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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2025 Sep 28;54(5):694–704. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2025-0329

多不饱和脂肪酸脂质过氧化在脑出血神经元铁死亡中的作用研究进展

The role of polyunsaturated fatty acid lipid peroxidation in ferroptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage: a review of mecha-nisms and therapeutic implications

GUO Man 1,4, ZHAO Guohui 1, CAI Zhibiao 2, ZHANG Zhenyu 1, ZHOU Jie 2,✉,
Editors: 余 方, 刘 丽娜
PMCID: PMC12571713  PMID: 41025294

Abstract

Ferroptosis, a regulated cell death process distinct from apoptosis, is characterized by iron dysregulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. After intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), decreased cerebral blood flow and iron released from erythrocytes trigger lipid peroxidation—particularly of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)—through a cascade of reactions in local brain tissues, promoting ferroptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation further elevate ROS, exacerbating lipid peroxidation and accelerating neuronal ferroptosis. Thus, PUFA peroxidation and associated metabolic pathways play a critical role in ICH-related neuronal damage. This review summarizes current understanding of how PUFA peroxidation contributes to ferro-ptosis after ICH, discusses key regulatory mechanisms involving lipid and iron metabolism, and highlights potential therapeutic strategies targeting ferroptosis to improve neurological outcomes.

Keywords: Intracerebral hemorrhage, Ferroptosis, Polyunsaturated fatty acid, Lipid peroxidation, Review


脑出血占所有脑卒中病例的20%~30%,其全球发病率从40~44岁年龄段人群开始显著上升,且近年来呈现年轻化趋势1-6。脑出血患者预后较差,发病后1年病死率超过50%,其中18~55岁患者长期病死率(中位随访8年)高达35%,所致伤残调整寿命年损失也高于缺血性脑卒中1-6。研究发现,约1/4的脑出血幸存者会随着时间的推移出现运动功能进行性下降或认知障碍7。机体发生脑出血后所受到的损伤主要包括两方面:一是在发病数小时内由血肿占位效应导致的局部脑实质破坏,称为原发性损伤8;二是主要由炎症反应、血脑屏障破坏及血肿周围水肿形成所引发的继发性损伤9。在继发性损伤过程中,红细胞裂解释放大量具有神经毒性的铁进入脑实质,导致铁累积9;铁、氧与PUFA相互作用,促使具有毒副作用的脂质活性氧积累10。铁积累和脂质过氧化是铁死亡的两个核心要素,包括线粒体和溶酶体在内的多种细胞器也参与了铁代谢和铁死亡过程中氧化还原失衡的调控11-13,因此脑出血后神经元铁死亡一触即发。

细胞中铁死亡可以通过外部和内部两条途径引发:外部途径通过抑制靶向胱氨酸/谷氨酸逆向转运蛋白(即系统Xc )或通过激活铁转运分子(如转铁蛋白和乳铁蛋白)来引发;内部途径通过在细胞内抑制GPX4来激活14-15。抑制铁死亡主要有三条途径:首先是哺乳动物中常见的铁死亡抑制抗氧化系统,尤其是系统Xc -谷胱甘肽-GPX4轴16-19;其次是靶向Nrf2信号通路,可以有效影响铁死亡;最后,铁死亡标志物钙离子持续增加可激活ESCRT-Ⅲ,通过抵消铁死亡造成的细胞膜损伤来延迟细胞死亡20-23。见图1。当铁和活性氧出现累积时,含PUFA的磷脂被芬顿反应产生的自由基(·OH)攻击后生成磷脂过氧化物,推动铁死亡发生24。可见,磷脂和PUFA酰基部分的过氧化与铁稳态密切相关25。本文从PUFA脂质过氧化角度对脑出血和铁死亡之间的病理学机制进行阐述,为探究通过抑制脑出血后铁死亡及PUFA脂质过氧化进而有效治疗脑出血提供理论依据。

图1. 铁死亡促进和抑制途径.

图1

促进铁死亡途径:TF转运过多的铁到细胞内引起铁死亡;抑制GPX4促进铁死亡. 抑制铁死亡途径:系统Xc-GSH-GPX4轴、靶向Nrf2信号通路和Ca2+增加而激活ESCRT-Ⅲ. TF:转铁蛋白;TFR:转铁蛋白受体;DMT:二价金属转运体;SLC:溶质载体;Cys:胱氨酸;Glu:谷氨酸;GCL:谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶;GSS:谷胱甘肽合成酶;GSH:谷胱甘肽;PL-OH:磷脂醇化物;PL-OOH:磷脂氢过氧化物;FSP:铁死亡抑制蛋白;Nrf:核转录因子红系2相关因子;GPX:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;CoQ:辅酶Q;AIFM:线粒体相关凋亡诱导因子;ESCRT:内吞体运输必需分选复合物.

