Abstract
Objectives
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that is preventable and curable. In the Republic of Korea (ROK), it is designated as a Class 2 infectious disease and is managed. This study aims to describe the incidence and epidemiological characteristics of TB cases in ROK in 2024.
Methods
The TB incidence in ROK was compiled based on the annual report on the notified tuberculosis in 2024 and the microdata from 2022 to 2024. The TB incidence rate was calculated using the mid-year registered resident population, the number of foreign residents, and the population covered by medical insurance.
Results
In 2024, the number of TB cases in the ROK was 17,944 (35.2 cases per 100,000 population), a decrease of 8.2% from 2023 (n=19,540, 38.2 cases per 100,000 population). Among TB cases aged 65 years and older, 10,534 were reported in 2024, a decrease of 6.9% from 2023 (n=11,309). However, the proportion of TB cases aged 65 and older increased to 58.7% (an increase of 0.8% point compared with 2023), continuing an upward trend since 2000. The number of TB cases who are foreigners in 2024 was 1,077, a decrease of 2.7% from 2023 (n=1,107), but the proportion of foreign TB cases increased to 6.0% from 5.7% in 2023.
Conclusions
In 2024, the number of TB cases in the ROK decreased by 8.2% compared to 2023. However, the proportion of elderly TB cases aged 65 and older and foreign TB cases increased. Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency keeps implementing TB prevention and control programs for high-risk groups and vulnerable populations to address emerging challenges.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, Communicable diseases, Incidence
Key messages
① What is known previously?
In 2023, the number of tuberculosis (TB) cases in the Republic of Korea (ROK) was 19,540 (38.2 cases per 100,000 population), a 4.1% decrease from 2022 (n=20,383, 39.8 cases per 100,000 population).
② What new information is presented?
In 2024, TB cases in the ROK dropped to 17,944 (35.2 cases per 100,000 population), a 8.2% decrease from 2023 (n=19,540). The proportions of TB cases among the elderly and foreigners increased slightly in 2024.
③ What are implications?
In 2025, TB control efforts must address the influx of foreigners from high-burden countries and aging demographics. the Korean government plans to implement targeted programs under the Third National Strategic Plan for TB Control.
Introduction
Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease that can be prevented and treated with appropriate treatment. The World Health Organization reported approximately 10.8 million TB incidence and 1.25 million deaths worldwide in 2023 [1]. Of these, the Republic of Korea (ROK) was ranked second in TB incidence and fifth in TB mortality among the 38 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [1].
The ROK has designated TB as a level 2 legal infectious disease and systematically manages TB cases through the Korea Tuberculosis Surveillance System. The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) publishes an “Annual Report on the Notified Tuberculosis in the Republic of Korea” which is a nationally approved statistic, as an annual report around the end of March every year pursuant to Article 6 of the Tuberculosis Prevention Act [2,3]. Based on the “Annual Report on the Notified Tuberculosis in the Republic of Korea, 2024” [3] published at the 20th March 2025 as well as the microdata of the annual report, this study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of notified TB cases reported in 2024 and to provide the data for national TB management policies.
Methods
This article was written based on “Annual Report on the Notified Tuberculosis in the Republic of Korea, 2024” and its microdata for 2022–2024. Particularly, the source of notification data in 2024 was 25,901 notified and reported TB, including TB and suspected TB cases, which were reported from January 1, 2024 to December 31, 2024. The number of TB cases reported in 2024 was calculated by refining, categorizing, and processing this report [3].
The TB incidence rate was calculated using the number of notified TB cases and the mid-year registered resident population in 2024 from Statistics Korea’s Population Trends Survey [4]. The new TB incidence rate was calculated using the number of new TB cases and the mid-year registered resident population in 2024 from Statistics Korea’s Population Trends Survey [4]. We identified the characteristics of TB cases by medical security using the information of national health insurance and medical aid recipients as of December 31 of the year from the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) and utilized those covered by the NHIS in 2023 as the reference population to calculate the TB incidence rate by medical security in 2024 [5]. For calculating the foreign TB incidence rate, we used the number of resident foreigners in the country for the corresponding year by 2023, while the number of resident foreigners as of December 2024 was used as the reference population for 2024 [6,7]. For further epidemiologic characterization of TB cases, we recorded the number of TB cases by year, category of TB cases1), sex, age, site of disease, city/province, people aged 65 years and older, foreigners, medical security, and multi-drug resistant/rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB).
