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Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)
. 2025 Jul 20;56(4):1051–1058. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20250760504

机器学习辅助下白藜芦醇治疗急性胰腺炎模型小鼠的疗效研究

Machine Learning-Assisted Efficacy Evaluation of Resveratrol Therapy in a Mouse Model of Acute Pancreatitis

Ziyu LI 1, Yuxing TIAN 2, Wenhao CAI 1, Yongzi WU 1, Shiyu LIU 1, Linbo YAO 1, Yuying LI 1, Xueying WU 1, Tingting LIU 1, Wei HUANG 1,3,4,Δ
PMCID: PMC12530976  PMID: 41113418

Abstract

Objective

To develop a machine learning (ML)-based prediction model for assessing the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RES) on the pathological damage of acute pancreatitis (AP), and to optimize RES administration strategies for AP through validation using an animal model.

Methods

AAn ML-based prediction model was constructed using published data. Interpretability analysis was applied to identify high-efficacy zones within the parameter space of administration dose and frequency, which was followed by rigorous screening to select the optimal dosing strategy that balanced therapeutic efficacy and experimental feasibility. A total of 32 C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to 4 groups (n = 8 per group), including a control group (Ctrl), an AP model group induced by caerulein (CER) and referred to as CER-AP, a treatment group receiving RES via intraperitoneal injection (RES i.p.), and a treatment group receiving RES via intragastric gavage (RES i.g.). The Ctrl group received intraperitoneal injection of normal saline. The CER-AP and the treatment groups were induced with 10 intraperitoneal injections of CER at 50 μg/kg. RES was administered to the RES i.p. and RES i.g. groups according to the optimal dose and timing predicted by the ML model. Blood and tissue samples were collected 12 hours after the experiment started.

Results

The gradient boosting decision tree model, optimized via Hyperopt, yielded the best performance, predicting that the optimal dose and administration frequency were 19.992 mg/kg and 3.828 times, respectively. Accordingly, a regimen of 20 mg/kg RES, administered four times, was used in the animal experiments. Compared with the Ctrl group, the CER-AP group exhibited higher pancreatic pathology scores and elevated levels of serum amylase, lipase, pancreatic myeloperoxidase, and trypsin, with all differences reaching statistical significance (all P < 0.05). The administration of 20 mg/kg RES via both intraperitoneal injection and intragastric gavage mitigated pancreatic inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis, improved the overall pathology score, and reduced serum amylase, lipase, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase levels to varying degrees (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

A regimen of 20 mg/kg RES administered four times effectively alleviates the severity of CER-induced AP. The therapeutic benefits appear to arise from a multi-target regulatory network that simultaneously suppresses inflammatory cascades, mitigates oxidative stress, and reduces apoptosis, thereby reducing pancreatic tissue damage and systemic inflammatory responses.

Keywords: Acute pancreatitis, Resveratrol, Machine learning, Experimental validation


急性胰腺炎(acute pancreatitis, AP)是目前最常见的消化系统疾病之一,全球发病率逐年增高[1]。重症AP患者以持续性或多器官功能衰竭、胰腺坏死和感染为主要临床表现,病死率居高不下,目前尚无国际公认的特异性药物治疗[2]。白藜芦醇(resveratrol, RES)是一种天然多酚小分子,存在于虎杖、决明、桑树等常见的中药药用植物中。RES具有广泛的药理作用、无明显毒副反应和易于获取等优点,在防治炎症疾病方面应用前景广阔[3-8]。近年来,已有实验证实RES具有抗AP的潜力[9],但是最优的治疗策略和具体的治疗机制尚不清晰。最近,机器学习(machine learning, ML)作为一种新兴技术已被广泛应用于医学领域研究[10]。ML能够处理复杂、多维度的数据,并识别数据中的交互模式和潜在关系。因此,本研究基于ML辅助筛选策略,探究有效的RES给药方案并进行实验验证。