1. 多不饱和脂肪酸参与脑出血的病理过程

PUFA主要分为ω-3和ω-6两大类26。其中,ω-3脂肪酸主要包括α-亚麻酸、EPA和DHA;ω-6脂肪酸则以亚油酸和花生四烯酸最为常见27。在哺乳动物细胞膜中,最常见的PUFA是花生四烯酸和DHA,两者分别含有4个和6个双键,因此更容易发生过氧化,也是最具生物活性的PUFA28-29。PUFA及其生物活性衍生物在炎症、神经发生、细胞存活和突触功能中发挥重要作用,并对脑神经的保护有着重要的意义30。例如,在炎症过程中磷脂酶A2可以激活并释放PUFA以用于氧磷脂的生物合成,影响炎症性疼痛过程31;在妊娠期,ω-3脂肪酸缺乏会对子代神经发生产生永久性的不利影响32。PUFA对细胞具有保护作用,如保护人视网膜色素上皮细胞、大鼠视网膜感光细胞在发育过程中避免氧化应激诱导的细胞凋亡33-34。其中ω-3脂肪酸还具有保护神经细胞的作用,如ω-3脂肪酸可减少小鼠神经母细胞瘤神经2A细胞凋亡35-37。PUFA与大脑之间同样有着密不可分的联系。目前普遍认为,PUFA递送到大脑有两种方式,一种是以“游离状态”(未酯化脂肪酸)通过转运蛋白转运入脑,另一种是以“结合状态”的酯化脂质(以溶血磷脂和脂蛋白为载体)形式转运入脑,但尚无明确结论38。BDNF介导的信号转导通路缺陷与神经元发生减少、存活率降低密切相关,并参与了精神分裂症、双相情感障碍、阿尔茨海默病以及年龄相关性认知功能下降等多种神经系统疾病和精神障碍的发生和发展39-40。青少年膳食中ω-3脂肪酸的摄入量与其血清中的BDNF浓度呈正相关41-42,提示ω-3脂肪酸对BDNF具有调节作用。研究显示,PUFA在阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、多发性硬化症、痴呆、亨廷顿病以及肌萎缩侧索硬化症等神经退行性疾病的治疗中显示出潜在的调控作用,并可能参与炎症相关癌症发病机制中的免疫和炎症调节过程43-45

目前,PUFA与脑出血之间的研究十分有限,且结果存在矛盾。有研究指出,患者血清PUFA(包括花生四烯酸)水平降低与脑出血患者不良功能结局独立相关46。另有研究探讨了伴随脑出血的小缺血性病变与PUFA的关系,结果显示,陈旧性腔隙和较低的DHA/花生四烯酸比值可以通过抑制正常的血管功能诱导血栓形成和血管收缩,加剧血管炎症并破坏凝血-溶系统平衡,进而导致小缺血性病变伴发脑出血的发生47-48。然而,动物研究表明,膳食补充ω-3脂肪酸会导致脑出血大鼠出现前肢运动功能恶化,可能与大量摄入ω-3脂肪酸后血液黏稠度降低、内源性凝血因子生成减少而致出血频率增加有关,提示ω-3脂肪酸摄入过多可能导致脑出血风险增加49。在小鼠重复坠落模拟脑出血损伤实验中,ω-3脂肪酸又可能通过减少脑细胞损伤促进认知、运动和行为功能的恢复50,这一保护性作用与其在上述脑出血大鼠中所观察到的运动功能恶化结果截然不同。

一项前瞻性临床研究表明,口服EPA和DHA的脑出血患者在3个月随访时mRS评分0~2分的比例显著高于对照组,同时患者血浆ω-3脂肪酸水平与IL-6下降幅度呈正相关51。另有研究显示,DHA通过抑制氧化应激、细胞焦亡和炎症来对抗铜诱导的肝毒性,而亚油酸则通过激活FABP5/mTORC1信号通路促进活性氧积累52-53。虽然ω-6脂肪酸与ω-3脂肪酸在脂质氧化倾向展现出一定的差异,但目前尚无充分证据支持将ω-6脂肪酸(如花生四烯酸、亚油酸)和ω-3脂肪酸(如DHA、EPA)简单归类为“促炎”和“抗炎”的模式54。如有研究发现,在急性炎症期,中性粒细胞或单核巨噬细胞会分泌由ω-3脂肪酸产生的特殊介质,这些介质在炎症消退中发挥关键作用,而花生四烯酸是促炎介质前列腺素的前体,提示ω-6脂肪酸也可激活相关促炎通路5255

