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American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine logoLink to American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine
. 2025 Sep 24:15598276251381252. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1177/15598276251381252

Lifestyle Medicine and Behavioral Health: A Time for Deeper Integration

Steven Mauro 1,✉, MaryEllen Eller 2, Ron Stout 3
PMCID: PMC12460265  PMID: 41018727

Abstract

Mental health in the United States faces a mounting crisis, with rising prevalence, inadequate outcomes from pharmacologic treatments, and compounding social and environmental stressors. Traditional care models often neglect the biopsychosocial factors that shape psychological well-being, underscoring the need for a deeper integration of lifestyle medicine and behavioral health. Lifestyle interventions including nutrition, physical activity, sleep hygiene, stress resilience, social connection, and reduction of harmful substance use are biologically active treatments that influence neuroplasticity, inflammation, circadian rhythms, and emotional regulation. Framing these as first-line, rather than adjunctive, interventions repositions them at the center of mental healthcare. Behavioral health professionals are uniquely positioned to facilitate this shift through therapeutic alliance, motivational interviewing, psychoeducation, and interprofessional collaboration. Clinical integration requires systematic assessment of lifestyle domains, incorporation into psychotherapeutic modalities, and deployment within community and digital platforms to enhance access and adherence. Emerging fields such as lifestyle psychiatry, positive psychology, and community-based health models highlight the promise of synergistic care that addresses meaning, purpose, and connectedness. By embedding lifestyle medicine into behavioral health practice, clinicians can foster resilience, reduce disease burden, and expand the scope of preventive and therapeutic strategies, advancing whole-person care for individuals and communities.

Keywords: behavioral health, collaborative care, community as medicine, lifestyle medicine, lifestyle psychiatry, primary care, whole-person care

“Behavioral therapy is central to the system transformation needed for lifestyle medicine infused whole-person care to flourish in the clinical setting.”

Introduction

Healthcare in the United States excels at treating disease, but often overlooks holistic well-being. The focus is usually on individual, siloed physical conditions, with less consideration given to psychological health and its influence on overall physiology. 1 The current state of mental health in the United States is reaching crisis proportions. Rates of mental illness are rising, with estimates suggesting that more than 60% of Americans will experience a diagnosable mental health condition during their lifetime. 2 Suicide rates continue to climb, highlighting the urgency of this growing epidemic. 3 Social isolation, financial stressors, and fragmentation of community structures accelerate these trends. 4

Billions of dollars are invested in pharmaceutical development and prescriptions intended to reduce the burden of mental illness 5 ; none the less, outcomes are inadequate. Medication-resistant disease processes are increasingly common, 6 with patients continuing to suffer despite multiple therapeutic trials.

It is time for a vital shift in mental healthcare. Licensed mental health clinicians and psychologists are uniquely positioned to partner with primary care providers to facilitate the shift. This can be done by moving lifestyle medicine (sometimes referred to as facilitated self-care) from the margins to the center of practice and addressing the full biopsychosocial reality of anxiety, depression, and related conditions.7,8 This shift does not abandon existing modalities, but enriches them with the science of behavior change and the healing power of daily habits. 9

The American Lifestyle: A Perfect Storm for Illness

Modern lifestyles create conditions that reinforce chronic disease and mental illness. Diets high in sugar and ultra-processed foods, sedentary routines, inadequate hydration, limited sunlight exposure, and nutrient deficiencies all contribute to poor mental and physical health.10-12 Toxin exposure from tobacco, vaping, cannabis, air pollution, and excess alcohol has been normalized in many communities.13-15 These risks are compounded by poor sleep hygiene, chronic stress, and limited movement and lack of social connection.16-18

While many clinicians recognize these challenges, they are often ill-equipped to provide structured and sustainable interventions. 19 Patients have been conditioned to prefer the perceived simplicity of a pill to the sustained effort of lifestyle change. 20 This tension underscores the need for clinicians to build therapeutic alliances, employing motivational interviewing and collaborative goal-setting to foster insight and long-term behavior change. 21

Lifestyle Interventions as Foundational Treatments

Lifestyle interventions are not secondary or adjunctive. Physical activity, sleep hygiene, nutrition, social connection, and stress resilience are biologically active treatments, profoundly impactful on brain chemistry, inflammation, neuroplasticity, and circadian regulation.22-26 These domains are foundational to emotional and cognitive health. Framing them as first-line interventions changes how clients engage with their care and how providers integrate these tools into therapy. 11