1. 材料与方法

1.1. ML模型

本研究通过检索数据库(检索范围及关键词见网络资源附件附表1),将已发表的RES给药方案(给药剂量、频率、方式、时机)以及干预前后AP动物模型的胰腺病理改善率作为输入数据集。胰腺病理评分数据从纳入研究的原始实验文献提取,通过两位病理学家或经培训的研究人员的独立盲法评估完成,其核心指标包括水肿、炎性浸润及坏死,评分标准参考Schmidt系统[11]或既往发表的标准化方案。计算改善率=(对照组评分-实验组评分)/对照组评分,将绝对评分转化为无量纲相对值,以消除量纲差异并保证横向可比性基于纳入数据的具体情况,进行了必要的预处理工作(如归一化、标准化等)[12]。随后,根据特征的分布情况及特征间关联性,选择合适的算法模型及超参数优化技术,将标准化的数据集导入进行模型的训练和测试。具体构建流程见图1

图 1.

图 1

ML model development workflow

ML预测模型的构建流程图

为评估不同的ML模型性能,本研究使用回归问题中的常用指标均方根误差(root mean square error, RMSE),并通过5折交叉验证(5-fold cross-validation)的方法来全面评估模型在不同数据子集上的表现及稳定性,以确保预测结果的稳定性和可靠性。

1.1. 1

式(1)中n:样本数量;Inline graphic:第i个样本的实际目标变量值;Inline graphic:第i个样本的预测目标变量值。

1.2. ML可解释性分析

为提高预测模型的透明度和使用价值,本研究使用2D部分依赖图(partial dependence plots, PDP)揭示不同的RES给药方案对胰腺病理改善程度的具体影响和趋势。PDP图是一种解释模型的方法,用以展示某个(或某几个)特征的变化如何影响目标变量的预测结果。根据模型输出的预测值,通过数据驱动策略对分类特征进行排序。

1.2. 2

式(2)中f:基于特征集X的预测模型;Inline graphic:当特征xs被设定为特定值x时,模型输出的平均预测值;xInline graphic 正在被分析的特征xs特定值;n:数据集的样本总数;Inline graphic:第i个样本中除特征xs外的所有其他特征值;Inline graphic:对数据集中的每一个样本进行迭代求和,对于每个样本i,通过将特征xs设定为特定值x,同时保持所有其他特征Inline graphic为原始值,函数f计算模型的预测结果。

1.3. 实验动物

32只健康的雄性 C57BL/6 小鼠,鼠龄8~10周,体质量24~26 g,购自江苏集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司。本研究经四川大学华西医院动物伦理委员会批准(备案号:20240312038),实验相关操作均按照国家及学校相关规定执行。

1.4. 主要试剂及仪器设备

RES(≥99%, 高效液相色谱法检测)(Sigma公司,货号:R5010);雨蛙素(caerulein, CER; Tocris,货号:Cat. No. 6264);BCA蛋白测定试剂盒(Thermo,货号:Cat. No. 23225);α-淀粉酶和脂肪酶检测试剂盒(南京建成生物,货号:C016-1-1, A054-1-1);3,3',5,5'-Tetramethylbenzidine(Sigma,货号:860336);蛋白酶抑制剂(Roche,货号:05892791001);动物用异氟烷(深圳瑞沃德,货号:R510-22-10)。磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4)、磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4)、10%中性甲醛溶液、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)、双氧水(H2O2)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)、乙二胺四乙酸二钠盐(EDTA-Na2)。主要仪器设备为:BMG Labtech CLARIOstar多功能酶标仪、5424R冷冻离心机、5804R高速离心机、涡旋混匀器、KZ-Ⅲ-FP低温组织研磨仪、均质匀浆器。

1.5. 动物实验方法

1.5.1. AP诱导及给药干预

32只小鼠随机分为4 组,即对照组(Ctrl组)、AP模型组(CER-AP组)、AP+RES腹腔注射组(RES i.p.组)、AP+RES灌胃组(RES i.g.组),每组 8只。CER-AP组及两治疗组均通过CER腹腔注射(50 μg/kg,1次/h,共注射10次)诱导AP模型,Ctrl组接受等量和等频次的生理盐水注射。治疗组在造模前(0 h),造模后2、4、6 h分别给予20 mg/kg RES(4 mg/mL,溶于10%DMSO和90%生理盐水,10 μL/g体质量)腹腔注射或灌胃,CER-AP组给予等量无菌水灌胃,Ctrl组不予灌胃。