上述研究提示,PUFA与脑出血之间可能存在一定联系,这为理解PUFA在脑出血中的作用提供了科学依据,并可能有助于开发新的预防和治疗策略。

2. 多不饱和脂肪酸脂质过氧化在铁死亡中的作用

脂质过氧化是指自由基或非自由基氧化剂攻击含碳-碳双键的脂质分子,通过去氢加氧反应生成脂质过氧自由基和氢过氧化物等的过程56。在哺乳动物中,多种PUFA由生物合成途径生成,当这些PUFA从细胞膜释放后,可被直接或通过酶转化为多种生物活性衍生物,进而参与细胞膜脂质过氧化的信号转导30。脑出血后的继发性脑损伤以及线粒体功能障碍等导致活性氧增加,活性氧可与脂质膜反应并诱导脂质过氧化形成脂质活性氧,高浓度的脂质活性氧会触发细胞中的氧化应激,导致氧化损伤57。在各种类型的细胞脂质中,磷脂、鞘磷脂和胆固醇共同组成细胞膜的主要成分58。细胞膜易受活性氧和羟基自由基攻击的主要原因在于其富含大量酯化于磷脂上的PUFA以及游离胆固醇59。脂质过氧化物会破坏细胞膜双层的厚度、通透性和结构,故对细胞的破坏性极强60-61。由此可见,PUFA的过氧化已成为细胞膜氧化损伤导致细胞死亡的关键始动因素。游离PUFA可通过与酶结合进入细胞膜中,并通过酶促和非酶促机制发生脂质过氧化反应(图262。由酶介导的脂质过氧化主要通过脂氧合酶催化,以立体特异性方式将氧加成至花生四烯酸和亚油酸等PUFA中,从而引发脂质过氧化反应;在非酶促的自发氧化过程中,游离的亚铁离子(Fe2+)与过氧化氢(H2O2)反应生成羟基自由基,后者通过在PUFA中提取氢启动脂质过氧化过程1563-64。由此可见,PUFA与脂质过氧化联系密切,是细胞损伤发生的重要原因之一。

图2. PUFA介导脂质过氧化的酶促和非酶促途径.

图2

在酶介导的脂质过氧化中,ACSL4和LPCAT3可以促进PUFA磷脂进行生物合成,酶效应因子脂氧合酶选择性地将游离PUFA氧化为PUFA-PE. 在非酶促PL过氧化过程中,游离Fe2+和羟基自由基在PUFA中提取氢并启动脂质过氧化,生成的过氧自由基(PL-OO·)可以夺取另一个PUFA分子上的氢原子,形成新的脂质自由基,从而继续链反应;当两个脂质过氧自由基相遇产生非自由基产物时,链式反应终止. PUFA:多不饱和脂肪酸;ALA:α-亚麻酸;EPA:二十碳五烯酸;DHA:二十二碳六烯酸;LA:亚油酸;GLA:γ-亚麻酸;EDA:二十碳三烯酸;ELOVL:脂肪酸延长酶;FADS:脂肪酸去饱和酶;DGLA:二高-γ-亚麻酸;AA:花生四烯酸;AdA:肾上腺酸;ACSL:酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族;CoA:辅酶A;LPCAT:溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶;PE:磷脂酰乙醇胺;PEBP:磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白;Cys:胱氨酸;GSH:谷胱甘肽;Nrf:核转录因子红系2相关因子;GPX:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;PL:磷脂;PL-OH:磷脂醇化物;PL-OOH:磷脂氢过氧化物;PLH:磷脂氢化物.

