Skip to main content
PMC home page
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal logoLink to CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal
. 1999 Dec 14;161(12):S18–S22.

Clinical problem solving based on the 1999 Canadian recommendations for the management of hypertension

R D Feldman 1, N R Campbell 1, P Larochelle 1
PMCID: PMC1253507  PMID: 10624418

Abstract

The 1999 Canadian Recommendations for the Management of Hypertension are notable for the trends that they represent with regard to the evolution of the management of hypertension. Diagnostically, the Recommendations endorse the greater use of non-office-based measures of blood pressure control and greater emphasis on the assessment of other atherosclerotic risk factors, both when considering prognosis in hypertension and in the choice of therapy. On the treatment side of the equation, lower targets for blood pressure control have been advocated in subgroups of hypertensive patients, particularly in those with diabetes and renal disease. In conjunction with the recently published recommendations on lifestyle management, there is a greater emphasis on lifestyle modification, both as initial and adjunctive therapy in hypertension. Implicit in the recommendations for therapy is the principle that for the vast majority of hypertensive patients treated pharmacologically, practitioners should not follow a stepped-care approach. Instead, therapy should be individualized, primarily based on consideration of concurrent diseases, both cardiovascular and noncardiovascular (Tables 1 and 2). Through the consensus process, there was a general appreciation of how far we have come in the development of evidence-based recommendations for hypertension management. However, there was also an increasing appreciation of how far we have to go in effectively translating these recommendations into better blood pressure control.

Full Text

The Full Text of this article is available as a PDF (398.1 KB).

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Amery A., Birkenhäger W., Brixko P., Bulpitt C., Clement D., Deruyttere M., De Schaepdryver A., Dollery C., Fagard R., Forette F. Mortality and morbidity results from the European Working Party on High Blood Pressure in the Elderly trial. Lancet. 1985 Jun 15;1(8442):1349–1354. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)91783-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson K. M., Wilson P. W., Odell P. M., Kannel W. B. An updated coronary risk profile. A statement for health professionals. Circulation. 1991 Jan;83(1):356–362. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.1.356. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Bagger J. P., Helligsoe P., Randsbaek F., Kimose H. H., Jensen B. S. Effect of verapamil in intermittent claudication A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study after individual dose-response assessment. Circulation. 1997 Jan 21;95(2):411–414. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.2.411. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Beevers D. G., Lip G. Y. Is uric acid really an independent cardiovascular risk factor? Lancet. 1998 Nov 7;352(9139):1556–1556. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60371-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Berlowitz D. R., Ash A. S., Hickey E. C., Friedman R. H., Glickman M., Kader B., Moskowitz M. A. Inadequate management of blood pressure in a hypertensive population. N Engl J Med. 1998 Dec 31;339(27):1957–1963. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199812313392701. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Bianchi S., Bigazzi R., Baldari G., Campese V. M. Long-term effects of enalapril and nicardipine on urinary albumin excretion in patients with chronic renal insufficiency: a 1-year follow-up. Am J Nephrol. 1991;11(2):131–137. doi: 10.1159/000168289. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Björck S., Mulec H., Johnsen S. A., Nordén G., Aurell M. Renal protective effect of enalapril in diabetic nephropathy. BMJ. 1992 Feb 8;304(6823):339–343. doi: 10.1136/bmj.304.6823.339. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bourassa M. G., Gurné O., Bangdiwala S. I., Ghali J. K., Young J. B., Rousseau M., Johnstone D. E., Yusuf S. Natural history and patterns of current practice in heart failure. The Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4 Suppl A):14A–19A. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90456-b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Brazy P. C., Stead W. W., Fitzwilliam J. F. Progression of renal insufficiency: role of blood pressure. Kidney Int. 1989 Feb;35(2):670–674. doi: 10.1038/ki.1989.37. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Brueren M. M., Petri H., van Weel C., van Ree J. W. How many measurements are necessary in diagnosing mild to moderate hypertension? Fam Pract. 1997 Apr;14(2):130–135. doi: 10.1093/fampra/14.2.130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Burgess E. Conservative treatment to slow deterioration of renal function: evidence-based recommendations. Kidney Int Suppl. 1999 Jun;70:S17–S25. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1999.07003.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Burgess E., Lewanczuk R., Bolli P., Chockalingam A., Cutler H., Taylor G., Hamet P. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 6. Recommendations on potassium, magnesium and calcium. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S35–S45. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Bühler F. R., Vesanen K., Watters J. T., Bolli P. Impact of smoking on heart attacks, strokes, blood pressure control, drug dose, and quality of life aspects in the International Prospective Primary Prevention Study in Hypertension. Am Heart J. 1988 Jan;115(1 Pt 2):282–288. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(88)90651-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Campbell N. R., Ashley M. J., Carruthers S. G., Lacourcière Y., McKay D. W. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 3. Recommendations on alcohol consumption. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S13–S20. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Campbell N. R., Burgess E., Choi B. C., Taylor G., Wilson E., Cléroux J., Fodor J. G., Leiter L. A., Spence D. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 1. Methods and an overview of the Canadian recommendations. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S1–S6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Campbell N. R., Burgess E., Choi B. C., Taylor G., Wilson E., Cléroux J., Fodor J. G., Leiter L. A., Spence D. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 1. Methods and an overview of the Canadian recommendations. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S1–S6. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Carruthers S. G., Larochelle P., Haynes R. B., Petrasovits A., Schiffrin E. L. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 1. Introduction. CMAJ. 1993 Aug 1;149(3):289–293. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Carruthers S. G., Larochelle P., Haynes R. B., Petrasovits A., Schiffrin E. L. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 1. Introduction. CMAJ. 1993 Aug 1;149(3):289–293. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Cléroux J., Feldman R. D., Petrella R. J. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 4. Recommendations on physical exercise training. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S21–S28. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Cléroux J., Feldman R. D., Petrella R. J. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 4. Recommendations on physical exercise training. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S21–S28. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Cohn J. N., Archibald D. G., Ziesche S., Franciosa J. A., Harston W. E., Tristani F. E., Dunkman W. B., Jacobs W., Francis G. S., Flohr K. H. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. Results of a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. N Engl J Med. 1986 Jun 12;314(24):1547–1552. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198606123142404. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Cohn J. N., Ziesche S., Smith R., Anand I., Dunkman W. B., Loeb H., Cintron G., Boden W., Baruch L., Rochin P. Effect of the calcium antagonist felodipine as supplementary vasodilator therapy in patients with chronic heart failure treated with enalapril: V-HeFT III. Vasodilator-Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation. 1997 Aug 5;96(3):856–863. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.96.3.856. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Collins R., Peto R., MacMahon S., Hebert P., Fiebach N. H., Eberlein K. A., Godwin J., Qizilbash N., Taylor J. O., Hennekens C. H. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure: overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context. Lancet. 1990 Apr 7;335(8693):827–838. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(90)90944-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Coope J., Warrender T. S. Randomised trial of treatment of hypertension in elderly patients in primary care. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986 Nov 1;293(6555):1145–1151. doi: 10.1136/bmj.293.6555.1145. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Culleton B. F., Larson M. G., Kannel W. B., Levy D. Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jul 6;131(1):7–13. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Curb J. D., Pressel S. L., Cutler J. A., Savage P. J., Applegate W. B., Black H., Camel G., Davis B. R., Frost P. H., Gonzalez N. Effect of diuretic-based antihypertensive treatment on cardiovascular disease risk in older diabetic patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program Cooperative Research Group. JAMA. 1996 Dec 18;276(23):1886–1892. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Dahlöf B., Lindholm L. H., Hansson L., Scherstén B., Ekbom T., Wester P. O. Morbidity and mortality in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension (STOP-Hypertension) Lancet. 1991 Nov 23;338(8778):1281–1285. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)92589-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Dawson K. G., McKenzie J. K., Ross S. A., Chiasson J. L., Hamet P. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 5. Hypertension and diabetes. CMAJ. 1993 Sep 15;149(6):821–826. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Deber R. B., Kraetschmer N., Irvine J. What role do patients wish to play in treatment decision making? Arch Intern Med. 1996 Jul 8;156(13):1414–1420. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Dyker A. G., Grosset D. G., Lees K. Perindopril reduces blood pressure but not cerebral blood flow in patients with recent cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke. 1997 Mar;28(3):580–583. doi: 10.1161/01.str.28.3.580. