Wrist-Ankle Acupuncture Relieves Postoperative Pain After Milligan-Morgan Hemorrhoidectomy for Mixed Hemorrhoids: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial

Abstract

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of wrist-ankle acupuncture in alleviating postoperative pain in patients undergoing Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy for mixed hemorrhoids.

Patients and Methods

A total of 124 patients who underwent Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy for mixed hemorrhoids at our center between January 2024 and December 2024 were randomly assigned to two groups (62 patients in each group). The control group received postoperative patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA), whereas the treatment group received wrist-ankle acupuncture in addition to PCIA. Pain relief was assessed at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively. Additional outcomes included PCIA usage, frequency of rescue analgesia for pain, and the incidence of postoperative complications.

Results

The treatment group exhibited significantly lower Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) pain scores than the control group starting at 12 h postoperatively (P < 0.05). By 24 h, both PCIA usage and the frequency of rescue analgesia were significantly reduced in the treatment group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of constipation and urinary retention was also lower in the treatment group (P < 0.05). No adverse events occurred in either group.

Conclusion

Wrist-ankle acupuncture is a safe and effective adjunct for postoperative analgesia following Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. It significantly alleviates pain, lowers the incidence of constipation and urinary retention, and is not associated with any adverse effects.

Introduction

Mixed hemorrhoids, which involve both internal and external components, are a common clinical condition resulting from degeneration of anal cushion tissues, vascular hyperplasia, varicose veins, and other factors. This term is commonly used in Chinese clinical practice to describe such combined presentations. Key symptoms include bleeding, pain, and anal discomfort, which often recur and significantly impair patients’ quality of life.¹ Hemorrhoidal disease is the most common anorectal disease, with a prevalence of about 4.4% in the general population, peaking in individuals aged 45–65 years.² Surgical intervention, particularly the Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, is typically considered when conservative treatments fail. Although various pain management protocols have been developed and proven effective, postoperative pain remains the most common complication.³ This persistence of pain may be partly due to the inherent limitations and adverse effects of conventional analgesics, such as opioids and NSAIDs, which can cause nausea, drowsiness, gastrointestinal irritation, and, in some cases, drug dependence.^4,5 Studies indicate that 65% of patients experience moderate to severe pain after surgery for hemorrhoidal disease.⁶ Postoperative pain may also lead to complications such as urinary retention, constipation, prolonged hospitalization, and increased medical costs.⁷ In severe cases, it may even trigger cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, significantly worsening postoperative recovery.⁸

Wrist-ankle acupuncture, a characteristic therapy of traditional Chinese medicine, alleviates pain through subcutaneous superficial stimulation of specific acupoints around the ankle based on the theory of the Three Yin and Three Yang meridians.⁹ To further investigate the efficacy of wrist-ankle acupuncture in improving postoperative pain in patients with mixed hemorrhoids undergoing Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy, our research team applied this technique postoperatively. Results demonstrated that wrist-ankle acupuncture significantly reduced postoperative pain, decreased the usage of PCIA, minimized the need for rescue analgesics, and exhibited notable therapeutic benefits with a high safety profile.

Patients and Methods

This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial. A total of 124 patients undergoing Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy for mixed hemorrhoids at Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, between January 2024 and December 2024 were enrolled. Participants were randomized using a random number table method into two groups:

(1) Treatment group (n = 62): 31 males, 31 females; age range 24–67 years, mean age 41.32 ± 11.18 years.

(2) Control group (n = 62): 29 males, 33 females; age range 25–67 years, mean age 38.09 ± 19.97 years.

No statistically significant differences were observed in baseline characteristics (age, sex, disease duration) between the two groups (P > 0.05), ensuring comparability. All subjects have signed informed consent forms.

Diagnostic Criteria

The diagnostic criteria were based on the Chinese Clinical Practice Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hemorrhoidal Disease (2020), issued by The Coloproctology Society of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine.¹⁰

In Chinese clinical practice, mixed hemorrhoids refer to hemorrhoids with both internal and external components, presenting with symptoms such as bleeding, prolapse, anal distention, and pain. In this study, all cases met the criteria for Goligher grade III or IV hemorrhoidal disease, which are generally indicated for Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy:

Clinical Manifestations

Mixed hemorrhoids refer to hemorrhoids with both internal and external components, presenting with symptoms such as bleeding, prolapse, anal distention, and pain.