铁死亡与PUFA之间关系的研究目前已趋于成熟。PUFA的产生和脂质过氧化在促进铁死亡中发挥重要作用65。铁进入神经元后,可诱导以脂质过氧化为核心的铁死亡过程9。酶(如脂氧合酶)和非酶(如活性氧)均可催化PUFA发生氧化,脂质活性氧通常源于膜脂质中的PUFA链,从而形成脂质氢过氧化物66。在铁存在的情况下,脂质氢过氧化物可进一步形成有毒性的脂质自由基,后者可从相邻PUFA中抽取质子,引发新一轮的脂质氧化,并将氧化损伤从一种脂质传播到另一种脂质66。此外,PUFA氧化生成的反应性脂质中间产物可能会通过共价修饰细胞内的关键蛋白质导致其功能丧失,进而加速细胞死亡67。作为铁死亡过程中的关键环节,细胞膜主要成分之一的磷脂发生过氧化反应可分为三个步骤:起始、传播和终止68。PUFA分子中所含的双烯丙基结构(Inline graphicCH=CHInline graphicCH₂Inline graphicCH=CHInline graphic)能够促进磷脂的脂肪酰基链过氧化,因此在PUFA链中包含该结构的PUFA-磷脂(作为磷脂过氧化的直接底物)对氧化损伤最为敏感69,且PUFA-磷脂越多,细胞越易发生铁死亡58。细胞通过调节脂质代谢响应PUFA水平的升高,单不饱和脂肪酸和PUFA的供应程度及活化状态共同调控了单不饱和脂肪酸-磷脂与PUFA-磷脂之间的平衡,影响磷脂重塑过程,并最终决定细胞对铁死亡的易感性70。然而,目前尚不清楚细胞对铁死亡的敏感性是由特定含PUFA的物种决定,还是由所有含PUFA膜脂质的总丰度决定71-72。尽管细胞膜上的PUFA可通过多种保护机制避免发生过氧化,但这些保护性酶和分子失衡或耗竭时将诱发过氧化反应,进而导致铁死亡及细胞损伤73。细胞研究表明,PUFA在ACSL4、LPCAT3等酶的催化下可促发铁死亡,而谷胱甘肽和GPX4介导的脂质修复系统可对铁死亡的发生起到调节作用,通过干预该系统可增强或抑制铁死亡74-75。ACSL4和LPCAT3可以促进PUFA-磷脂合成,后者作为铁死亡促进脂质过氧化产物的底物驱动细胞铁死亡发生。作为酶效应因子的脂氧合酶可选择性地将游离PUFA氧化为PUFA-磷脂酰乙醇胺,且能介导铁死亡的过氧化反应7476-78。可见,铁死亡在一定程度上由PUFA介导的脂质过氧化所调节。探究PUFA膜磷脂生物合成调节酶在抑制或过表达状态下对铁死亡的作用,可为相关疾病病理生理机制的研究提供新视角。同时,通过抑制PUFA相关酶来调控铁死亡,或许能为相关疾病的治疗开辟新途径。

3. 多不饱和脂肪酸脂质过氧化参与脑出血铁死亡过程

脑出血是脑血管破裂后血液进入脑实质形成血肿,进而引发严重的神经功能缺损等继发性损伤的病理过程79。本文主要探讨的继发性损伤在很大程度上归因于脑实质内的血液因素。脑出血发生后,外渗的血液成分(主要为红细胞和血浆蛋白)以及损伤相关分子模式会对邻近存活的脑细胞产生强烈的毒性作用,促进氧化应激和炎症反应。其中,外渗的血浆成分(如血源性凝血因子、补体成分、免疫球蛋白和其他生物活性分子)则是脑出血后组织损伤的关键毒性因素80。红细胞裂解约从病发24 h开始,并持续数天,导致细胞毒性血红蛋白持续释放,血红蛋白产生的游离血红素可与急性期血浆蛋白Hx结合并被中和形成血红素-Hx复合物,该复合物可被CD91清道夫受体介导的吞噬细胞吞噬,并在吞噬细胞中被血红素加氧酶代谢为胆绿素、一氧化碳和铁80。研究显示,血红素代谢与神经炎症之间存在密切关联:Nrf2可通过与血红素加氧酶1相互作用调节炎症及氧化应激相关信号通路,进而发挥细胞保护作用81-82。在正常机体中,铁通常被铁结合蛋白隔离于吞噬细胞内,以防止铁诱导的氧化损伤;而当铁过量时,含铁血黄素的储存能力饱和,导致游离铁释放,引发细胞氧化损伤81-82。如图3所示,血红蛋白释放的过量铁可催化过氧化氢(H2O2)发生芬顿反应,产生水(H2O)和羟基自由基(·OH)83;紧接着·OH攻击细胞膜中的PUFA,夺取一个氢原子并形成脂质自由基(PL·);随后,PL·与氧(O2)反应生成过氧自由基(PL-OO·);PL-OO·又夺取另一个PUFA分子上的氢原子,形成新的脂质自由基,从而继续链反应5784-87。诱导铁死亡的脂质过氧化发生在PUFA中特定的磷脂上,并产生一系列级联反应,每一步都放大活性氧损伤或有益的作用,从而有效地实现类似雪崩的化学反应过程75。形成的过氧自由基可通过剧烈的链式反应在整个膜结构中扩散,细胞膜的完整性和功能受到严重破坏,最终导致细胞死亡。PUFA的脂质过氧化在脑出血导致的铁死亡过程中扮演核心角色,其涉及的铁代谢失衡、氧化应激级联反应以及细胞膜损伤的恶性循环致使脑出血后的继发性损伤进一步放大。