在首次注射CER或生理盐水后12 h,收集小鼠的血液和胰腺组织样本,以检测分析血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶等常用生化指标和胰腺的病理变化,综合评估CER-AP模型的造模情况及RES的治疗效果。血液样本采用眼球取血方法收集,血样在室温下静置30 min后,以1500×g条件在室温下离心15 min,随后将血清收集并保存于-80 ℃冰箱中以备后续实验使用。取血后,立即剖开小鼠腹腔,取出胰腺组织,并将其分为胰体、胰头和胰尾3部分:胰体部分放置于包埋盒中,在体积分数为10%中性甲醛溶液中固定48 h以上,用于后续的HE染色,评估胰腺组织病理状态。胰头和胰尾部分则迅速在液氮中冻存,随后置于-80 ℃冰箱中,胰头用于测定髓过氧化物酶 (myeloperoxidase, MPO)水平,胰尾用于检测胰蛋白酶(trypsin)水平。

1.5.2. 胰腺组织HE染色

小鼠的胰腺组织使用体积分数为10%中性甲醛溶液固定后,进行脱水、渗透及石蜡包埋,切片后每只小鼠随机选取1张切片进行HE染色。由2位研究人员独立在低、高倍显微镜下进行形态学观察,根据评分标准(表1),从水肿、炎性浸润和坏死3个维度进行评分,最后计算病理总分=水肿分数+炎性浸润分数+坏死分数。评分过程中2 位研究人员均不知晓样本的分组和具体实验设计。

表 1. Pancreatic histology scoring system.

胰腺组织病理评分标准[13]

Score Oedema Inflammatory cell infiltration Acinar necrosis
0 Absent Absent Absent
1 Focally increased between lobules In ducts (around ductal margins) Periductal necrosis (< 5%)
2 Diffusely increased between lobules In the parenchyma (in < 20% of the lobules) Focal parenchymal necrosis (5%-20%)
3 Acini disrupted In the parenchyma (in 20%-50% of the lobules) Diffuse parenchymal necrosis (20%-50%)
4 Acini separated In the parenchyma (in > 50% of the lobules) Diffuse parenchymal necrosis (> 50%)

1.5.3. 血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶检测

使用α-淀粉酶 (AMS) (淀粉-碘比色法)测试盒和脂肪酶(LPS)(比色法)测定试剂盒检测小鼠血清中淀粉酶和脂肪酶水平,操作严格按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.5.4. 胰腺MPO活性检测

根据本团队既往使用的方案[14-16]检测胰腺组织中MPO活性。将处理好的胰腺匀浆液经过离心、重悬、复溶、冻融、提取等操作后收集上清液,使用酶标仪在655 nm处测定吸光度的变化(ΔA655)来定量MPO活性。同时,通过BCA法检测蛋白浓度,最终计算得到胰腺组织MPO的活性水平。

1.5.5. 胰蛋白酶检测[15]

向需测定胰蛋白酶的胰腺组织中加入小钢珠和缓冲溶液进行匀浆,将离心后收集到的上清液加入含有Boc-Gln-Ala-Arg-MCA肽底物的比色皿中,使用BMG Labtech CLARIOstar多功能酶标仪通过荧光法测定胰蛋白酶活性,实验的激发波长设置为380 nm,发射波长为440 nm。通过纯化的人胰蛋白酶生成标准曲线,并使用BCA法检测蛋白浓度,最终计算得到胰蛋白酶水平。