Results
The number of TB cases in 2024 was 17,944 (35.2 cases per 100,000 population), decreased by 8.2% (n=1,596) since 2023 (n=19,540, 38.2 cases per 100,000 population). This represents a 64.5% decrease from 2011, with a mean annual decline of 7.6% after reaching a peak in 2011. In terms of the treatment history of TB case, new TB cases were 14,412 (28.2 cases per 100,000 population), corresponding to a decrease of 7.9% (n=1,228) since 2023 (n=15,640, 30.6 cases per 100,000 population; Table 1, Figure 1) [6], with accounting for 80.3% of TB cases. The number of previously treated cases, who are not new TB cases, was 3,532 (6.9 cases per 100,000 population), a decrease of 9.4% (n=368) compared to 2023 (n=3,900, 7.6 cases per 100,000 population).
Table 1. Characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) incidence cases, 2022–2024.
| Content | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | [Incidence rate] (proportion)a) |
Case | [Incidence rate] (proportion)a) |
Changeb) | Case | [Incidence rate] (proportion)a) |
Changeb) | |||||
| Difference | % Change | Difference | % Change | |||||||||
| TB cases | 20,383 | [39.8] | 19,540 | [38.2] | –843 | △(4.1) | 17,944 | [35.2] | –1,596 | △(8.2) | ||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 12,520 | [49.0] | 12,078 | [47.4] | –442 | △(3.5) | 11,210 | [44.1] | –868 | △(7.2) | ||
| Female | 7,863 | [30.6] | 7,462 | [29.1] | –401 | △(5.1) | 6,734 | [26.3] | –728 | △(9.8) | ||
| Age (yr) | ||||||||||||
| 0–4 | 6 | [0.4] | 1 | [0.1] | –5 | △(83.3) | 4 | [0.3] | 3 | (300.0) | ||
| 5–19 | 149 | [2.2] | 115 | [1.7] | –34 | △(22.8) | 128 | [2.0] | 13 | (11.3) | ||
| 20–49 | 3,918 | [18.5] | 3,414 | [16.4] | –504 | △(12.9) | 2,907 | [14.2] | –507 | △(14.9) | ||
| 50–64 | 5,012 | [39.5] | 4,701 | [36.8] | –311 | △(6.2) | 4,371 | [34.1] | –330 | △(7.0) | ||
| <65 | 9,085 | [21.5] | 8,231 | [19.7] | –854 | △(9.4) | 7,410 | [18.0] | –821 | △(10.0) | ||
| ≥65 | 11,298 | [125.4] | 11,309 | [119.5] | 11 | (0.1) | 10,534 | [105.8] | –775 | △(6.9) | ||
| Province | ||||||||||||
| Seoul | 3,424 | [36.5] | 3,351 | [35.9] | –73 | △(2.1) | 3,012 | [32.4] | –339 | △(10.1) | ||
| Busan | 1,340 | [40.4] | 1,285 | [39.0] | –55 | △(4.1) | 1,141 | [34.9] | –144 | △(11.2) | ||
| Daegu | 928 | [39.2] | 953 | [40.2] | 25 | (2.7) | 899 | [38.1] | –54 | △(5.7) | ||
| Incheon | 1,037 | [35.3] | 1,017 | [34.3] | –20 | △(1.9) | 950 | [31.7] | –67 | △(6.6) | ||
| Gwangju | 438 | [30.6] | 453 | [31.9] | 15 | (3.4) | 404 | [28.7] | –49 | △(10.8) | ||
| Daejeon | 450 | [31.2] | 407 | [28.3] | –43 | △(9.6) | 369 | [25.7] | –38 | △(9.3) | ||
| Ulsan | 365 | [32.8] | 317 | [28.7] | –48 | △(13.2) | 366 | [33.3] | 49 | (15.5) | ||
| Sejong | 75 | [19.9] | 82 | [21.3] | 7 | (9.3) | 58 | [15.0] | –24 | △(29.3) | ||
| Gyeonggi-do | 4,570 | [33.8] | 4,339 | [32.0] | –231 | △(5.1) | 4,073 | [30.0] | –266 | △(6.1) | ||
| Gangwon-do | 899 | [58.7] | 788 | [51.6] | –111 | △(12.3) | 728 | [48.0] | –60 | △(7.6) | ||
