Abstract
Energy intake in breast fed infants is uncertain. The doubly labelled water method was used to measure, simultaneously and non-invasively, energy expenditure, energy intake, milk volume intake, energy deposition, and the energy content of breast milk in 12 "free living" breast fed babies at 5 and 11 weeks of age. The validity of this new approach was assessed in a parallel study in 12 formula fed infants. The babies who were exclusively breast fed expended 1.28 and 1.68 MJ/day at five and 11 weeks and had intakes of 1.81 and 2.22 MJ/day; these intakes were associated with normal growth but were well below those recommended previously. At five and 11 weeks the calculated energy content of breast milk was 0.24 and 0.25 MJ/100 ml, which is substantially lower than that commonly reported in milk obtained unphysiologically by expression of the breast. These data cast doubt on the widely used published standards for infant feeding.
Full text
PDF
Selected References
These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.
- Coward W. A., Cole T. J., Sawyer M. B., Prentice A. M. Breast-milk intake measurement in mixed-fed infants by administration of deuterium oxide to their mothers. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1982;36(2):141–148. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coward W. A. Measuring milk intake in breast-fed babies. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1984 Mar;3(2):275–279. doi: 10.1097/00005176-198403000-00020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Coward W. A., Sawyer M. B., Whitehead R. G., Prentice A. M., Evans J. New method for measuring milk intakes in breast-fed babies. Lancet. 1979 Jul 7;2(8132):13–14. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(79)90177-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Fomon S. J., Haschke F., Ziegler E. E., Nelson S. E. Body composition of reference children from birth to age 10 years. Am J Clin Nutr. 1982 May;35(5 Suppl):1169–1175. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/35.5.1169. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Klein P. D., James W. P., Wong W. W., Irving C. S., Murgatroyd P. R., Cabrera M., Dallosso H. M., Klein E. R., Nichols B. L. Calorimetric validation of the doubly-labelled water method for determination of energy expenditure in man. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1984 Mar;38(2):95–106. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lucas A., Gibbs J., Baum J. D. What's in breast milk. Lancet. 1977 May 7;1(8019):1011–1012. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92317-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Lucas A., Lucas P. J., Baum J. D. The nipple-shield sampling system: a device for measuring the dietary intake of breast-fed infants. Early Hum Dev. 1980 Dec;4(4):365–372. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(80)90041-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Roberts S. B., Lucas A. Measurement of urinary constituents and output using disposable napkins. Arch Dis Child. 1985 Nov;60(11):1021–1024. doi: 10.1136/adc.60.11.1021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schoeller D. A., Webb P. Five-day comparison of the doubly labeled water method with respiratory gas exchange. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984 Jul;40(1):153–158. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/40.1.153. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Schoeller D. A., van Santen E. Measurement of energy expenditure in humans by doubly labeled water method. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982 Oct;53(4):955–959. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1982.53.4.955. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitehead R. G., Paul A. A., Cole T. J. A critical analysis of measured food energy intakes during infancy and early childhood in comparison with current international recommendations. J Hum Nutr. 1981 Oct;35(5):339–348. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Whitehead R. G., Paul A. A. Growth charts and the assessment of infant feeding practices in the western world and in developing countries. Early Hum Dev. 1984 Apr;9(3):187–207. doi: 10.1016/0378-3782(84)90031-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- Williams A. F., Akinkugbe F. M., Baum J. D. A comparison of two methods of milk sampling for calculating the fat intake of breast-fed babies. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1985 May;39(3):193–202. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]