Abstract
Background
Siblings, who have the longest relationship with individuals with disabilities, may experience both negative and positive impacts. While some siblings face emotional challenges, others exhibit personal growth. The concept of resilience offers insight into these differing responses.
Objective
This study aims to analyze factors influencing the resilience of siblings of children with disabilities.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with 118 sibling-parent pairs from 7 special schools in Padang, Indonesia, using random sampling. Siblings completed 3 questionnaires: the Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised, a modified version of the Multidimensional Measure of Religiousness/Spirituality, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Parents completed a demographic form and the Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests, Mann-Whitney tests, and logistic regression with model diagnostics.
Results
Resilience was significantly associated with parenting style (P=.009), social support (P=.005), and spirituality (P=.001). In multivariate analysis, spirituality was the most influential predictor of high resilience (odds ratio [OR]=.39, 95% CI 0.17-0.94), followed by social support (OR=.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.83), and parenting style (OR=.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.83). The logistic regression model had a good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.821) and explained 39.2% of the variance in sibling resilience (Nagelkerke R²=0.392).
Conclusions
Spirituality played a key role in promoting resilience among siblings of children with disabilities. Nursing interventions should consider culturally grounded approaches that enhance spiritual, emotional, and family support systems to build resilience in this population.
Keywords: disability, children, sibling, spirituality, resilience
Introduction
The sibling relationship is one of the most intense and influential interpersonal bonds across the lifespan [1]. While much attention is given to parents and the child with the disability, siblings also endure significant emotional, social, and psychological impacts. Numerous studies have reported that siblings of children with disabilities face a higher risk of emotional distress, including anxiety and depression [2], low self-esteem [3], and poor psychosocial functioning [4]. In contrast, some siblings of children with chronic illnesses demonstrated greater empathy, altruism [5], independence, and responsibility [6]. This variation suggests the presence of internal and external factors that influence how siblings adapt and respond to stress.
One framework that helps explain these divergent outcomes is resilience theory [7]. Resilience is defined as the ability to function and develop in a healthy manner in the face of misfortune and stress [8]. Polk’s [7] resilience theory identifies 4 patterns that shape resilience: dispositional (eg, optimism), relational (eg, social support), situational (eg, coping context), and philosophical (eg, values and spirituality).
Although numerous studies have examined resilience in children with disabilities, far fewer have focused on the healthy siblings who live alongside them. Moreover, existing research often examines individual factors in isolation, without comparing their relative contribution to resilience within a culturally specific context. This represents a critical gap, particularly in non-Western settings where communal and spiritual values are deeply embedded in daily life.
This study aims to analyze multiple psychosocial and spiritual factors to identify which one has the strongest influence on the resilience of siblings of children with disabilities. The analysis is guided by Polk’s framework and grounded in the cultural context of Indonesian families.
Methods
Research Design
This study was cross-sectional study.
Sampling and Participants
The study used a simple random sampling method with a balanced representation across selected schools. First, a complete list of special schools (Sekolah Luar Biasa) in Padang was compiled. From this list, schools were randomly selected to ensure geographic and institutional diversity. Within each selected school, researchers identified eligible families based on the following inclusion criteria: (1) parents had more than 1 biological child, with at least 1 child formally diagnosed with a disability; (2) a sibling aged 7-17 years lived in the same household; and (3) both the sibling and their parent were able and willing to participate. Families were excluded if the sibling had a disability or chronic illness, or if cognitive or language barriers prevented questionnaire completion. To maintain balance, when a disabled child had more than 1 eligible sibling, 1 sibling was randomly chosen to participate, ensuring that each family contributed only 1 data point.
Instruments
This study used 5 instruments. Parents completed two questionnaires: (1) a demographic data questionnaire and (2) the Parenting Style and Dimensions Questionnaire. Siblings completed three questionnaires: (1) Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised; (2) Multidimensional Religiousness/Spirituality, modified linguistically for clarity with children (the instrument demonstrated acceptable validity, with item-total correlation coefficients ranging from 0.484 to 0.809, and good reliability, as indicated by a Cronbach α of .748); and (3) the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.
Data Collection
Data were collected from May to June 2023. The researcher and research asssistant assisted the siblings or parents who were having problems reading the questionnaire.
Data Analysis
Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney tests, chi-square or Fisher tests, and binary logistic regression (backward method) were applied. Model diagnostics included Nagelkerke R² and the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.
Ethical Considerations
Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Faculty of Nursing, University of Indonesia (KET-101/ UN2.F12.D1.2.1/PPM.00.02/2023). Written informed consent was collected from parents and assent from children aged 7-12 years. To guarantee privacy, the parent and sibling questionnaires were completed in separate locations. In addition, to maintain anonymity and confidentiality, the questionnaires were coded.