| Chungcheongbuk-do | 633 | [39.8] | 651 | [41.0] | 18 | (2.8) | 605 | [38.1] | –46 | △(7.1) | ||
| Chungcheongnam-do | 1,044 | [49.4] | 1,017 | [48.0] | –27 | △(2.6) | 873 | [41.1] | –144 | △(14.2) | ||
| Jeonbuk-do | 812 | [45.8] | 788 | [44.8] | –24 | △(3.0) | 731 | [42.0] | –57 | △(7.2) | ||
| Jeollanam-do | 1,183 | [65.0] | 1,047 | [57.9] | –136 | △(11.5) | 1,007 | [56.2] | –40 | △(3.8) | ||
| Gyeongsnagbuk-do | 1,610 | [61.8] | 1,554 | [60.7] | –56 | △(3.5) | 1,403 | [55.3] | –151 | △(9.7) | ||
| Gyeongsangnam-do | 1,322 | [40.2] | 1,254 | [38.5] | –68 | △(5.1) | 1,087 | [33.7] | –167 | △(13.3) | ||
| Jeju-do | 253 | [37.6] | 237 | [35.2] | –16 | △(6.3) | 238 | [35.6] | 1 | (0.4) | ||
| Pathological location | ||||||||||||
| Pulmonary TB | 15,746 | (77.3) | 15,391 | (78.8) | –355 | △(2.3) | 14,095 | (78.5) | –1,296 | △(8.4) | ||
| (Smear positive)c) | 5,722 | (28.1) | 5,305 | (27.1) | –417 | △(7.3) | 4,740 | (26.4) | –565 | △(10.7) | ||
| Extra-pulmonary TB | 4,637 | (22.7) | 4,149 | (21.2) | –488 | △(10.5) | 3,849 | (21.5) | –300 | △(7.2) | ||
| Foreign TB casesd) | 1,072 | [47.7] | 1,107 | [44.1] | 35 | (3.3) | 1,077 | [40.6] | –30 | △(2.7) | ||
| Age (yr) | ||||||||||||
| 0–19 | 12 | [6.7] | 13 | [6.2] | 1 | (8.3) | 19 | [8.0] | 6 | (46.2) | ||
| 20–29 | 204 | [39.8] | 245 | [41.5] | 41 | (20.1) | 228 | [35.9] | –17 | △(6.9) | ||
| 30–39 | 270 | [44.9] | 258 | [39.0] | –12 | △(4.4) | 249 | [36.4] | –9 | △(3.5) | ||
| 40–49 | 147 | [40.1] | 167 | [41.8] | 20 | (13.6) | 119 | [28.3] | –48 | △(28.7) | ||
| 50–59 | 194 | [60.3] | 160 | [47.8] | –34 | △(17.5) | 192 | [57.4] | 32 | (20.0) | ||
| ≥60 | 245 | [92.3] | 264 | [85.0] | 19 | (7.8) | 270 | [79.2] | 6 | (2.3) | ||
Unit: case, [cases per 100,000 population], (%). △=decrease. a)Proportion (%) of pulmonary TB cases, smear positive cases in pulmonary TB, extra-pulmonary TB cases among total TB cases. b)Change compared with previous year. c)Smear positive cases in pulmonary TB. d)The foreign TB incidence rate was calculated based on the resident foreign population as the denominator, with the 2024 incidence rate specifically calculated using the age-specific resident foreign population as of December 2024. The proportion refers to the proportion of foreign TB cases among total TB cases. Data from the Korea Immigration Service, Ministry of Justice [6].
Figure 1. (New) Tuberculosis (TB) cases and TB incidence rates, 2011–2024.
In 2024, TB cases were composed of 62.5% (n=11,210, 44.1 cases per 100,000 population) men and 37.5% (n=6,734, 26.3 cases per 100,000 population) women (Table 1) [6]. By age group, the number of TB cases decreased in all age groups since 2023, except for those under the age of 20 years. In particular, TB cases aged 65 years or older were 10,534 (105.8 cases per 100,000 population), which was 1.4 times more than that of TB cases under 65 years (n=7,410, 18.0 cases per 100,000 population), while their TB incidence rate was 5.9 times higher (Table 1) [6].
