌骨超声定位肌腱断裂部位(红圈);b. 术中根据定位标记切口,采用完全清醒技术于标记处分别实施麻醉;c. 术中肌腱转位并调整张力;d、e. 术中引导患者屈、伸拇指;f、g. 术后13个月拇指背伸及示指屈曲、拇指屈曲及示指背伸功能

a. Preoperative musculoskeletal ultrasound localization of tendon rupture site (red circle); b. Incision marking based on localization, with Wide-Awake technique used for anesthesia at the marked site; c. Tendon transfer and tension adjustment; d, e. Intraoperative guidance for patient to flex/extend the thumb; f, g. Thumb extension and index finger flexion status/thumb flexion and index finger extension status at 13 months after operation, respectively

图 1

3. 讨论

3.1. 肌骨超声定位特点和优势

肌骨超声基于高频声波的肌腱组织高分辨率成像能力,可有效提升肌腱损伤定性诊断敏感度[11, 16-17]。其高频线阵探头(频率≥10 MHz)对肌腱组织轴向分辨率达 0.1 mm,可清晰显示肌腱断端回缩距离、断端形态及周围瘢痕组织分布[18-19]。本研究中,联合组在肌骨超声辅助下标记EPL断裂体表投影,术中见切口位置与实际断裂位置完全吻合,且手术时间及切口总长度均较对照组明显缩短,分析原因为肌骨超声为手术入路设计提供了可靠影像学依据,精准定位避免传统手术中“盲目探查”导致的切口延长,同时减少探查时间消耗。

3.2. 完全清醒技术安全性

完全清醒技术兼具麻醉和止血作用。肾上腺素通过α受体激动作用收缩局部血管,使手术区域血流量减少,在无止血带下实现术野无血操作环境;利多卡因通过阻滞神经冲动传导发挥局部麻醉效应,两者协同作用使切口疼痛阈值提升,其术中安全性获得广泛认可[20-21]。本研究联合组在肌骨超声引导下精准麻醉,局部麻醉药物用量均在15 mL以内,减少毒性反应风险;同时单个切口长度控制在0.5~1.0 cm,避免大范围组织剥离。但是,联合组术后6 h VAS 评分高于对照组,分析可能与局部麻醉药代谢后切口疼痛暴露有关,而臂丛阻滞麻醉的长效阻滞作用可掩盖早期疼痛。我们认为这反映了局部麻醉药物代谢后患者真实疼痛状态,避免了长效阻滞掩盖早期并发症的问题。此外,两组术中VAS评分以及术中出血量差异无统计学意义,且联合组无止血带区域肿胀和水疱等并发症。

我们认为在肌腱转位手术中,肌骨超声联合完全清醒技术可满足手术镇痛和微创需求,同时术野无血特点使肌腱断端、转位通道等细微结构能清晰暴露,避免了使用止血带导致的并发症。

3.3. 完全清醒技术对肌腱张力调节的优势

拇指背伸功能恢复关键在于转位肌腱张力的适配度,张力过高会限制拇指屈曲活动,张力过低则可能导致拇指背伸力量减弱[222]。这种张力平衡的精准把控,正是完全清醒技术在术中实现动态调节的核心价值。

本研究末次随访时联合组SEEM 总分高于对照组,其中拇指抬高丢失明显低于对照组,表明拇指背伸功能更优,分析与完全清醒技术下的动态张力调节机制有关。该技术通过局部麻醉保留患者手指主动活动能力,术中可引导患者进行腕关节背伸-拇指伸展联动测试,这种动态评估方式较对照组静态调整更符合生理状态。肌肉主动牵伸下能观察肌腱实际滑动幅度,实现张力调节可控[23]。动态张力调节可使转位肌腱的生物力学匹配度提升,从而优化背伸功能。此外,腕关节活动造成拇指的被动屈伸。联合组术中患者能在不同腕关节位置下伸展拇指,以测试张力合适度,甚至可以与健侧拇指对比,更贴近真实生活的环境,满足患者个体化的需求,避免静态调整出现背伸张力不适宜的问题[24]

末次随访时两组拇指屈曲丢失、示指单独背伸丢失差异无统计学意义,主要原因可能包括:一方面是转位后的 EIP 作为替代肌腱,其自身生物力学特性与正常屈指肌腱存在固有差距,即使通过动态调节提高背伸张力,也难以弥补屈指力量不足,因此两组主动屈指时的拇指屈曲丢失无明显差异;另一方面,两组 EIP 转位手术路径、止点固定方式等核心操作完全一致,示指单独背伸功能主要依赖剩余肌腱代偿,与张力调节方式无关,故示指单独背伸丢失也无明显差异。

3.4. 注意事项

① 术前肌骨超声评估需要超声医生和术者沟通配合,以便精准定位肌腱断端,同时排除手部缺血疾病及无法配合者;② 麻醉规范:1% 利多卡因与 1∶10万U肾上腺素以 1∶1 配比,麻醉药物应用总量≤15 mL,避免注入肌腱实质;③ 清醒状态下反复、动态测试腕关节背伸-拇指伸展活动,以健侧为参照调整张力;④ 术后制定镇痛方案,密切观察切口迟发出血。

综上述,肌骨超声能准确定位肌腱断裂位置,辅助完全清醒技术精准确定实施麻醉范围并在减少组织创伤情况下调整肌腱张力,临床效果满意。然而,研究样本量较小,仅纳入自发性断裂患者,未研究其他肌腱或者组织的转位方法,需要进一步探索。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;课题经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经中国人民解放军联勤保障部队第九二〇医院伦理委员会批准[伦审2025-04(科)-080]

作者贡献声明 杨曦:研究设计、手术操作及数据统计分析,文章撰写;何晓清:研究构思及手术操作,对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;徐永清:对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;苏锡雄、范华:参与研究设计;方翔:数据收集整理及统计分析

Funding Statement

云南省卫生健康委员会临床中心建设任务项目(ZX2023001)

Clinical Center Construction Task of Yunnan Provincial Health Commission (ZX2023001)

References

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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