Polish language questionnaires for monitoring athletes’ health and classifying reported symptoms

Abstract

The aim of the study is cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems for Polish-speaking athletes (OSTRC-H2_PL). Additionally, the study is aimed at developing and validating the original HPSC_PL questionnaire, designed as a supplement to the OSTRC-H2_PL, for classifying symptoms of health problems experienced by athletes, based on the consensus of the International Olympic Committee. The cross-cultural adaptation of the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire was conducted using the forward-backward method. The HPSC_PL questionnaire was developed by researchers who are experts in sports physiotherapy, sports medicine and sports psychology through a series of meetings and email correspondence. The reliability of the developed tools was assessed by comparing data obtained from 102 athletes who applied them at intervals of 24–48 h. Content validity was evaluated through focus group interviews, while convergent validity was assessed by comparing data obtained from the developed tools to data collected using the SF-36_PL questionnaire. The OSTRC-H2_PL demonstrated high reliability (ICC: 0.92; SEM: 6 pt; SDC: 16 pt) as well as internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.92), and established content and convergent validity. The questions included in the HPSC_PL questionnaire also showed satisfactory reliability, as indicated by positive, negative and overall agreement rates (≥ 71.6%), Cohen’s kappa coefficient (≥ 0.62), and content validity was also confirmed. In this study, two questionnaires (OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL) are provided with verified validity and reliability, which enable continuous monitoring of the health of Polish athletes and classifying symptoms of the health problems they experience.

Introduction

In the rapidly evolving field of sports science, significant attention is given to understanding the health issues that athletes face. According to the definition by Clarsen et al.¹, these issues encompass any conditions that compromise an athlete’s full health, regardless of their impact on sports participation or performance, and irrespective of whether the athlete sought medical attention. Athletes, alike non-athletes, may face a wide range of health challenges, including injuries, non-injury-related physical illness, women’s health issues and concerns related to mental well-being^2–4. From the point of view of athletes, health problems can disrupt or prevent following training programmes and participating in competitions and may even lead to the premature end of a sports career⁵, which is associated with psychological, social and economic costs^6–8.

One of the key efforts in addressing the health issues faced by athletes should be the focus on reducing prevalence, which is a significant indicator of the scale of these problems. Prevalence represents the number of cases related to health problems in a population over a given period and is calculated as the product of the incidence and duration of the problem⁹. To reduce the prevalence of health issues specific to a given sport, it is crucial to first identify these problems, link them to risk factors and understand the mechanisms behind them^10–12. This knowledge should serve as a basis for planning preventive actions^13,14 aimed at reducing the incidence, meaning the number of new cases of health problems⁹. Additionally, efforts should be made to shorten the duration of health problems, which often depends on how early the problem is detected and how quickly targeted actions are taken to resolve it^15–17. The foundation of these efforts is the implementation of tools that enable continuous monitoring of athletes’ health¹⁸. In response to this need, in 2013, the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre published the first version of a questionnaire designed to detect overuse injuries and assess their impact on an athlete’s sports activity¹⁹. This questionnaire underwent improvements in the following years, enabling the detection of not only overuse injuries but also of general health problems^1,20. Furthermore, in 2020, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) issued a consensus statement on methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on sports injuries and illnesses^21,22. This statement was later expanded to include issues specifically affecting women⁸ as well as mental health concerns²³.

Despite advances in data collection methods on athletes’ health issues, a notable gap exists: the lack of a tools tailored to Polish-speaking athletes. The absence of such tools significantly constrains the ability to conduct scientific research on the health of Polish-speaking athletes and hampers the practical monitoring of their condition, including the systematic recording and classification of reported complaints—both of which are essential for ensuring athlete safety and optimising the training process. Therefore, the study was aimed at: (i) cross-cultural adaptation of the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire on Health Problems (OSTRC-H2) for the Polish-speaking population; (ii) developing an original Polish-language patient-reported outcome measure to classify symptoms of health problems experienced by athletes, named the HPSC_PL questionnaire; (iii) evaluating the psychometric properties of these questionnaires.

