Ramona D’Amico
Ramona D’Amico
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
1,†,
Angela Trovato Salinaro
Angela Trovato Salinaro
2Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; trovato@unict.it (A.T.S.); mary-amir@hotmail.it (M.S.); marialaura.ontario@ontariosrl.it (M.L.O.); calabres@unict.it (V.C.)
2,†,
Marika Cordaro
Marika Cordaro
3Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; cordarom@unime.it
3,†,
Roberta Fusco
Roberta Fusco
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
1,
Daniela Impellizzeri
Daniela Impellizzeri
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
1,
Livia Interdonato
Livia Interdonato
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
1,
Maria Scuto
Maria Scuto
2Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; trovato@unict.it (A.T.S.); mary-amir@hotmail.it (M.S.); marialaura.ontario@ontariosrl.it (M.L.O.); calabres@unict.it (V.C.)
2,
Maria Laura Ontario
Maria Laura Ontario
2Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; trovato@unict.it (A.T.S.); mary-amir@hotmail.it (M.S.); marialaura.ontario@ontariosrl.it (M.L.O.); calabres@unict.it (V.C.)
2,
Roberto Crea
Roberto Crea
4Oliphenol LLC., 26225 Eden Landing Road, Unit C, Hayward, CA 94545, USA; robertocrea48@gmail.com
4,
Rosalba Siracusa
Rosalba Siracusa
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
1,*,
Salvatore Cuzzocrea
Salvatore Cuzzocrea
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
5Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
1,5,*,
Rosanna Di Paola
Rosanna Di Paola
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
1,‡,
Vittorio Calabrese
Vittorio Calabrese
2Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; trovato@unict.it (A.T.S.); mary-amir@hotmail.it (M.S.); marialaura.ontario@ontariosrl.it (M.L.O.); calabres@unict.it (V.C.)
2,‡
1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; rdamico@unime.it (R.D.); rfusco@unime.it (R.F.); dimpellizzeri@unime.it (D.I.); livia.interdonato@yahoo.it (L.I.); dipaolar@unime.it (R.D.P.)
2Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; trovato@unict.it (A.T.S.); mary-amir@hotmail.it (M.S.); marialaura.ontario@ontariosrl.it (M.L.O.); calabres@unict.it (V.C.)
3Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria, 98125 Messina, Italy; cordarom@unime.it
4Oliphenol LLC., 26225 Eden Landing Road, Unit C, Hayward, CA 94545, USA; robertocrea48@gmail.com
5Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
*Correspondence: rsiracusa@unime.it (R.S.); salvator@unime.it (S.C.); Tel.: +39-090-676-5208 (S.C.)
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
‡Rosanna Di Paola and Vittorio Calabrese shared senior authorship.
Received 2025 Sep 8; Accepted 2025 Sep 9; Collection date 2025 Sep.
© 2025 by the authors.
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