1.6. 统计学方法

使用Python(3.7.0,https://www.python.org/)、Jupyter Notebook(https://jupyter.org/)及GraphPad Prism软件进行统计分析及作图。计量资料以Inline graphic表示,数据符合正态分布且方差齐时,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验,多组间比较采用方差分析(ANOVA),组间两两比较使用Tukey事后检验,通过控制族错误率(Family-Wise Error Rate, FWER)矫正多重性。若数据不符合正态分布或方差不齐,则采用非参数检验,两组间比较使用Mann-Whitney U检验,多组间比较使用Kruskal-Wallis H检验,组间两两比较采用Dunn's事后检验,并采用Bonferroni法校正显著性阈值。矫正后P<0.05为差异有统计学意义的判断标准。

2. 结果

2.1. ML模型结果及可解释性分析

本研究共纳入了28篇相关文献[17-44],包含48个实验组,基于321只动物的个体实验数据,构建了决策树回归(decision tree regressor, DTR)、随机森林回归(random forest regressor, RFR)、网格搜索优化后的随机森林(GridSearchCV-RFR)、Hyperopt优化后的随机森林(Hyperopt-RFR)、自适应增强(Adaptive Boosting, AdaBoost)、Hyperopt优化后的自适应增强(Hyperopt-AdaBoost)、梯度提升决策树(gradient boosting decision tree, GBDT)、Hyperopt优化后的梯度提升决策树(Hyperopt-GBDT)、极限梯度提升(eXtreme gradient boosting, XGBoost)、Hyperopt优化后的极限梯度提升(Hyperopt-XGBoost)、多层感知器神经网络(multi-layer perceptron neural network, MLP)等11种算法模型预测白藜芦醇改善胰腺病理损伤情况,并计算了每个模型的性能指标RMSE(附表2,见网络资源附件)。由图2A可见,在这11种ML模型中,Hyperopt-GBDT模型在测试集上平均RMSE值最低,因此后续的分析选择该模型。

图 2.

图 2

Summary of root mean square error and interpretability analysis results for the ML models

各ML模型均方根误差及可解释性分析结果

RMSE: root mean square error. A, Average test RMSE values in different ML models; B, 2D PDP based on single dosage and the number of doses.

图2B展示了单次给药剂量、给药频次与胰腺病理改善率之间的交互关系,可见随着单次剂量或给药频次的增加,病理改善率呈现出较大差异。在给药频次较低的情况下,增加单次给药剂量的胰腺病理改善率并明显;当给药频次较高时,增加单次给药剂量可能使改善率明显提升。因此,较优的给药方案更有可能从中等剂量+中等频次组合以及高等剂量+中等频次组合中产生,即图中浅绿色及亮黄色的所在的区域位置(标准化病理改善率≥0.4)。

图2B中标注的点坐标为(0.09,0.86),对应单次干预剂量为19.99 mg/kg,给药干预频率为3.828次。此点位于浅绿色区域靠近边界线的位置,提示模型预测此时RES对胰腺病理有较好疗效,但尚未达到最高病理改善率。此点较之浅色区域的其他点,在确保相对高的病理改善效果下,剂量和频次均在适度范围内,具有较好的给药有效性及合理性,在获得较好疗效的也避免了过高剂量或频繁给药可能导致的不良影响。

基于TPE-GBDT模型,采用数据驱动策略,对RES不同给药方式和给药干预时机对胰腺病理改善的预测结果进行分析,得出各组的平均预测值,分析发现:造模后干预的标准化病理改善率均值为0.04,提示在疾病发生后立即进行干预具有一定效果,能够在一定程度上减轻胰腺组织损伤;而造模前进行预防性干预的标准化改善率均值为-0.012,提示预防性给药的改善可能不及造模后干预给药,但两种给药干预时机的对病理损伤改善的差异很小。在给药方式方面,腹腔注射的标准化病理改善率均值为0.09,灌胃给药的标准化改善率均值为0.04,两种给药方式对病理的改善差异很小,静脉注射的标准化改善率均值为-0.08,由此可得第一针给药的干预改善率:造模后干预>造模前干预;给药途径的干预改善率:腹腔注射>口服灌胃>静脉给药。因此在后续动物实验中采取的干预模式为:在胰腺炎造模后启动干预,20 mg/kg RES作为单次剂量,共4次给药;首选途径为腹腔注射,并设置等剂量、等频次的灌胃给药作为并行对照。这一方案位于剂量-频次参数空间的浅绿色高疗效区(图2B),能够在保证疗效的同时,兼顾用药安全性与实验可操作性。