Materials and methods

Study design

The study was conducted in four stages: the 1st stage involved adapting the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire to the requirements of the Polish-speaking population and developing the HPSC_PL questionnaire; the 2nd stage was focused on assessing the content validity of both tools; the 3rd stage involved revising the questionnaires based on the results of assessing the 2nd stage; in the 4th stage, the psychometric properties of the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL were evaluated. Data for assessing psychometric properties were collected in an anonymised manner, through a logically branched online questionnaire and constructed using Google Forms.

Participants

The study involved 11 experts, each holding at least a doctoral degree (or research experience confirmed by scientific publications) and specialising in sports physiotherapy, sports medicine, sports psychology or gynaecology, as well as 108 athletes. The number of engaged participants was determined based on the COSMIN checklist²⁴. Among the experts, three were involved in adapting the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire and developing the HPSC_PL questionnaire, while the remaining seven served as consultants. Among the athletes, six served as consultants, and the task of the remaining 102 was to complete the questionnaires—the data thus obtained were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the tools being developed. Athletes who participated in the study met the following eligibility criteria: minimum of one year of training experience, participation in sports at least at tier two, according to the classification system proposed by McKay et al.²⁵, no intellectual disability, proficient knowledge of the Polish language, and a minimum age of 13 years. The recruitment process was carried out through direct contact with potential participants or their legal guardians, using the authors’ existing personal networks. The basic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

Basic characteristics of the 102 participants.

Age [years]
13–15	37 (36.3)
16–18	29 (28.4)
> 18	36 (35.3)
Gender
Female	53 (52.0)
Male	49 (48.0)
Level of education
Primary	67 (65.7)
Secondary	12 (11.8)
Higher	23 (22.5)
Athletes with:
Disabilities and/or chronic illness	8 (7.8)
Health problems in past 7 days:	31 (30.4)
OSTRC-H2PL severity score [pt.]	32 (25–56)
Sports category*
Team	16 (15.7)
Endurance/long distance	47 (46.1)
Middle distance/power	6 (5.9)
Speed/strength	31 (30.3)
Precision/akill-dependent	1 (1.0)
Racquet	0 (0.0)
Combat/weight-making	1 (1.0)
Performance tier*
Trained/developmental	41 (40.2)
Highly trained/nation level	46 (45.1)
Elite/international level	14 (13.7)
World class	1 (1.0)
Training experience [years]
1–5	38 (37.3)
6–10	42 (41.2)
> 10	22 (21.5)

Data are expressed as n (%) or median (Q₁–Q₃).

*Sports category and performance tier according to the classification by McKay et al.²⁵.

Translation and cultural adaptation of OSTRC-H2

The OSTRC-H2 questionnaire consists of four questions aimed at determining whether the athlete had experienced a health problem in the past seven days, also assessing the severity of the issue. Responses to the questionnaire items were assigned numerical values ranging from 0 to 25, with their sum representing the severity score. A higher severity score indicates a greater impact of the problem on sports activity. The cross-cultural adaptation of the OSTRC-H2 for the Polish-speaking population was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of Beaton et al.²⁶. This process consisted of five stages: (i) the OSTRC-H2 was translated into Polish by two independent bilingual translators, both native speakers of Polish—one of them had a medical background, while the other had no medical or clinical experience; (ii) a meeting of the translators was held to synthesize the two versions into a single agreed-upon version; (iii) the synthesised Polish version was then back-translated into English by two independent bilingual translators, both native speakers of English—one of them had a medical background, while the other had no medical or clinical experience; (iv) a meeting including all translators and individuals involved in the study was held to develop the pre-final version of the OSTRC-H2_PL; (v) this pre-final version was then subjected to content validity.