Results
Participant Profile
The study included a total of 118 sibling-parent pairs participated (Table 1).
Table 1.
Participant profile (N=118).
| Characteristics | Value | |
| Gender of sibling, n (%) |
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Male | 67 (56.8) |
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Female | 51 (43.2) |
| Parenting style, n (%) |
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Democratic | 109 (92.4) |
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Authoritarian | 6 (5.1) |
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Permissive | 3 (2.5) |
| Social support, n (%) |
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High | 90 (76.3) |
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Intermediate | 28 (23.7) |
| Age gap (years), median (min-max) | 4 (0-12) | |
| Age category of sibling, n (%) |
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School age | 26 (22) |
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Adolescent | 92 (78) |
| Knowledge, n (%) |
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Understand | 115 (97.5) |
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Do not understand | 3 (2.5) |
| Birth order of sibling, n (%) |
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Firstborn child | 47 (39.8) |
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Middle child | 34 (28.8) |
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Youngest child | 37 (31.4) |
| Type of disability of sibling, n (%) |
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Physical | 2 (1.7) |
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Intellectual | 71 (60.2) |
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Mental | 18 (15.3) |
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Sensory | 27 (22.9) |
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Multiple | 0 (0) |
| Spirituality, n (%) |
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High spirituality | 71 (58.7) |
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Low spirituality | 47 (41.3) |
Resilience
Table 2 shows that 71 out of 118 (60.2%) of siblings had high resilience levels.
Table 2.
Resilience of siblings (N=118).
| Resilience | Participants, n (%) |
| High | 71 (60.2) |
| Low | 47 (39.8) |
The Relationship of Dependent and Independent Variables
In bivariate analysis (Table 3), resilience was significantly associated with parenting style (P=.009), social support (P=.005), and spirituality (P=.001).
Table 3.
Relationship between independent variable and resilience (N=118).
| Variable | High resilience, n (%) | Low resilience, n (%) | P value | ORa | 95% CI | ||||||
| Genderb | |||||||||||
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Male | 42 (62.7) | 25 (37.3) | .65 | 1.27 | 0.61-2.68 | |||||
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Female | 29 (56.9) | 22 (43.1) |
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| Age groupb | |||||||||||
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School age | 14 (53.8) | 12 (46.2) | .60 | 0.72 | 0.30-1.72 | |||||
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Adolescent | 57 (62) | 35 (38) |
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| Parenting stylec | |||||||||||
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Democratic | 70 (64.2) | 39 (35.8) | .009d | —e | — | |||||
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Authoritarian | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) |
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Permissive | 0 (0) | 3 (100) |
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| Birth orderb | |||||||||||
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Firstborn child | 31 (66) | 16 (34) | .22 | — | — | |||||
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Middle child | 22 (64.7) | 12 (35.3) |
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Youngest child | 18 (48.6) | 19 (51.4) |
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| Social supportb | |||||||||||
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High | 61 (67.8) | 29 (32.3) | .005d | 0.26 | 0.11-0.64 | |||||
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Moderate | 10 (35.7) | 18 (64.3) |
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| Knowledgeb | |||||||||||
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Know | 70 (60.9) | 45 (39.1) | .56 | 3.11 | 0.27-35.32 | |||||
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Do not know | 1 (33.3) | 2 (66.7) |
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| Socioeconomicb | |||||||||||
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High income | 32 (64) | 18 (36) | .59 | 0.76 | 0.36-1.60 | |||||
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Low income | 39 (57.4) | 29 (42.6) |
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| Type of disabilityc | |||||||||||
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Physical | 1 (50) | 1 (50) | .97 | — | — | |||||
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Intellectual | 42 (59.2) | 29 (40.8) |
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Mental | 10 (55.6) | 9 (44.4) |
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Sensory | 18 (66.7) | 9 (33.3) |
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| Spiritualityb | |||||||||||
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High | 52 (73.2) | 19 (26.8) | .001d | 0.25 | 0.11-0.54 | |||||
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Low | 19 (40.4) | 28 (59.6) |
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| Age gapf | — | — | .99 | — | — | ||||||
aOR: odds ratio.
bChi-square analysis.
cFisher analysis.
dStatistically significant (P<.05).
eNot applicable.
f Mann-Whitney analysis.
Factors Influencing Resilience
Multivariate logistic regression (Table 4) showed that spirituality, social support, and parenting style were significant predictors of sibling resilience. Children with high spirituality were 61% less likely to have low resilience (OR=0.39, 95% CI 0.17-0.94, P=.04), while those with strong social support had 69% lower odds (OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.12-0.83, P=.02). Democratic parenting showed the strongest effect, with a 91% reduction in odds of low resilience (OR=0.09, 95% CI 0.01-0.83, P=.03). All confidence intervals excluded 1, confirming statistical significance. The model showed good fit (Hosmer-Lemeshow p=0.821) and explained 39.2% of variance (Nagelkerke R²=0.392).