2.2. RES对CER-AP小鼠胰腺组织病理的影响

HE染色发现(图3A),Ctrl组胰腺腺泡与导管系统结构完整,轮廓清晰,细胞核位于基底部,染色均匀。导管周围无炎症细胞浸润,间质部分结构完整,未见水肿、充血或坏死表现。CER-AP组可见腺泡细胞肿大,部分腺泡细胞被破坏,广泛的小叶间隙增宽,在腺泡周围、导管周围和间质中可见免疫细胞浸润,以中性粒细胞为主。各RES治疗组经干预后,胰腺水肿、炎症浸润及腺泡细胞坏死均较CER-AP组有不同程度的减轻。

图 3.

图 3

Pancreatic pathology HE staining and pathological scores in the mice of different groups

各组小鼠胰腺病理HE染色及病理评分

A, HE; B, pathological scores, n = 8.

各病理评分如图3B所示,与Ctrl组相比,CER-AP组的水肿、炎性浸润、坏死和总分评分均升高,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01),表明雨蛙素AP小鼠模型成功建立。RES处理后,RES i.p.组和RES i.g.组的炎症浸润评分和坏死评分均较CER-AP组降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在改善水肿方面,RES i.p.组的水肿评分与CER-AP组相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),RES i.g.组的水肿评分低于CER-AP组(P<0.01)。上述结果提示,相同剂量的RES(20 mg/kg)在不同给药方式下对胰腺组织保护效果存在差异,其中灌胃给予的RES在改善胰腺组织水肿方面优于腹腔注射。

2.3. RES对CER-AP小鼠血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶等常见生化指标的影响

图4所示,与Ctrl组相比,CER-AP组的血清淀粉酶水平、血清脂肪酶水平、胰腺组织MPO活性和胰蛋白酶水平均升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),表明通过CER诱导的小鼠胰腺相关生化指标的异常,AP小鼠模型建立成功。在给予20 mg/kg RES干预治疗后,与CER-AP组相比,血清淀粉酶平均水平在RES i.p.组降至 9532.7 U/dL(降幅20.8%),在RES i.g.组进一步降至9025.4 U/dL(降幅 25.0%);血清脂肪酶水平在RES i.p.组降低至145.0 U/L(降幅50.3%),而RES i.g.组降至190.5 U/L(降幅34.7%);胰腺MPO活性在RES i.p.组下降至0.40 (降幅60.0%),RES i.g.组则降至0.17 (降幅83.0%),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。值得注意的是,RES i.p.组(0.61)和RES i.g.组(0.63)的胰蛋白酶水平与CER-AP组(1.00)相比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

图 4.

图 4

Changes in biochemical markers in the mice of different groups

各组小鼠生化指标变化

3. 讨论

ML是通过算法有效构建特征与目标变量之间的关联模型,能够发现高维数据中隐藏的统计学规律,因此,ML辅助筛选策略可以更高效、更准确地帮助实验人员进行实验设计和流程优化。GBDT是一种广泛应用于回归和分类任务的强大ML技术,在处理非线性关系、不平衡特征分布及复杂、多维度的数据建模方面具有显著优势。作为一种基于集成学习boosting的模型,GBDT迭代构建一系列弱学习器(通常是决策树)以减少模型的偏差,每一轮迭代中,GBDT利用前一轮残差进行拟合,从而最小化目标损失函数,并提升模型的整体性能。通过组合多个基础学习器的预测结果,GBDT能够有效提高模型的泛化能力和预测精度,最终形成一个强大的集成模型。Hyperopt是一个用于贝叶斯优化的Python库,它能够高效地搜索参数空间,找到模型的最佳参数组合。与传统的网格搜索和随机搜索相比,Hyperopt采用了一种更智能的搜索策略,能够更快地找到最优解,尤其是在高维参数空间中,优势更加明显。将Hyperopt应用于GBDT,优化模型参数,可以显著提高模型调优的效率和效果,进而获得更为精准的白藜芦醇给药策略。