Rethinking the Framework: Multifactorial Origins of Mental Illness

The etiology of mental illness is multifactorial, reflecting the interplay of genetic vulnerability, psychosocial stressors, co-occurring chronic medical conditions, and lifestyle-related factors. 27 Adverse childhood experiences, socioeconomic instability, and chronic illness create fertile ground for the development of psychiatric conditions. 28 Against this backdrop, suboptimal lifestyle-related factors, including poor nutrition, physical inactivity, disrupted sleep, toxin exposure, and unaddressed stress, compound vulnerability and hinder recovery.23,25,26

Evaluating both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is essential for designing effective interventions. The principles of lifestyle medicine are uniquely positioned to complement traditional behavioral therapy: by directly addressing modifiable factors, lifestyle interventions can serve as preventive and therapeutic strategies for mental health. 29 The linkage between lifestyle medicine and behavioral health is profound, necessitating that both lifestyle medicine and behavioral health practitioners become knowledgeable and proficient in providing collaborative, synergistic care.

Behavior Change in Practice

Motivational interviewing bridges insight and action, eliciting intrinsic motivation and reinforcing autonomy. 21 A client expressing the desire for “more energy to be with my children” is articulating a lifestyle goal grounded in identity and purpose. Interprofessional collaboration is essential. Behavioral health providers can co-manage with lifestyle-trained clinicians, physicians, dietitians, health coaches, sleep specialists, and exercise physiologists. 29 Shared care models distribute responsibility while ensuring holistic support.

Psychoeducation strengthens engagement. Explaining the physiology of stress, gut-brain communication, or the impact of cortisol on mood reframes lifestyle practices as biologically grounded interventions rather than vague recommendations.30,31 Therapist modeling matters as well. Providers who embody sleep, movement, and nourishment in their own lives normalize setbacks and build credibility through authenticity. 32

Clinical Integration

Routine assessment of lifestyle factors should occur alongside evaluating mood and thought patterns. Validated tools such as the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep, 33 the Lifestyle Medicine Assessment tool, 34 and structured activity questionnaires can be embedded into intake and follow-up visits. Clinicians offering virtual lifestyle medicine services through partnerships with platforms like Nudj Health, are reporting significant improvements in key mental and cardiometabolic health outcomes. 35 Technology, apps, wearables, and digital goal-setting platforms, can reinforce accountability, making incremental progress visible and strengthening self-efficacy. 36

Emerging behavioral health research supports the benefits of lifestyle optimization demonstrating improvements in mood, cognition, and resilience with interventions such as plant-forward diets, structured exercise, sleep regulation, stress management practices, and reduction of harmful substance use.22,24,37-39 However, further research is needed to refine questions of dose, frequency, and individualized tailoring of interventions across specific mental health conditions. 8

Lifestyle medicine can be integrated within psychotherapeutic frameworks. In CBT, distorted beliefs such as “I don’t have time to care for myself” can be explored. 40 In ACT, values clarification links health behaviors to meaning and purpose. 41 In psychodynamic therapy, unconscious blocks such as shame or self-neglect may be reframed through lifestyle choices. In family systems therapy, nutrition, rest, and activity often illuminate and reshape relational dynamics. 42

The convergence of lifestyle medicine and behavioral therapy opens new frontiers in whole-person health, particularly in mental health promotion and chronic disease management. This integration recognizes that psychological well-being and physical health are deeply intertwined, and that sustainable change arises from addressing both simultaneously. Key areas of intersection are emerging. Examples of these intersections include lifestyle psychiatry, which highlights the role of behavioral factors in mental health; positive psychology, which emphasizes interventions that cultivate resilience and flourishing; and meaning, purpose, and spirituality, which provide motivational and existential frameworks for health and healing. These domains enhanced by Community as Medicine can grow into a synthesis that enriches both clinical practice and research.

Lifestyle Psychiatry

Lifestyle psychiatry is an emerging field that applies the principles of lifestyle medicine such as nutrition, exercise, sleep, and social connection to the prevention and treatment of mental illness. Research demonstrates that modifiable behaviors are not only protective but can also serve as adjunctive or primary interventions for conditions such as depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline.43,44 For example, structured exercise programs have shown antidepressant effects comparable to pharmacotherapy, while dietary interventions such as the Mediterranean diet have been associated with reduced depressive symptoms. 43 By integrating behavioral strategies with psychiatric care, lifestyle psychiatry provides an evidence-based, patient-centered approach that expands the therapeutic toolbox beyond medication alone. 44

Recenting this framework has begun to include connectedness as a core domain of care. 44 Connectedness encompasses meaning, compassion, social relationships, spirituality, and engagement with nature, each of which plays a critical role in promoting resilience and psychological well-being. 45 By positioning these elements alongside nutrition, sleep, and physical activity, lifestyle psychiatry acknowledges the full spectrum of human experience in shaping mental health outcomes.