Diagnostic Basis

1. Symptoms: Hematochezia, prolapsed hemorrhoids (spontaneous or requiring manual reduction), anal discomfort, pruritus, or pain.

2. Visual inspection: Protruding masses at the anal verge or dentate line.

3. Digital rectal examination: Soft masses palpable within the anal canal, with loss of the intersphincteric groove.

4. Anoscopy confirmation.

Diagnosis required fulfillment of at least two criteria.

Inclusion Criteria

1. Aged 18–60 years.

2. Diagnosed with mixed hemorrhoids and experiencing postoperative anal pain after Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy.

3. Voluntarily participated and provided written informed consent.

4. Able to cooperate with nurses for Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) assessments.

5. NRS score≥4.

6. Intact skin at wrist-ankle acupuncture sites (no redness, scars, or lesions).

7. Postoperative use of PCIA.

Exclusion Criteria

1. Concurrent anorectal surgeries (eg, anal fissure, fistula, rectal polyp, perianal abscess, colonic polyp, or colorectal lesions).

2. Severe comorbidities (cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, hepatic, renal, or hematopoietic disorders).

3. Communication barriers or noncompliance.

4. Use of additional analgesics beyond PCIA.

5. Needle phobia.

6. Psychiatric disorders impairing study participation.

7. Pregnancy or suspected pregnancy.

Treatment

Type of Anesthesia

All surgeries were performed under spinal anesthesia.

Surgical Technique

All patients underwent conventional Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy performed by experienced colorectal surgeons. The hemorrhoidal tissue was grasped and excised using scissors, with care taken to preserve adequate mucocutaneous bridges between excision sites to prevent anal stenosis. The vascular pedicle was ligated with absorbable sutures, and the wound edges were trimmed to ensure hemostasis. No energy devices, laser, or diathermic techniques were used in this series.

Control Group

PCIA was initiated immediately postoperatively and discontinued at 48 h. The PCIA protocol consisted of sufentanil (2 μg/kg) and ondansetron (8 mg) diluted in 300 mL normal saline, administered via continuous infusion at 2 mL/h. Patients could self-administer a 0.5 mL bolus dose as needed, with a lockout interval of 15 minutes. Routine postoperative pain management included: active listening to patients’ concerns and providing reassurance; distraction techniques (eg, music therapy); encouraging self-reporting of pain and guided relaxation; and protecting the surgical incision during activity to avoid irritation.

Treatment Group

In addition to the control group’s interventions, wrist-ankle acupuncture was applied:Initial treatment: Administered at 6 h postoperatively (after anesthesia wore off and lower limb sensation returned). Subsequent treatments: Performed on postoperative days 1 and 2, with needles retained for 8 h each session.

Acupoint Selection: Lower Zone 6 was selected bilaterally based on the anatomical principles of wrist-ankle zoning. Anatomical boundaries: Below the transverse line defined by the xiphoid process and costal margins, approximating the diaphragm. Laterality: Followed the principle of “left disease treated on the left, right disease on the right”. Procedure: The patient was placed in the supine position. After skin disinfection, 30-gauge, 1.5 cun (approximately 40 mm) filiform needles were inserted at a 30° angle into the subcutaneous layer at bilateral Lower Zone 6 points to a depth of 1.4 cun (approximately 38 mm). No manipulation (lifting, thrusting, or rotating) was performed, in order to avoid the deqi sensation. (Figure 1)

Figure 1.

Clinical photograph of a patient undergoing wrist-ankle acupuncture treatment following Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy.

Outcome Measures

Pain Assessment

Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) scores were evaluated at 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postoperatively.

Baseline Assessment

Conducted at 6 h postoperatively (after anesthesia wore off and lower limb sensation returned) prior to wrist-ankle acupuncture.