Development of HPSC_PL questionnaire

The HPSC_PL questionnaire was developed by researchers who are experts in the fields of strength and conditioning training (B.Z.), sports medicine (G.W.), and sports psychology (M.S.) during a series of meetings and email correspondence. During the first meeting, the lead researcher (B.Z.), presented the concept of the scope and structure of the HPSC_PL questionnaire to his colleagues (M.S., G.W.). It was designed to classify symptoms of health problems experienced by athletes. The experts were also asked to formulate survey items within their areas of expertise that would capture a wide range of health symptoms, based on the consensus statements of the IOC^21–23,27, while ensuring that the questions were understandable to athletes. After completing their tasks, the experts sent their work to the lead researcher who was responsible for their compilation. The compiled materials were then forwarded to all researchers for review, both in terms of data acquisition logic and any issues in the questions created by their colleagues. During the second and subsequent meetings, as well as through email correspondence, identified issues were discussed and revisions were made until a version acceptable to all researchers was achieved. The questionnaire was then subjected to content validity assessment. Based on feedback from consultant groups (seven experts and six athletes), final revisions were made.

Quality of life assessment

The SF-36_PL questionnaire was used to collect data on the respondents’ quality of life. The data obtained with this tool were used to assess the validity of the OSTRC-H2_PL severity score. It consists of 11 questions encompassing a total of 36 statements, allowing for the assessment of eight dimensions: physical functioning, role limitations due to health problems, bodily pain, general health perception, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems and mental health. Each of the 36 statements is assigned a numerical value – the higher the value, the better the health status. Scores for each dimension are calculated by summing the raw numerical values and then transforming them to a scale from 0 to 100²⁸. The Polish version of the SF-36 questionnaire, developed by Żołnierczyk-Zreda²⁹.

Evaluation of psychometric properties and statistical analysis

The content validity of the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL questionnaires was evaluated through individual interviews conducted with consultants, including both experts and athletes. The process incorporated elements of the cognitive interviewing method, whereby participants were asked open-ended questions concerning the clarity and relevance of specific components of the tools—such as instructions, items, response options, and the recall period. Each component was discussed in detail during the interviews, which continued until both the respondent and the interviewer deemed the level of understanding and acceptability to be satisfactory. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman’s rho, comparing the OSTRC-H2_PL severity score with the dimensions of the SF-36_PL quality of life measure. To assess the reliability of the developed questionnaires, the athletes completed each of them twice, with a 24–48 h interval between the sessions. The reliability indices for the OSTRC-H2_PL included the standard error of measurement, the smallest detectable change, and the intraclass correlation coefficient 2.1 (ICC), calculated as described in the work by Geerinck et al.³⁰. In contrast, the reliability indices for the HPSC_PL included the percentage of positive, negative and overall agreement, as well as Cohen’s kappa coefficient, which were calculated following the methodology described by Obermeier et al.³¹. The agreement metrics were computed from aggregated contingency tables, using binary categorisation of both multiple- and single-choice responses, where each option was recoded as a binary variable. The internal consistency of the OSTRC-H2_PL questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach’s α, both for the entire questionnaire and with the removal of individual questions. Spearman’s rho was also calculated between the severity score and individual OSTRC-H2_PL questions, serving as an additional measure of internal consistency. All analyses were conducted using the R environment (version 4.3.1).

Results

Summary of the cross-cultural adaptation of the OSTRC-H2

The translation process proceeded without any issues. The Polish version of the questionnaire underwent minor modifications compared to the English version from 2020. The second sentence of the second paragraph of the instructions (regarding types of health problems) was supplemented with a reference to women’s health. The “pain” category was replaced with “other health problem,” and examples of conditions were added for each listed category. The instructions were updated to clarify that chronic diseases and disabilities should not be considered health problems for the purpose of this questionnaire. The instructions were also supplemented with a note indicating that if a respondent wishes to register more than one health problem, they should inform the person from whom they received the questionnaire (applicable to the paper version only). Additionally, the first question was supplemented with a note indicating that if the respondent selects answer “a” or “d”, they should discontinue completing the questionnaire (applicable to the paper version only). The second question was expanded to include examples of modifications to training programs and competitive strategies.