Table 4.
Logistic regression of factors influencing resilience (N=118).
| Variable | B | SE | Wald | P value | ORa | 95% CI |
| Spirituality | –0.93 | 0.44 | 4.44 | .04 | 0.39 | 0.17-0.94 |
| Social support | –1.16 | 0.50 | 5.41 | .02 | 0.31 | 0.12-0.83 |
| Parenting style | –2.41 | 1.13 | 4.51 | .03 | 0.09 | 0.01-0.83 |
| Constant | 1.36 | 0.31 | 19.87 | <.001 | 3.90 | —b |
aOR: odds ratio.
bNot applicable.
Discussion
Principal Findings
This study identified spirituality, perceived social support, and parenting style as significant factors of resilience among siblings of children with disabilities. According to Polk’s [7] resilience theory, resilience arises from the interaction of 4 patterns: dispositional (personal traits), relational (supportive relationships), situational (contextual coping), and philosophical (belief systems and values). The significant factors found in this study align closely with these domains.
Consistent with prior research, parenting style was significantly associated with child resilience. Previous studies have shown that parenting style is significantly associated with resilience, particularly among adolescents from low-income families [9] and those with posttraumatic symptoms [10]. Democratic parenting aligns with the relational pattern, offering both structure and warmth that foster emotional security and adaptive functioning. This also aligns with studies showing that positive parenting practices foster behavioral health in youth facing stress or developmental challenges [11].
Social support, another component of the relational pattern, also contributed significantly, especially support from family. High levels of perceived family support have been associated with better emotional regulation and problem-solving skills in children facing adversity. In collectivist cultures such as Indonesia, the role of extended family and community support tends to be stronger than in Western contexts, making this finding culturally meaningful. This is consistent with findings from adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Indonesia, where strong family support was shown to enhance resilience, reduce stress, and promote adaptive coping in managing psychosocial and physical challenges [12].
Spirituality, within the framework of Polk’s philosophical resilience pattern, emerged as the most influential factor in this study. It is viewed as a developmental process that begins in childhood and evolves over time [13]. Among the Minangkabau community of West Sumatra, spirituality is deeply embedded in daily life through prayer, rituals, and communal religious practices. Central to this integration is the cultural philosophy Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah, which harmonizes Islamic teachings with local tradition and informs core values such as mutual cooperation, deliberation, respect for elders, and discipline. These values are transmitted through both formal education and traditional learning institutions like surau, contributing to the moral and spiritual formation of children [14]. In this context, spirituality functions as a culturally grounded interpretive framework, enabling children to find meaning in life events and adversity. In this context, spirituality functions as a culturally grounded interpretive framework, enabling children to find meaning in life events and adversity [15]. The strong role of spirituality in this study aligns with Polk’s philosophical resilience pattern and reflects its cultural embeddedness.
Beyond this local context, research shows that adolescents’ spirituality is shaped by culturally specific moral frameworks, such as the “ethic of divinity” in religious societies [16]. Additionally, existential concerns, whether spiritual, religious, or secular, affect mental health across cultures, including in secular settings like Denmark [17]. Studies have shown that spiritual distress is common among vulnerable groups, such as young female cancer survivors [18]. These findings support the integration of existential and spiritual dimensions into psychosocial care for families managing chronic conditions.
These findings affirm Polk’s theoretical proposition that resilience is multidimensional, shaped by internal capacities, external relationships, contextual realities, and personal belief systems. Future studies should examine how these domains interact across diverse cultural and developmental contexts.
Nursing Implications
Health care professionals should incorporate culturally sensitive, resilience-based interventions into early childhood and family care. Structured programs focusing on spirituality, parenting, and social support may help strengthen sibling resilience.
Limitations
This cross-sectional study, limited to 1 urban site, restricts causal interpretation and generalizability. Additional limitations include reliance on self-reports and limited analysis of variables such as age, gender, disability type, and birth order. Broader, longitudinal studies are needed.
Conclusions
Spirituality, social support, and parenting style are key resilience predictors among siblings of children with disabilities. Interventions should integrate culturally embedded spiritual and family support systems.
Acknowledgments
The authors gratefully acknowledge Universitas Indonesia for publication funding through the PUTI Pascasarjana Grant 2023, the respondents who participated in this study, and the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (Lembaga Pengelola Dana Pendidikan) for providing a scholarship that supported the first author during the course of study.
Footnotes
Conflicts of Interest: None declared.
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