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. The SOLVD Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1991 Aug 1;325(5):293–302. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199108013250501. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Emmerson B. T. Atherosclerosis and urate metabolism. Aust N Z J Med. 1979 Aug;9(4):451–454. doi: 10.1111/j.1445-5994.1979.tb04180.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Fodor J. G., Whitmore B., Leenen F., Larochelle P. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 5. Recommendations on dietary salt. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S29–S34. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Forette F., Rigaud A. S., Morin M., Gisselbrecht M., Bert P. Assessing vascular dementia. Neth J Med. 1995 Oct;47(4):185–194. doi: 10.1016/0300-2977(95)00066-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Forette F., Seux M. L., Staessen J. A., Thijs L., Birkenhäger W. H., Babarskiene M. R., Babeanu S., Bossini A., Gil-Extremera B., Girerd X. Prevention of dementia in randomised double-blind placebo-controlled Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trial. Lancet. 1998 Oct 24;352(9137):1347–1351. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)03086-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Franssen C., Wollersheim H., de Haan A., Thien T. The influence of different beta-blocking drugs on the peripheral circulation in Raynaud's phenomenon and in hypertension. J Clin Pharmacol. 1992 Jul;32(7):652–659. doi: 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1992.tb05777.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Frohlich J., Fodor G., McPherson R., Genest J., Langner N. Rationale for and outline of the recommendations of the Working Group on Hypercholesterolemia and Other Dyslipidemias: interim report. Dyslipidemia Working Group of Health Canada. Can J Cardiol. 1998 Apr;14 (Suppl A):17A–21A. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Golzari H., Cebul R. D., Bahler R. C. Atrial fibrillation: restoration and maintenance of sinus rhythm and indications for anticoagulation therapy. Ann Intern Med. 1996 Aug 15;125(4):311–323. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-125-4-199608150-00010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Gottdiener J. S., Livengood S. V., Meyer P. S., Chase G. A. Should echocardiography be performed to assess effects of antihypertensive therapy? Test-retest reliability of echocardiography for measurement of left ventricular mass and function. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995 Feb;25(2):424–430. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)00375-z. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Gottdiener J. S., Reda D. J., Massie B. M., Materson B. J., Williams D. W., Anderson R. J. Effect of single-drug therapy on reduction of left ventricular mass in mild to moderate hypertension: comparison of six antihypertensive agents. The Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group on Antihypertensive Agents. Circulation. 1997 Apr 15;95(8):2007–2014. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.8.2007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Graft D. F., Fowles J., McCoy C. E., Lager R. A. Detection of beta-blocker use in people with asthma. Ann Allergy. 1992 Nov;69(5):449–453. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Greenberg G., Thompson S. G., Brennan P. J. The relationship between smoking and the response to anti-hypertensive treatment in mild hypertensives in the Medical Research Council's trial of treatment. Int J Epidemiol. 1987 Mar;16(1):25–30. doi: 10.1093/ije/16.1.25. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Grimm R. H., Jr, Flack J. M., Grandits G. A., Elmer P. J., Neaton J. D., Cutler J. A., Lewis C., McDonald R., Schoenberger J., Stamler J. Long-term effects on plasma lipids of diet and drugs to treat hypertension. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS) Research Group. JAMA. 1996 May 22;275(20):1549–1556. doi: 10.1001/jama.1996.03530440029033. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Gueyffier F., Boissel J. P., Boutitie F., Pocock S., Coope J., Cutler J., Ekbom T., Fagard R., Friedman L., Kerlikowske K. Effect of antihypertensive treatment in patients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (INdividual Data ANalysis of Antihypertensive intervention trials) Project Collaborators. Stroke. 1997 Dec;28(12):2557–2562. doi: 10.1161/01.str.28.12.2557. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Gustafsson F., Køber L., Torp-Pedersen C., Per Hildebrandt Influence of a history of arterial hypertension and pretreatment blood pressure on the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition after acute myocardial infarction. Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation Study. J Hypertens Suppl. 1998 Jan;16(1):S65–S70. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Hannedouche T., Landais P., Goldfarb B., el Esper N., Fournier A., Godin M., Durand D., Chanard J., Mignon F., Suo J. M. Randomised controlled trial of enalapril and beta blockers in non-diabetic chronic renal failure. BMJ. 1994 Oct 1;309(6958):833–837. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6958.833. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Hansson L., Lindholm L. H., Niskanen L., Lanke J., Hedner T., Niklason A., Luomanmäki K., Dahlöf B., de Faire U., Mörlin C. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Feb 20;353(9153):611–616. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05012-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Hansson L., Zanchetti A., Carruthers S. G., Dahlöf B., Elmfeldt D., Julius S., Ménard J., Rahn K. H., Wedel H., Westerling S. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998 Jun 13;351(9118):1755–1762. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04311-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Hansson L., Zanchetti A., Carruthers S. G., Dahlöf B., Elmfeldt D., Julius S., Ménard J., Rahn K. H., Wedel H., Westerling S. Effects of intensive blood-pressure lowering and low-dose aspirin in patients with hypertension: principal results of the Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) randomised trial. HOT Study Group. Lancet. 1998 Jun 13;351(9118):1755–1762. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04311-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Haynes R. B., Lacourcière Y., Rabkin S. W., Leenen F. H., Logan A. G., Wright N., Evans C. E. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 2. Diagnosis of hypertension in adults. CMAJ. 1993 Aug 15;149(4):409–418. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Haynes R. B., Sackett D. L., Gibson E. S., Taylor D. W., Hackett B. C., Roberts R. S., Johnson A. L. Improvement of medication compliance in uncontrolled hypertension. Lancet. 1976 Jun 12;1(7972):1265–1268. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(76)91737-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Helewa M. E., Burrows R. F., Smith J., Williams K., Brain P., Rabkin S. W. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 1. Definitions, evaluation and classification of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. CMAJ. 1997 Sep 15;157(6):715–725. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Herpin D., Demange J. Effect of regression to the mean in serial echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular mass. Quantification and clinical implications. Am J Hypertens. 1994 Sep;7(9 Pt 1):824–828. doi: 10.1093/ajh/7.9.824. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Holmes B., Sorkin E. M. Indoramin. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension and related vascular, cardiovascular and airway diseases. Drugs. 1986 Jun;31(6):467–499. doi: 10.2165/00003495-198631060-00002. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Imai Y., Satoh H., Nagai K., Sakuma M., Sakuma H., Minami N., Munakata M., Hashimoto J., Yamagishi T., Watanabe N. Characteristics of a community-based distribution of home blood pressure in Ohasama in northern Japan. J Hypertens. 1993 Dec;11(12):1441–1449. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199312000-00017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Ishikawa K., Nakai S., Takenaka T., Kanamasa K., Hama J., Ogawa I., Yamamoto T., Oyaizu M., Kimura A., Yamamoto K. Short-acting nifedipine and diltiazem do not reduce the incidence of cardiac events in patients with healed myocardial infarction. Secondary Prevention Group. Circulation. 1997 May 20;95(10):2368–2373. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.95.10.2368. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Jackson R., Barham P., Bills J., Birch T., McLennan L., MacMahon S., Maling T. Management of raised blood pressure in New Zealand: a discussion document. BMJ. 1993 Jul 10;307(6896):107–110. doi: 10.1136/bmj.307.6896.107. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Joffres M. R., Ghadirian P., Fodor J. G., Petrasovits A., Chockalingam A., Hamet P. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Canada. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Oct;10(10 Pt 1):1097–1102. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00224-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Joffres M. R., Ghadirian P., Fodor J. G., Petrasovits A., Chockalingam A., Hamet P. Awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in Canada. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Oct;10(10 Pt 1):1097–1102. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00224-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Johnson A. L., Taylor D. W., Sackett D. L., Dunnett C. W., Shimizu A. G. Self-recording of blood pressure in the management of hypertension. Can Med Assoc J. 1978 Nov 4;119(9):1034–1039. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kannel W. B., McGee D. L. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1979 May 11;241(19):2035–2038. doi: 10.1001/jama.241.19.2035. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Kasiske B. L., Kalil R. S., Ma J. Z., Liao M., Keane W. F. Effect of antihypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes: a meta-regression analysis. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Jan 15;118(2):129–138. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-118-2-199301150-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Kes P., Ratković-Gusić I. The role of arterial hypertension in progression of renal failure. Kidney Int Suppl. 1996 Jun;55:S72–S74. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Klahr S., Levey A. S., Beck G. J., Caggiula A. W., Hunsicker L., Kusek J. W., Striker G. The effects of dietary protein restriction and blood-pressure control on the progression of chronic renal disease. Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 31;330(13):877–884. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199403313301301. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Kostis J. B. The effect of enalapril on mortal and morbid events in patients with hypertension and left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Hypertens. 