Positive Psychology

Positive psychology complements lifestyle medicine by enhancing meaning, and resilience. 46 Interventions such as gratitude journaling, fostering optimism, and cultivating character strengths, improve subjective well-being and buffer against mental illness.46-48 When integrated with lifestyle interventions like physical activity or social engagement, positive psychology strategies enhance adherence and reinforce sustainable change by linking health behaviors to intrinsic rewards. 47 This synergy promotes not just the absence of disease but the flourishing of individuals and communities.

A flourishing-oriented model aligns with the broader goals of lifestyle medicine by positioning health as a process of thriving rather than simply surviving. Studies demonstrate that positive psychology practices can reduce physiological stress markers, enhance immune function, and support cardiovascular health, thereby complementing the biological benefits of exercise and nutrition interventions.47,49,50 Moreover, cultivating meaning and purpose has been linked to lower all-cause mortality and improved mental health outcomes, underscoring its relevance as a protective factor.47-49,51,52 Integrating these approaches not only strengthens patient engagement but also broadens the scope of preventive care.49,50

Meaning, Purpose, and Spirituality

Meaning, purpose, and spirituality represent a distinct but overlapping dimension of lifestyle medicine’s behavioral framework. These elements provide existential grounding and motivation, shaping individuals’ commitment to long-term health behaviors. 53 Evidence suggests that higher levels of religious involvement or spiritual well-being are associated with improved mental health, lower rates of substance misuse, and better coping with chronic illness. 54 From a behavioral therapy standpoint, approaches such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and logotherapy explicitly integrate values and meaning as catalysts for change. By aligning lifestyle interventions with a person’s sense of purpose, clinicians can foster deeper engagement and more sustainable outcomes.

Community as Medicine

Social connection within the Community as Medicine, is framed as a fundamental and therapeutic determinant of health, not merely a backdrop for intervention. Social relationships can exert a protective influence comparable to avoiding lifestyle risk factors such as smoking or obesity in predicting morbidity and mortality. 55 Strong community ties have been shown to lower rates of depression and anxiety, enhance resilience during challenging life events, and increase adherence to lifestyle interventions by fostering belonging, accountability, and shared motivation. 56 Community-based initiatives, including group exercise, communal meals, and peer support networks, often deliver more enduring outcomes than individual strategies precisely because they harness relational dynamics and collective identity. 57

Emerging models within lifestyle medicine have demonstrated how structured community programs can translate behavioral prescriptions into group-based experiences that integrate movement, nutrition, stress reduction, and social connection. 58 By embedding these practices in Federally Qualified Health Centers, YMCAs, and other community-based settings, such approaches improve physical and mental health outcomes while addressing inequities in access to care.57,58 These findings underscore that lifestyle interventions are more sustainable when delivered to individuals and within supportive, socially cohesive networks. In this way, community as medicine expands the scope of care beyond the individual, reinforcing that flourishing is both personal and relational.

Cultural and Structural Considerations

Lifestyle interventions, to be effective and sustainable, must be culturally sensitive and contextually feasible. Recommendations must adapt to realities such as food deserts, trauma histories, shift work, and cultural values around food and activity. 59 This is not about perfection but about flexible, compassionate, personalized care. Systems-level advocacy is equally vital. Behavioral health professionals can champion the integration of lifestyle domains into electronic health records, advocate for protected time to address lifestyle factors, and influence institutional and policy shifts that recognize lifestyle medicine as essential to mental health. 19

Conclusion

The cornerstone of lifestyle medicine is sustained behavior change. Behavioral health and lifestyle medicine are, or at least should be, inseparable. The behavioral health clinical community, empowered by the principles of lifestyle medicine, will have the training, relational insight, and therapeutic depth to bridge the gap between knowing and doing. 50 When integrated as a clinical imperative, lifestyle medicine expands the potential for healing and redefines the standard of care. Behavioral therapy is central to the system transformation needed for lifestyle medicine infused whole-person care to flourish in the clinical setting.50,51 It is indeed time for a deeper integration of lifestyle medicine and behavioral health.

Footnotes

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iDs

Steven Mauro https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2806-7907

Ron Stout https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3930-797X

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