In 2024, the number of pulmonary TB cases was 14,095, accounting for 78.5%, which represented a decrease of 8.4% (n=1,296) since 2023 (n=15,391). Of the pulmonary TB cases, 26.4% (n=4,740) had positive smear test results, showing a decrease of 0.7%p from 27.1% (n=5,305) in 2023. The number of extrapulmonary TB cases was 3,849, accounting for 21.5%, which represented a decrease of 7.2% (n=300) since 2023 (n=4,149; Table 1) [6].
The number of TB cases by city/province decreased in 15 provinces compared with 2023, except in Ulsan city and Jeju-do. Among 17 city/province, Ulsan city (n=366, 33.3 cases per 100,000 population) increased highly compared with 2023 (n=317, 28.7 cases per 100,000 population). In 2024, the city/province with the highest TB incidence rate was Jeollanam-do (56.2 cases per 100,000 population), followed by Gyeongsangbuk-do (55.3 cases per 100,000 population) and Gangwon-do (48.0 cases per 100,000 population) (Table 1) [6].
In 2024, the number of TB cases aged 65 years or older was 10,534 (105.8 cases per 100,000 population), representing a decrease of 6.9% (n=775) from that in 2023 (n=11,309, 119.5 cases per 100,000 population). However, the proportion of TB cases aged 65 years or older has gradually increased every year, first exceeding half (51.0%) in 2021 and then continuously increasing to 55.4% in 2022, 57.9% in 2023, and 58.7% in 2024 (Figure 2) [2].
Figure 2. Number of tuberculosis (TB) cases aged 65 years and older/under 65 years and proportion of TB cases aged 65 years and older, 2011–2024.
Adapted from the article of Lee et al. (Public Health Wkly Rep 2024;17:1591-608) [2].
The number of foreign TB cases in 2024 was 1,077, indicating a decrease of 2.7% (n=30) since 2023 (n=1,107). Foreigners accounted for 6.0% among TB cases, showing an increase of 0.3%p since 2023 (5.7%; Figure 3) [2].
Figure 3. Number of foreign tuberculosis (TB) cases and proportion of foreign TB cases among total TB cases, 2001–2024.
Adapted from the article of Lee et al. (Public Health Wkly Rep 2024;17:1591-608) [2].
In 2023, only 2.9% (1,517,000 population) received medical aid covered by health insurance [5], and in 2024, 11.3% (n=2,009) of TB cases received medical aid. TB incidence rate among medical aid recipients in 2024 (132.4 cases per 100,000 population) was 4.3 times higher than that for people with health insurance (30.5 cases per 100,000 population; Table 2) [3,5].
Table 2. Beneficiaries of health security (national health insurance or medical aid) in 2023, and tuberculosis (TB) cases and TB incidence rate by types of medical security in 2024.
| Content | Health security | Unknowna) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | National health insurance | Medical aid | |||||
| Subtotal | I. W. | S. E. | Subtotal | ||||
| Beneficiaries (×1,000) (proportion) | 52,970 (100.0) | 51,453 (97.1) | 36,365 (68.7) | 15,089 (28.5) | 1,517 (2.9) | ||
| TB (proportion) | 17,716 (100.0) | 15,707 (88.7) | 8,959 (50.6) | 6,748 (38.1) | 2,009 (11.3) | 228 | |
| TB incidence rate (cases per 100,000 population) | 33.4 | 30.5 | 24.6 | 44.7 | 132.4 | ||
Unit: cases, (%). I. W.=industrial workers; S. E.=self-employees. a)People with no history of national health insurance by December 31, 2024; Data from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency [3]. Data from the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service, National Health Insurance Service [5].
MDR/RR-TB cases to be difficult to be treated due to anti-TB drug resistance was 461 in 2024 (2.6% of the 17,944 TB cases); this proportion decreased by 0.2%p since 2023 (2.8%). In terms of the proportion of MDR/RR-TB by treatment history among TB cases, previously treated TB cases (5.7%) accounted for 3.2 times higher proportion than new TB cases with TB (1.8%). In 2024, there were 261 new TB cases in MDR/RR-TB, which was 8.1% (n=23) lower than in 2023 (n=284), and 200 cases with MDR/RR-TB among previously treated TB cases, which was 25.1% (n=67) lower than in 2023 (n=267; Table 3).