1995 Sep;8(9):909–914. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00156-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Kuwajima I., Hoh E., Suzuki Y., Matsushita S., Kuramoto K. Pseudohypertension in the elderly. J Hypertens. 1990 May;8(5):429–432. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199005000-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Laffel L. M., McGill J. B., Gans D. J. The beneficial effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captopril on diabetic nephropathy in normotensive IDDM patients with microalbuminuria. North American Microalbuminuria Study Group. Am J Med. 1995 Nov;99(5):497–504. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(99)80226-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Leiter L. A., Abbott D., Campbell N. R., Mendelson R., Ogilvie R. I., Chockalingam A. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 2. Recommendations on obesity and weight loss. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S7–12. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Levy D., Garrison R. J., Savage D. D., Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 31;322(22):1561–1566. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005313222203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Levy D., Garrison R. J., Savage D. D., Kannel W. B., Castelli W. P. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med. 1990 May 31;322(22):1561–1566. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199005313222203. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Lewis E. J., Hunsicker L. G., Bain R. P., Rohde R. D. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993 Nov 11;329(20):1456–1462. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199311113292004. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Liebson P. R., Grandits G. A., Dianzumba S., Prineas R. J., Grimm R. H., Jr, Neaton J. D., Stamler J. Comparison of five antihypertensive monotherapies and placebo for change in left ventricular mass in patients receiving nutritional-hygienic therapy in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Circulation. 1995 Feb 1;91(3):698–706. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.3.698. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. Lindgren B. R., Andersson R. G. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and their influence on inflammation, bronchial reactivity and cough. A research review. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp. 1989 Sep-Oct;4(5):369–380. doi: 10.1007/BF03259918. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Locatelli F., Carbarns I. R., Maschio G., Mann J. F., Ponticelli C., Ritz E., Alberti D., Motolese M., Janin G., Zucchelli P. Long-term progression of chronic renal insufficiency in the AIPRI Extension Study. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. Kidney Int Suppl. 1997 Dec;63:S63–S66. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Lunde H., Hedner T., Samuelsson O., Lötvall J., Andrén L., Lindholm L., Wiholm B. E. Dyspnoea, asthma, and bronchospasm in relation to treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. BMJ. 1994 Jan 1;308(6920):18–21. doi: 10.1136/bmj.308.6920.18. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Löfdahl C. G. Antihypertensive drugs and airway function, with special reference to calcium channel blockade. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1989;14 (Suppl 10):S40–S62. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Maschio G., Alberti D., Janin G., Locatelli F., Mann J. F., Motolese M., Ponticelli C., Ritz E., Zucchelli P. Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. The Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Apr 11;334(15):939–945. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199604113341502. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Mathiesen E. R., Hommel E., Giese J., Parving H. H. Efficacy of captopril in postponing nephropathy in normotensive insulin dependent diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. BMJ. 1991 Jul 13;303(6794):81–87. doi: 10.1136/bmj.303.6794.81. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. McKay D. W., Campbell N. R., Chockalingam A., Ku L., Small C., Wasi S. Self-measurement of blood pressure: assessment of equipment. Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control. Can J Cardiol. 1995 Nov;11 (Suppl H):29H–34H. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  80. McKay D. W., Campbell N. R., Parab L. S., Chockalingam A., Fodor J. G. Clinical assessment of blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 1990 Dec;4(6):639–645. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. McKibbin J. K., Pocock W. A., Barlow J. B., Millar R. N., Obel I. W. Sotalol, hypokalaemia, syncope, and torsade de pointes. Br Heart J. 1984 Feb;51(2):157–162. doi: 10.1136/hrt.51.2.157. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Mogensen C. E., Christensen C. K. Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jul 12;311(2):89–93. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198407123110204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Mogensen C. E., Hansen K. W., Pedersen M. M., Christensen C. K. Renal factors influencing blood pressure threshold and choice of treatment for hypertension in IDDM. Diabetes Care. 1991 Nov;14 (Suppl 4):13–26. doi: 10.2337/diacare.14.4.13. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Moutquin J. M., Garner P. R., Burrows R. F., Rey E., Helewa M. E., Lange I. R., Rabkin S. W. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 2. Nonpharmacologic management and prevention of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. CMAJ. 1997 Oct 1;157(7):907–919. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Myers M. G., Oh P. I., Reeves R. A., Joyner C. D. Prevalence of white coat effect in treated hypertensive patients in the community. Am J Hypertens. 1995 Jun;8(6):591–597. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00049-U. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Myers M. G., Oh P. I., Reeves R. A., Joyner C. D. Prevalence of white coat effect in treated hypertensive patients in the community. Am J Hypertens. 1995 Jun;8(6):591–597. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00049-U. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Myers MG. The white-coat effect in treated hypertension. Blood Press Monit. 1996 Jun;1(3):247–249. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. O'Brien E., Petrie J., Littler W., de Swiet M., Padfield P. L., Altman D. G., Bland M., Coats A., Atkins N. An outline of the revised British Hypertension Society protocol for the evaluation of blood pressure measuring devices. J Hypertens. 1993 Jun;11(6):677–679. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199306000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Ofili E. O., Cohen J. D., St Vrain J. A., Pearson A., Martin T. J., Uy N. D., Castello R., Labovitz A. J. Effect of treatment of isolated systolic hypertension on left ventricular mass. JAMA. 1998 Mar 11;279(10):778–780. doi: 10.1001/jama.279.10.778. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Ogilvie R. I., Burgess E. D., Cusson J. R., Feldman R. D., Leiter L. A., Myers M. G. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 3. Pharmacologic treatment of essential hypertension. CMAJ. 1993 Sep 1;149(5):575–584. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Ohkubo T., Imai Y., Tsuji I., Nagai K., Watanabe N., Minami N., Itoh O., Bando T., Sakuma M., Fukao A. Prediction of mortality by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring versus screening blood pressure measurements: a pilot study in Ohasama. J Hypertens. 1997 Apr;15(4):357–364. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199715040-00006. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. Olsson G., Wikstrand J., Warnold I., Manger Cats V., McBoyle D., Herlitz J., Hjalmarson A., Sonneblick E. H. Metoprolol-induced reduction in postinfarction mortality: pooled results from five double-blind randomized trials. Eur Heart J. 1992 Jan;13(1):28–32. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060043. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Packer M., Bristow M. R., Cohn J. N., Colucci W. S., Fowler M. B., Gilbert E. M., Shusterman N. H. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 May 23;334(21):1349–1355. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199605233342101. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Packer M., O'Connor C. M., Ghali J. K., Pressler M. L., Carson P. E., Belkin R. N., Miller A. B., Neuberg G. W., Frid D., Wertheimer J. H. Effect of amlodipine on morbidity and mortality in severe chronic heart failure. Prospective Randomized Amlodipine Survival Evaluation Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1996 Oct 10;335(15):1107–1114. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199610103351504. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Palatini P., Julius S. Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk. J Hypertens. 1997 Jan;15(1):3–17. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199715010-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Pancera P., Sansone S., Secchi S., Covi G., Lechi A. The effects of thromboxane A2 inhibition (picotamide) and angiotensin II receptor blockade (losartan) in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. J Intern Med. 1997 Nov;242(5):373–376. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2796.1997.00219.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Perry H. M., Jr, Miller J. P. Difficulties in diagnosing hypertension: implications and alternatives. J Hypertens. 1992 Aug;10(8):887–896. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Peterson J. C., Adler S., Burkart J. M., Greene T., Hebert L. A., Hunsicker L. G., King A. J., Klahr S., Massry S. G., Seifter J. L. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Nov 15;123(10):754–762. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-123-10-199511150-00003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Pickering T. Recommendations for the use of home (self) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. American Society of Hypertension Ad Hoc Panel. Am J Hypertens. 1996 Jan;9(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00341-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Pitt B., Segal R., Martinez F. A., Meurers G., Cowley A. J., Thomas I., Deedwania P. C., Ney D. E., Snavely D. B., Chang P. I. Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE) Lancet. 1997 Mar 15;349(9054):747–752. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)01187-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Pitt B., Zannad F., Remme W. J., Cody R., Castaigne A., Perez A., Palensky J., Wittes J. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 2;341(10):709–717. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199909023411001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Rakowski H., Appleton C., Chan K. L., Dumesnil J. G., Honos G., Jue J., Koilpillai C., Lepage S., Martin R. P., Mercier L. A. Canadian consensus recommendations for the measurement and reporting of diastolic dysfunction by echocardiography: from the Investigators of Consensus on Diastolic Dysfunction by Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1996 Sep-Oct;9(5):736–760. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(96)90076-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia) Lancet. 1997 Jun 28;349(9069):1857–1863. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Ravid M., Lang R., Rachmani R., Lishner M. Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med. 1996 Feb 12;156(3):286–289. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Ravid M., Savin H., Jutrin I., Bental T., Katz B., Lishner M. Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med. 1993 Apr 15;118(8):577–581. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-118-8-199304150-00001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Reeves R. A., Fodor J. G., Gryfe C. I., Patterson C., Spence J. D. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 4. Hypertension in the elderly. CMAJ. 1993 Sep 15;149(6):815–820. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Remuzzi G., Ruggenenti P., Benigni A. Understanding the nature of renal disease progression. Kidney Int. 1997 Jan;51(1):2–15. doi: 10.1038/ki.1997.2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Rey E., LeLorier J., Burgess E., Lange I. R., Leduc L. Report of the Canadian Hypertension Society Consensus Conference: 3. Pharmacologic treatment of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. CMAJ. 1997 Nov 1;157(9):1245–1254. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Rosner B., Polk B. F. Predictive values of routine blood pressure measurements in screening for hypertension. Am J Epidemiol. 1983 Apr;117(4):429–442. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113561. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Ruggenenti P., Perna A., Gherardi G., Gaspari F., Benini R., Remuzzi G. Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril: REIN follow-up trial. Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia (GISEN). Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy. Lancet. 1998 Oct 17;352(9136):1252–1256. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04433-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Sano T., Kawamura T., Matsumae H., Sasaki H., Nakayama M., Hara T., Matsuo S., Hotta N., Sakamoto N. Effects of long-term enalapril treatment on persistent micro-albuminuria in well-controlled hypertensive and normotensive NIDDM patients. Diabetes Care. 1994 May;17(5):420–424. doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.5.420. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Sawicki P. T., Mühlhauser I., Didjurgeit U., Baumgartner A., Bender R., Berger M. Intensified antihypertensive therapy is associated with improved survival in type 1 diabetic patients with nephropathy. J Hypertens. 1995 Aug;13(8):933–938. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199508000-00015. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Schmieder R. E., Langenfeld M. R., Gatzka C. D., Weidinger G., Schobel H. P. Impact of alpha- versus beta-blockers on hypertensive target organ damage: results of a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Sep;10(9 Pt 1):985–991. doi: 10.1016/s0895-7061(97)00161-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Schmieder R. E., Martus P., Klingbeil A. Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA. 1996 May 15;275(19):1507–1513. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Skyler J. S., Marks J. B., Schneiderman N. Hypertension in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens. 1995 Dec;8(12 Pt 2):100s–105s. doi: 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00307-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  116. Soriano J. B., Hoes A. W., Meems L., Grobbee D. E. Increased survival with beta-blockers: importance of ancillary properties. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1997 Mar-Apr;39(5):445–456. doi: 10.1016/s0033-0620(97)80039-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  117. Spence J. D., Barnett P. A., Linden W., Ramsden V., Taenzer P. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 7. Recommendations on stress management. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999 May 4;160(9 Suppl):S46–S50. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  118. Staessen J. A., Byttebier G., Buntinx F., Celis H., O'Brien E. T., Fagard R. Antihypertensive treatment based on conventional or ambulatory blood pressure measurement. A randomized controlled trial. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring and Treatment of Hypertension Investigators. JAMA. 1997 Oct 1;278(13):1065–1072. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  119. Staessen J. A., Fagard R., Thijs L., Celis H., Arabidze G. G., Birkenhäger W. H., Bulpitt C. J., de Leeuw P. W., Dollery C. T., Fletcher A. E. Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. The Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) Trial Investigators. Lancet. 1997 Sep 13;350(9080):757–764. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)05381-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  120. Strandgaard S. Hypertension and stroke. J Hypertens Suppl. 1996 Oct;14(3):S23–S27. doi: 10.1097/00004872-199610003-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  121. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 1999 Jan 2;353(9146):9–13. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  122. Thijs L., Staessen J. A., Celis H., de Gaudemaris R., Imai Y., Julius S., Fagard R. Reference values for self-recorded blood pressure: a meta-analysis of summary data. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Mar 9;158(5):481–488. doi: 10.1001/archinte.158.5.481. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  123. Toto R. D., Mitchell H. C., Smith R. D., Lee H. C., McIntire D., Pettinger W. A. "Strict" blood pressure control and progression of renal disease in hypertensive nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int. 1995 Sep;48(3):851–859. doi: 10.1038/ki.1995.361. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  124. Tsuji I., Imai Y., Nagai K., Ohkubo T., Watanabe N., Minami N., Itoh O., Bando T., Sakuma M., Fukao A. Proposal of reference values for home blood pressure measurement: prognostic criteria based on a prospective observation of the general population in Ohasama, Japan. Am J Hypertens. 1997 Apr;10(4 Pt 1):409–418. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  125. Tuomilehto J., Rastenyte D., Birkenhäger W. H., Thijs L., Antikainen R., Bulpitt C. J., Fletcher A. E., Forette F., Goldhaber A., Palatini P. Effects of calcium-channel blockade in older patients with diabetes and systolic hypertension. Systolic Hypertension in Europe Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 4;340(9):677–684. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199903043400902. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  126. Tweeddale M. G., Fodor J. G. Elevated serum uric acid. A cardiovascular risk factor? Nephron. 1979;23 (Suppl 1):3–6. doi: 10.1159/000181660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  127. Van de Ven L. L., Van Leeuwen J. T., Smit A. J. The influence of chronic treatment with betablockade and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on the peripheral blood flow in hypertensive patients with and without concomitant intermittent claudication. A comparative cross-over trial. Vasa. 1994;23(4):357–362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  128. Verdecchia P., Porcellati C., Schillaci G., Borgioni C., Ciucci A., Battistelli M., Guerrieri M., Gatteschi C., Zampi I., Santucci A. Ambulatory blood pressure. An independent predictor of prognosis in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 1994 Dec;24(6):793–801. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.24.6.793. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  129. Verdecchia P., Schillaci G., Borgioni C., Ciucci A., Gattobigio R., Zampi I., Reboldi G., Porcellati C. Prognostic significance of serial changes in left ventricular mass in essential hypertension. Circulation. 1998 Jan 6;97(1):48–54. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.1.48. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  130. Waagstein F., Bristow M. R., Swedberg K., Camerini F., Fowler M. B., Silver M. A., Gilbert E. M., Johnson M. R., Goss F. G., Hjalmarson A. Beneficial effects of metoprolol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Metoprolol in Dilated Cardiomyopathy (MDC) Trial Study Group. Lancet. 1993 Dec 11;342(8885):1441–1446. doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92930-r. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  131. Waller P. C., Ramsay L. E. Predicting acute gout in diuretic-treated hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens. 1989 Dec;3(6):457–461. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  132. Wang S. L., Head J., Stevens L., Fuller J. H. Excess mortality and its relation to hypertension and proteinuria in diabetic patients. The world health organization multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996 Apr;19(4):305–312. doi: 10.2337/diacare.19.4.305. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  133. Ward H. J. Uric acid as an independent risk factor in the treatment of hypertension. Lancet. 1998 Aug 29;352(9129):670–671. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60816-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  134. Wilhelmsen L., Berglund G., Elmfeldt D., Fitzsimons T., Holzgreve H., Hosie J., Hörnkvist P. E., Pennert K., Tuomilehto J., Wedel H. Beta-blockers versus diuretics in hypertensive men: main results from the HAPPHY trial. J Hypertens. 1987 Oct;5(5):561–572. doi: 10.1097/00004872-198710000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  135. Wilson P. W., D'Agostino R. B., Levy D., Belanger A. M., Silbershatz H., Kannel W. B. Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories. Circulation. 1998 May 12;97(18):1837–1847. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  136. Zucchelli P., Zuccalà A., Borghi M., Fusaroli M., Sasdelli M., Stallone C., Sanna G., Gaggi R. Long-term comparison between captopril and nifedipine in the progression of renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. 1992 Aug;42(2):452–458. doi: 10.1038/ki.1992.309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  137. de Gaudemaris R., Chau N. P., Mallion J. M. Home blood pressure: variability, comparison with office readings and proposal for reference values. Groupe de la Mesure, French Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 1994 Jul;12(7):831–838. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal are provided here courtesy of Canadian Medical Association

RESOURCES