本研究采用ML技术探讨RES对CER诱导的AP小鼠病理及部分生化指标的影响。通过Hyperopt-GBDT模型发现,RES给药剂量、给药频次与胰腺的病理改善率之间存在复杂的动态交互关系,病理改善率并未随着剂量或频次的增加而呈线性增长,模型预测出最优剂量和给药次数分别为19.992 mg/kg及3.828次。因此在动物实验中采用20 mg/kg剂量4次给药方案,实验结果证实了中等剂量的白藜芦醇能有效减轻急性胰腺炎的严重程度,改善CER-AP小鼠胰腺病理损伤及关键生化指标异常。与对照组相比,RES治疗后小鼠胰腺炎性浸润和坏死程度均较造模后减轻(P<0.05),且生化指标如血清淀粉酶、脂肪酶、胰腺MPO水平在给药后降低(P<0.05)。灌胃给药方式相较于腹腔注射,对胰腺组织水肿的改善效果更为明显(P<0.01)。这一差异可能与两种给药途径所导致的RES生物利用度差异有关,腹腔注射给药方式通常会使药物迅速进入血液循环,从而在短时间内达到较高的血药浓度,然而,这种方式可能导致RES的迅速代谢和分布,从而未能对局部胰腺的水肿炎症产生持久的抑制效果;灌胃给药通过胃肠道吸收,吸收速度较慢,药物在体内的维持时间更长,RES浓度相对平稳,能够对炎症反应产生持续抑制作用,从而对胰腺组织产生更显著的保护作用。

本研究仍存不足之处,动物实验的给药方案仅涉及中等剂量和特定的给药频次,未能涵盖更广泛的剂量和频次组合,可能限制了对最优治疗方案的全面探索。尽管本研究通过Tukey等检验控制了多重比较的假阳性风险,但多重校正可能降低检验效能,导致部分潜在差异未被识别。实验结果显示RES灌胃给药在改善胰腺水肿方面优于腹腔注射,但其潜在的机制尚不明确,有待进一步研究。因此,未来研究将扩大样本量和给药方案的探索范围,采用更灵活的校正方法进行验证。同时,深入比较不同给药途径对药物吸收、生物利用度及其代谢过程的具体影响,探讨不同给药途径中治疗差异的内涵,优化白藜芦醇在急性胰腺炎治疗中的实际应用效果。

综上所述,本研究阐明了ML技术在给药策略优化中的应用潜力,及RES对AP的治疗效果,强调了制定合理给药方案对改善AP结局的重要性,为进一步优化白藜芦醇的治疗方案提供了科学依据,为AP的治疗和药物开发提供新的思路和方向。

*    *    *

作者贡献声明 李紫钰负责论文构思、数据审编、正式分析、可视化和初稿写作,田宇星负责数据审编、正式分析和可视化,蔡文浩负责论文构思、调查研究和研究方法,吴咏姿、刘诗雨和姚林波负责验证,李玉莹负责调查研究,吴雪滢负责研究方法,刘婷婷负责研究方法和监督指导,黄伟负责经费获取、研究项目管理、提供资源和监督指导。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

Author Contribution  LI Ziyu is responsible for conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, visualization, and writing--original draft. TIAN Yuxing is responsible for data curation, formal analysis, and visualization. CAI Wenhao is responsible for conceptualization, investigation, and methodology. WU Yongzi, LIU Shiyu, and YAO Linbo are responsible for validation. LIU Yuying is responsible for investigation. WU Xueying is responsible for methodology. LIU Tingting is responsible for methodology and supervision. HUANG Wei is responsible for funding acquisition, project administration, resources, and supervision. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Declaration of Conflicting Interests All authors declare no competing interests.

Funding Statement

四川大学华西医院专职博士后研发基金(No. 2024HXBH031)资助

Contributor Information

紫钰 李 (Ziyu LI), Email: 18344475668@163.com.

伟 黄 (Wei HUANG), Email: dr_wei_huang@scu.edu.cn.

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