Table 3. Number of multidrug/rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (TB) cases by TB treatment history and type of drug-resistant TB, 2022–2024.
| Content | Total | MDR/RR-TB | Types of drug-resistant TB | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Proportion | Extensively drug-resistant TBa) | Pre-extensively drug-resistant TBb) | Multidrug-resistant TBc) | Rifampicin-resistant TBd) | ||||
| Total | 2022 | 20,383 | 560 | (2.7) | 3 | 66 | 314 | 177 | |
| 2023 | 19,540 | 551 | (2.8) | 1 | 71 | 296 | 183 | ||
| 2024 | 17,944 | 461 | (2.6) | 2 | 66 | 245 | 148 | ||
| % Change | △(8.2) | △(16.3) | (100.0) | △(7.0) | △(17.2) | △(19.1) | |||
| New cases | 2022 | 16,264 | 308 | (1.9) | 0 | 29 | 172 | 107 | |
| 2023 | 15,640 | 284 | (1.8) | 0 | 28 | 146 | 110 | ||
| 2024 | 14,412 | 261 | (1.8) | 0 | 32 | 139 | 90 | ||
| % Change | △(7.9) | △(8.1) | - | (14.3) | △(4.8) | △(18.2) | |||
| Previously treated cases, etc.e) | 2022 | 4,119 | 252 | (6.1) | 3 | 37 | 142 | 70 | |
| 2023 | 3,900 | 267 | (6.8) | 1 | 43 | 150 | 73 | ||
| 2024 | 3,532 | 200 | (5.7) | 2 | 34 | 106 | 58 | ||
| % Change | △(9.4) | △(25.1) | (100.0) | △(20.9) | △(29.3) | △(20.5) | |||
Unit: case, (%). MDR/RR=multidrug/rifampicin-resistant; XDR=extensively drug-resistant; △=decrease. a)TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR TB and that are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin) and at least one additional group A drug (bedaquiline, linezolid) (XDR-TB). b)TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that fulfill the definition of MDR/RR TB and that are also resistant to any fluoroquinolone (pre-XDR-TB). c)TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains that are resistant to at least both rifampicin and isoniazid (MDR-TB). d)TB caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to rifampicin. These strains may be susceptible or resistant to isoniazid. e)Relapse patients, treatment after failure patients, treatment after loss to follow-up patients, other previously treated patients, patients with unknown previous TB treatment history, other patients.
Conclusion
Although the number of TB cases increased globally from 2020 to 2023 due to the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the number of TB cases in the ROK has been steadily decreasing [1-3]. In 2024, the number of TB cases in the ROK was 17,944 (35.2 cases per 100,000 population), representing an 8.2% decrease from 2023 (n=19,540, 38.2 cases per 100,000 population). That is a 64.5% decrease over 13 years, with a 7.6% annual decrease on average since 2011, when the number recorded its highest level. Among all age groups, those under 20 years of age alone showed an increase of 16 cases since 2023, while no clear reason was found. As for the number of TB cases by city/province in 2024, only Ulsan city and Jeju-do showed an increase since 2023. Notably, the number of TB cases in Ulsan city increased by 15.5% in 2024 since 2023. In Ulsan city, we found an association between the number of TB cases in Koreans aged 65 years and older and the increase in the proportion of TB cases in that age group, while no other epidemiological characteristics were found.
In addition, the TB incidence rate among the recipients of medical aid in 2024 was at least four times higher than that of those with health insurance. This reflects a cross-section of health inequality depending on the socio-economic status, indicating the need for further research into socio-economic factors that induce the increase in TB incidence rate. We examined the proportion of MDR/RR-TB cases by treatment history and found that it was 3.2 times higher in re-treatment cases (5.7%) than in new TB cases (1.8%). For previously treated TB cases, it is necessary for the medical staff treating TB to enhance promotion and education regarding the need to actively conduct tests, such as the Xpert MTB/RIF test. This is to promptly check for anti-TB drug resistance at the diagnosis stage.