Summary of the HPSC_PL questionnaire development

The development process of the HPSC_PL questionnaire, including content validity assessment, took nearly six months. The final version, in relation to the initial concept of the lead researcher, has undergone significant evolution. Both the data collection logic and the data being collected have changed. Specifically, Q5 was expanded to include the response “other health problems,” the selection of which directs the respondent to Q6.5 (not originally planned). Initially, Q8 aimed to determine the mode of onset regarding the health problem; however, it was ultimately decided to focus on identifying the circumstances under which the problem occurred. Four possible responses were proposed for this question: (a) the problem can be linked to a specific event, (b) the problem cannot be linked to a specific event, (c) the symptoms are the result of natural processes occurring in the body (e.g., menstrual pain), or (d) other response. If the respondent selects answer ‘a’, they are directed to Q9 (not originally planned). Additionally, originally unplanned Q7, Q10 and Q13 were added to the HPSC_PL questionnaire. The developed data acquisition logic is presented in Fig. 1, and a review of the specifics concerning the questions is provided in Table 2.

Figure 1.

Data acquisition logic using HPSC_PL questionnaire.

Table 2.

Review of specifics regarding questions included in the HPSC_PL questionnaire.

	Question assumption	Question type	Type of scale
Q5	Specification of health problem type	Closed single-choice	Nominal
Q6.1-5	Specification of body area (Q6.1), symptoms (Q6.2-4) or description of the problem (Q6.5)	Semi-open multiple-choice (Q6.1-6.4); open ended (Q6.5)	Nominal
Q7	Determining the extent to which the athlete associates the health problem with sports activity	5-point Likert scale	Ordinal
Q8	Specification of the circumstances regarding the health problem onset	Semi-open single-choice	Nominal
Q9	Specification of the event that caused the problem (when the athlete in Q8 indicated that the health problem is associated with a specific event)	Open-ended	–
Q10	Specification of the number of days when it was necessary to modify the training programme and/or competition strategy	Closed single-choice	Ratio
Q11	Specification of the number of days when it was necessary to refrain from the training programme and/or participation in sports competitions	Closed single-choice	Ratio
Q12	Determining whether the athlete consulted the health problem with medical personnel	Closed single-choice	Nominal
Q13	Specification of the diagnosis given by the specialist, the recommended treatment/rehabilitation method and the estimated time to return to a condition that allows full participation in the training programme as well as unrestricted involvement in sports competitions (when the athlete indicated in question 13 that they sought medical assistance)	Open-ended	–
Q14	Determining whether the athlete experienced a different type of health problem (other than the one(s) indicated)	Closed single-choice	Nominal

Psychometric properties of OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL

A statistically significant negative linear relationship of weak to strong strength was observed between the OSTRC-H2_PL severity score (OSTRC-H2_PL^SS) and the following SF-36 dimensions of quality of life: vitality, role-emotional, social functioning, general health, bodily pain, role-physical and physical functioning. No statistically significant linear relationship was observed between the OSTRC-H2_PL^SS and the mental health dimension of quality of life. Detailed data on the convergent validity of the OSTRC-H2_PL^SS can be found in Table 3.

Table 3.

Convergent validity of OSTRC-H2_PL^SS

	PF	RF	BP	GH	VT	SF	RE	MH
OSTRC-H2PLSS	−0.52*	−0.44*	−0.41*	−0.34*	−0.25*	−0.32*	−0.25*	−0.18

Data are presented as the Spearman’s rho (interpretation: ≤ 0.29–weak, 0.30–0.49–moderate, 0.50–0.69–strong, ≥ 070–very strong, *–statistically significant correlation i.e., p value < 0.05); SF-36 dimensions of quality of life: PF–physical function, RF–role-physical, BP–bodily pain, GH–general health, VT–vitality, SF–social functioning, RE–role-emotional, MH–mental health.

A high³² (> 0.90) ICC was recorded for the OSTRC-H2_PL^SS. Cronbach’s α for the entire OSTRC-H2_PL questionnaire was 0.92. Additionally, a statistically significant, very strong positive linear relationship was observed between the OSTRC-H2_PL^SS and its individual items (Q1–4). Detailed data on the reliability and internal consistency of the OSTRC-H2_PL can be found in Table 4.

Table 4.

Reliability of OSTRC-H2_PL^SS and internal consistency of OSTRC-H2_PL questionnaire.