PCIA Usage

Rescue analgesia doses (bolus attempts), onset time, and duration of analgesia were recorded during the first three assessments (6 h, 12 h, 24 h).Residual PCIA solution volume was measured at 48 h postoperatively to calculate total self-administered rescue doses.

Complications

Incidence of constipation, urinary retention, and nausea/vomiting within 6–72 h postoperatively.

Constipation

Defined as persistent difficulty in defecation, sensation of incomplete evacuation, or reduced bowel movement frequency. Difficulty in defecation: Characterized by small stool volume, hard stools, prolonged or straining defecation, sensation of incomplete evacuation, or requiring manual assistance. Reduced bowel movement frequency: Fewer than three bowel movements per week or prolonged absence of bowel urgency.

Urinary Retention

Defined as postoperative inability to spontaneously empty the bladder, manifested as frequent urination, oliguria (scanty urine output), delayed micturition, or incomplete bladder emptying.

Statistical Methods

Data analysis was performed using SPSS 23.0. Continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). The t-test was applied for normally distributed data, while the Mann-Whitney U-test (non-parametric rank-sum test) was used for non-normally distributed data. Categorical variables were analyzed with the chi-square (χ²) test. A P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Comparison of NRS Scores Between Two Groups of Patients

Wrist-ankle acupuncture could improve postoperative pain score (NRS). (Table 1)

Table 1.

Postoperative Pain Scores (NRS)

Group	n	6 h	12 h	24 h	48 h	72 h
Treatment	62	0.92 ± 1.55	1.85 ± 1.02	2.05 ± 1.56	1.95 ± 0.61	1.74 ± 0.57
Control	62	0.69 ± 1.54	3.19 ± 1.52	4.03 ± 1.13	4.40 ± 1.11	4.39 ± 1.22

Notes: At 6 h, there was no significant difference in NRS scores between the two groups (P > 0.05). At 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h, the treatment group showed significantly lower NRS scores compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Comparison of PCIA Usage Between Two Groups of Patients

Wrist-ankle acupuncture could decrease PCIA Usage. (Table 2)

Table 2.

PCIA Usage

Group	n	6 h	12 h	24 h	48 h
Treatment	62	10.69 ± 4.47	24.16 ± 7.51	41.65 ± 11.18	60.63 ± 25.88
Control	62	11.59 ± 5.19	25.53 ± 9.05	55.79 ± 15.87	79.32 ± 10.58

Notes: No significant difference in PCIA usage was observed between the treatment and control groups at 6 h and 12 h (P > 0.05). However, PCIA usage in the treatment group was significantly reduced compared to the control group at 24 h and 48 h (P < 0.05).

Comparison of Frequency of Rescue Analgesia Doses Between Two Groups of Patients

Wrist-ankle acupuncture could reduce frequency of rescue analgesia doses. (Table 3)

Table 3.

Frequency of Rescue Analgesia Doses

Group	n	6 h	12 h	24 h	48 h	72 h
Treatment	62	0.00 ± 0.00	1.26 ± 0.40	1.27±0.40	1.39 ± 0.49	0.00 ± 0.00
Control	62	1.24 ± 0.43	2.69 ± 0.50	4.58±1.21	4.21 ± 1.18	3.95 ± 0.49

Notes: The frequency of rescue analgesia doses did not differ significantly between groups at 6 h and 12 h (P > 0.05). The treatment group required significantly fewer rescue doses than the control group at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h (P < 0.05).

Comparison of Incidence of Postoperative Constipation and Urinary Retention Between Two Groups of Patients

Wrist-ankle acupuncture could lower incidence of postoperative constipation and urinary retention. (Table 4)

Table 4.

Incidence of Postoperative Constipation and Urinary Retention

Group	n	Constipation	Urinary Retention
Treatment	62	0.29 ± 0.45	0.40 ± 0.53
Control	62	2.24 ± 0.59	1.11 ± 0.73

Notes: The incidence of both constipation and urinary retention in the treatment group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05).

Adverse Events

No postoperative complications, such as nausea and vomiting, occurred in either group during the treatment period.