The ROK has entered a super-aged society in 2025, the number of foreign residents is expected to increase due to the expansion of support for foreign immigrants and their settlement and relaxed regulations on the employment of foreign workers. Thus, the elderly aged 65 years and older and foreigners is expected to be a major challenge in TB decrease. To actively respond to these policy environments, the KDCA plans to strengthen TB surveillance and management for high-risk groups and vulnerable populations for TB. The statistics used in this article were calculated based on TB cases reported by public health centers and medical institutions in the relevant year, which may have included some unreported cases, thereby resulting in slight differences from the actual situation. Additionally, there are limitations in using these research results to provide in-depth interpretations of the factors behind the reduction in TB incidence rate and the increase in the proportion of TB cases among specific population groups, such as the elderly and foreigners, thus requiring more rigorous follow-up studies. For the elderly aged 65 years and older, accounting for more than half of all TB cases, the government plans to strengthen TB surveillance by dividing the elderly into those aged 65–79 years and those aged 80 years and over (the super-elderly). The government also plans to expand the evaluation scope of latent TB infection screening rates for TB patients’ contacts, which is an indicator of joint evaluation by local governments, from 65 years of age or younger to all ages, thereby encouraging screening and treatment of contacts of the elderly aged 65 years or older for latent TB infection. The government will continue to promote and implement the existing “On-site TB Screening Project” and the free TB screening project in public health centers for people aged 65 years or older. As in 2024, the proportion of foreigners among TB cases is expected to increase as the number of resident foreigners grows. To respond to this, TB screening for foreigners before and during their stay will be strengthened to detect TB cases among them at an early stage. Furthermore, the government plans to actively promote the “Personalized TB Management Project,” which has been implemented since June 2024 to support personalized medication care throughout the entire treatment period for all TB cases; expand and support the TB Safety Belt Project to prevent interruptions and delays in TB treatment for recipients of medical benefits, the elderly aged 65 years and older, and illegal foreign residents; and extend the “Integrated Treatment and Care Support Project in National Tuberculosis Hospitals” for TB cases in nursing homes and long-term card hospitals. The KDCA will fully implement the 2025 Action Plan [8] to achieve the goal of the Third National Strategic Plan for TB Control in the Republic of Korea (2023–2027), aimed at “reducing the TB incidence rate to 20 or fewer cases per 100,000 people by 2027.”
Acknowledgments
We thank to divisions of Infectious Disease Response in Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, departments of TB management in local government by province and district, department related to TB in Health and Environment and Centers for Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention by province, Masan National Tuberculosis hospital, Mokpo National Tuberculosis hospital for planning and managing projects for the TB screening, epidemiological investigation, TB patient management, diagnosis test etc. according to the third national strategic plan for TB control. Also, we are grateful to the relevant organizations in Korean National Tuberculosis Association, PPM (Public-Private Mix) Tubeculosis Management Project, Multidrug-TB Consortium, Tuberculosis Safety Belt institutions, International Tuberuclosis Research Center etc. cooperated in relation to TB management and research development project.
Declarations
Ethics Statement: Not applicable.
Funding Source: None.
Conflict of Interest: Young-Joon Park is an editorial board member of the journal, but was not involved in the review process of this manuscript. Otherwise, there is no conflicts of interest to declare.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization: HWL, JSK. Data curation: HWL, JSK. Formal analysis: HWL, JSK. Investigation: HWL, JSK. Methodology: YJP, JEK, JSK, HWL, JHS, SKP, AHJ, JHL, YJK, GHK, GRP, JYK, BYC, SHY, SYS, CES, JYH, HJH, JTK, MRJ, JAS, SJC, HRJ, HGK, SMH, YSP, AYP, HJA, EYL, YHK, SJP, JWK, JIY, JYK, YMK, JSL, MJL, SWP. Project administration: JEK, YJP. Supervision: JEK, YJP. Visualization: HWL, JSK. Writing – original draft: HWL, JSK. Wirting – review & editing: YJP, JEK, JSK, HWL, JHS, SKP, AHJ, JHL, YJK, GHK, GRP, JYK, BYC, SHY, SYS, CES, JYH, HJH, JTK, MRJ, JAS, SJC, HRJ, HGK, SMH, YSP, AYP, HJA, EYL, YHK, SJP, JWK, JIY, JYK, YMK, JSL, MJL, SWP.
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