	Reliability
	ICC (95%CI)	SEM [pt.]	SDC [pt.]
OSTRC-H2PLSS	0.92 (0.89–0.95)	6	16
	Internal consistency
	Cronbach’s α (if question deleted)	Spearman’s rho with OSTRC-H2PLSS
Q1	0.92	0.98*
Q2	0.87	0.91*
Q3	0.91	0.83*
Q4	0.86	0.92*

Spearman’s rho interpretation: ≤ 0.29–weak, 0.30–0.49–moderate, 0.50–0.69–strong, ≥ 0.070–very strong; *–statistically significant correlation i.e., p value < 0.05; SEM–standard error of measurement; SDC–smallest detectable change; ICC (95%CI)–interclass correlation coefficient with 95% confidence interval.

For the majority of the analysed questionnaire items, the positive, negative and overall agreement of data collected at two time points was recorded at a good level at least. The agreement, expressed by Cohen’s kappa, was at least at a moderate level for all the items analysed. Detailed data on the repeatability of the questions in the HPSC_PL questionnaire can be found in Table 5.

Table 5.

Reliability of HPSC_PL.

	% PA	% NA	% OA	Cohen’s kappa
Q5	83.3	98.5	97.6	0.79
Q6.1	86.4	99.7	99.5	0.79
Q6.2	100.0	100.0	100.0	1.00
Q6.3	71.4	99.7	99.5	0.62
Q6.4	95.0	100.0	99.9	0.96
Q7	82.8	98.5	97.6	0.82
Q8	81.0	98.7	97.8	0.78
Q10	100.0	99.1	99.2	0.86
Q11	92.9	99.6	99.4	0.95
Q12	93.8	83.3	89.3	0.78
Q14	95.9	96.6	96.1	0.91

%PA/%NA/%OA–percentage positive/negative/overall agreement (interpretation: ≤ 39.9%–poor, 40.0–59.9%–moderate, 60.0–79.9%–good, ≥ 80.0%–very good); Cohen’s kappa interpretation: ≤ 0.25–very poor, 0.26–0.50–poor, 0.51–0.75–moderate, ≥ 0.76–very good.

Discussion

The outcome of the research project is the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire for Polish-speaking athletes. Additionally, an original questionnaire (HPSC_PL) was developed and validated as a supplement to the OSTRC-H2_PL. It was designed to classify symptoms of health problems experienced by athletes based on the consensus statements of the IOC. The combined use of both questionnaires allows for the acquisition of valuable data on the health of Polish athletes from both perspectives of scientific research and training practice. This was previously impossible due to the lack of such tools.

The psychometric evaluation results of the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire in the Polish version indicate that it is a valid, reliable and internally consistent tool. The psychometric indicators of the OSTRC-H2_PL align with adaptations conducted in other languages, such as German³³, Japanese^34,35, Spanish³⁶, Swedish³⁷, Danish³⁸, French³⁹ and Brazilian⁴⁰, underscoring its robustness and suitability for international use. Therefore, the tool is ready for implementation in the Polish sports environment. Furthermore, the HPSC_PL questionnaire, developed within this project as a supplement to the OSTRC-H2_PL for classifying health problem symptoms, also demonstrated validity and reliability in psychometric evaluation. As a result, Polish practitioners and researchers now have access to valid, comprehensive and culturally adapted tools for monitoring the health status of athletes. This advancement not only aligns Poland with international standards in athlete health monitoring but also opens new avenues for research and practical applications in sports medicine and science.

Monitoring athletes’ health should be an integral part of training practice. Implementation of the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL can significantly support this process. These tools enable comprehensive tracking of athletes’ health, covering both physical and mental aspects, allowing for the early detection of health problems and the rapid implementation of interventions, such as modifying training programmes or referring the athlete to an appropriate specialist before the issue escalates^41–43. The use of the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL in training practice can also streamline data collection and management, which is particularly important in sports organisations with a large number of athletes⁴⁴. Moreover, a database created from the information gathered through these tools could provide a foundation for designing preventive measures aimed at reducing the number of health issues experienced by athletes¹¹, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of these measures which, in turn, could improve the overall efficiency of a sports organisation⁴⁵ and support the careers of individual athletes⁴⁶. Implementation of the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL can also increase athletes’ awareness regarding the importance of health monitoring, which fosters a more proactive approach to prevention⁴⁷.