Discussion

Hemorrhoidal disease is a common anorectal condition with a rising incidence across all age groups, and advanced cases frequently require surgical intervention for definitive treatment.² Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy remains a widely used and effective procedure; however, postoperative pain continues to be a major and challenging complication.¹¹ Even with timely administration of analgesics, complete pain relief is rarely achieved, which can hinder recovery, reduce patient satisfaction, and increase healthcare burden.¹²

Postoperative pain following Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy is multifactorial. (1) Surgical trauma from excision of diseased tissue leaves open wounds, resulting in localized nociceptive stimulation. (2) Defecation-related pain—often described as tearing or burning—can heighten patient anxiety, promote sustained anal sphincter contraction, and intensify discomfort after bowel movements. (3) Infection at the surgical site may trigger inflammatory nociceptive pathways, as supported by previous studies. (4) Edema related to intraoperative manipulation, stool characteristics, or premature physical activity can exacerbate pain and increase the risk of bleeding or delayed wound healing.³

Wrist-ankle acupuncture, based on traditional Chinese medicine theories of the Twelve Cutaneous Regions and the Three Yin and Three Yang meridians, involves subcutaneous stimulation of designated zones on the wrists and ankles to regulate visceral function, improve qi and blood circulation, and relieve pain.^13–17 Proposed analgesic mechanisms include activation of cutaneous nerve endings to modulate central and peripheral neural pathways, promotion of β-endorphin release, and reduction of serum serotonin (5-HT) levels.^18–20 This technique offers several advantages—minimal invasiveness, low cost, and good patient tolerance—that make it an attractive adjunct in postoperative pain management.^9,14,21–24

Our study demonstrates that wrist-ankle acupuncture safely and effectively reduces postoperative pain (as measured by NRS scores), decreases PCIA usage and the frequency of rescue analgesia doses, and lowers the incidence of constipation and urinary retention without adverse events such as nausea or vomiting. These findings are consistent with prior evidence showing that acupuncture or acupuncture-point stimulation can improve postoperative pain control and reduce opioid consumption in surgical patients.²⁵ A systematic review and meta-analysis confirmed the opioid-sparing effect of acupuncture across multiple surgical contexts, including hemorrhoidectomy, further supporting its role in multimodal pain management.⁹ In addition, broader non-pharmacological interventions—such as acupuncture, mind-body approaches, and patient education—have been shown to enhance recovery by reducing pain intensity, decreasing opioid reliance, and improving functional outcomes.^26–28

Taken together, our findings add to the existing evidence by confirming the efficacy of wrist-ankle acupuncture in the context of Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy. However, as this was a single-center study, future research with standardized protocols and multicenter trials is warranted to improve reproducibility and facilitate cross-cultural applicability.

Conclusion

In conclusion, wrist-ankle acupuncture appears to be a safe, well-tolerated, and effective adjunct for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing conventional Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy performed with scissors. In our cohort, this technique not only alleviated pain intensity but also reduced the incidence of common postoperative complications—specifically constipation and urinary retention—without notable adverse effects. Given its simplicity, minimal invasiveness, and low cost, wrist-ankle acupuncture may represent a valuable complement to existing multimodal analgesia protocols. Nevertheless, differences in surgical practice, perioperative pathways, and cultural acceptance of acupuncture should be taken into account when extrapolating these findings. Future high-quality, multicenter randomized controlled trials in diverse populations are warranted to validate its efficacy, refine treatment protocols, and promote broader clinical adoption.

Funding Statement

This work was funded by Shanghai Nursing Association 2023 Research Project (Grant number: 2023MS-B06); National Development Program for Dominant Specialties of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Nursing) (Grant number: ZYZK011-001).

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. It was reviewed and approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Approval No. 2024LCSY028). The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR), WHO Primary Registry, with the registration number ChiCTR2400085599. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrollment.

Consent for Publication

All the listed authors have carefully reviewed and approved this manuscript. We all agree to submit it to Journal of Pain Research for publication and are aware of and accept the journal’s publication policies.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.