Although the implementation of the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL brings numerous benefits, it is also important to understand their limitations. Firstly, questionnaires should not be used as diagnostic tools. Their application involves continuous monitoring and early detection of health issues, as well as symptom classification, which allows for referring an athlete to an appropriate specialist at an early stage of the existing problem. Secondly, it should be noted that PROMs, including the HPSC_PL, inherently come with certain challenges⁴⁸. Inaccuracies in responses should be expected, especially when the criterion of mutual exclusivity is not met. For example, some symptoms may be classified differently by different individuals, leading to potential ambiguities. Additionally, PROMs can both overestimate and underestimate symptom severity, which can sometimes result in outcomes that encourage unnecessary interventions or lead to the oversight of more serious issues⁴⁹. Thirdly, according to the authors of this study, the implementation of both questionnaires in training practice will require the creation of an IT system that would allow data collection from athletes, for example, through a smartphone application, as well as the automated generation of reports for the coaching staff, eliminating the need to sift through dozens of columns in a spreadsheet. Similar conclusions were reached by Clarsen et al.⁵⁰.

In addition to the limitations of the tools themselves, certain methodological constraints of the study should also be acknowledged. First, the sample included a small number of elite-level athletes and did not account for individuals participating in recreational sport. Therefore, future research should involve a broader spectrum of athlete populations—both elite and recreational—in order to improve the generalizability of the findings. Second, the sample was limited in terms of the diversity of sport disciplines, with underrepresentation of categories such as middle-distance/power-based sports, precision or skill-dependent sports, racquet sports, and combat/weight-making sports. This may hinder the applicability of the results across various sporting contexts. Consequently, future validation studies should include athletes from a broader range of disciplines, with particular emphasis on those mentioned above. Additionally, only three cases in the sample reported mental health problems, which—on the one hand limits the ability to assess the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire’s sensitivity to identifying psychological issues, on the other—can explain the absence of a significant correlation between the OSTRC-H2_PL severity score and the mental health dimension of quality of life. Future studies should evaluate the tool’s validity and responsiveness in detecting mental health concerns among athletes. In summary, expanding the target population and conducting longitudinal studies would offer a more comprehensive understanding of the tools’ performance in diverse sporting environments and enhance their applicability in both research and practical settings.

Conclusion

Two tools, the OSTRC-H2_PL and HPSC_PL, have been successfully developed and validated, enabling comprehensive health monitoring of Polish athletes. These tools facilitate the early detection of health problems and prompt targeted interventions. Incorporating them into regular training practices may enhance athletes’ well-being and optimise their performance by preventing more serious health complications.

Author contributions

Conceptualisation, B.Z., M.S.; methodology, B.Z., M.S., G.W.; software, B.Z., P.G.; validation, B.Z., M.S., G.W.; formal analysis, B.Z.; investigation, B.Z.; resources, B.Z., P.G.; data curation, B.Z., P.G.; writing—original draft preparation, B.Z.; writing—review and editing, B.Z.; visualization, B.Z.; supervision, B.Z., M.S.; project administration, B.Z.; funding acquisition, B.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The publication is funded as part of the Minister of Science’s programme titled “Regional Initiative of Excellence” for the years 2024–2027, project number RID/SP/0027/2024/01, in the amount of PLN 4.053.904.00.

Data availability

All data are available from the corresponding authors upon reasonable request.

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical approval

All research activities were conducted with respect to the guidelines of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its amendments. Before participating in the study, the athletes, as well as the legal guardians of minor participants, were informed about the purpose and protocol of the research and provided written informed consent for participation. The Ethics Committee for Scientific Research of the University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszów issued a positive opinion (Resolution No. 2/2024) regarding the compliance of the research project with ethical principles.

Permission for translation and publication of OSTRC-H2 questionnaire

BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. granted permission (License No.: 5890780418227, dated Oct. 16, 2024) for translation of the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire into Polish and publication in the Scientific Reports of the OSTRC-H2 questionnaire contained in Table 2. The questionnaire can be found in Table 2 of the article titled “Improved reporting of overuse injuries and health problems in sport: an update of the Oslo Sport Trauma Research Center questionnaires,” published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine (Vol. 54, Issue 7, 2020).