图3. 脑出血后血红蛋白释放铁离子而发生的一系列联级反应.

图3

H2O2与细胞内游离的Fe2+发生芬顿反应生成羟基自由基(·OH),随后·OH与PUFA发生脂质过氧化链式反应. 系统Xc以1∶1的比例将Cys转运入细胞并被GSH或硫氧还蛋白还原酶1还原成半胱氨酸,GCL连接半胱氨酸和谷氨酸,同时被GSS催化生成GSH;在GPX4的催化循环中,GPX4-SeH被PL-OOH氧化成GPX4-SeOH,进一步活化GPX4,释放的GS-SG在辅酶NADPH的作用下被还原成GSH;PL-OOH被GPX4-SeH还原成PL-OH,从而抑制铁死亡. PL:磷脂;PUFA:多不饱和脂肪酸;ACSL:酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族;LPCAT:溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶;PL-OOH:磷脂氢过氧化物;PL-OH:磷脂醇化物;GPX:谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶;GSH:谷胱甘肽;GS-SG:氧化型谷胱甘肽;NADPH:还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸;NADP⁺:氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸;Cys:胱氨酸;Glu:谷氨酸;SLC:溶质载体;GCL:谷氨酸-半胱氨酸连接酶;Gly:甘氨酸;GSS:谷胱甘肽合成酶.

4. 基于脂质过氧化的脑出血治疗

目前,脑出血的临床治疗包括手术清除血肿、去颅骨骨瓣减压,以及血压管理、颅内压监测、止血等措施88-89,但总体效果并不理想,且对于不同出血量、非叶状部位出血等的治疗效果仍不确切90。抑制铁死亡或减轻铁毒性是脑出血治疗的潜在靶点,但相关研究目前仍处于起步阶段,药物疗效尚不明确991。关于GPX4激活剂和脂氧合酶抑制剂治疗靶点的研究仍处于临床前研究阶段。2017年,Shah等92报道了铁死亡的有效抑制剂铁抑素-1,其主要通过直接捕获脂质自由基或增强GPX4活性发挥作用,能有效抑制铁死亡并减轻神经功能损伤。研究表明,小分子抗氧化剂(如脂氧合酶抑制剂1)能够有效抑制脂质活性氧的积累、阻止PUFA耗竭,并显著降低细胞死亡率8493-94。在脑出血大鼠中,脂氧合酶抑制剂1早期干预可抑制铁死亡和坏死性凋亡,在减轻脑水肿的同时提高mRS神经功能评分95-97,提示脂氧合酶抑制剂1可通过抑制脂质过氧化抑制铁死亡,进而防治脑出血后的继发性损伤。最新研究发现,靶向抑制ASCL4的新型铁肽酶抑制剂“化合物-51”(一种异丙嗪衍生物)具有良好的抗铁死亡和抗氧化活性,可减少脑出血后神经元死亡并缓解神经功能损伤98。该化合物还具有优良的药代动力学特性,可有效穿透血脑屏障,在脑出血小鼠模型中展现出显著的疗效99,提示其可以作为脑出血治疗的新策略。新型抗氧化纳米药物在脑出血治疗中的应用也逐渐成熟。例如,化合物白藜芦醇在纳米粒包裹下通过抑制脂质过氧化可在斑马鱼模型中跨越生理屏障,并在脑出血小鼠中证实其安全有效100。含硫醇的氧化还原调节化合物N-乙酰半胱氨酸可通过抑制脂质过氧化抑制铁死亡,还可与前列腺素E2协同发挥抑制作用101。目前,该化合物已获临床批准,正在进行多种神经和精神疾病的临床试验101。尽管i-DEF试验未能成功推动去铁胺(一种铁螯合剂)治疗脑出血进入Ⅲ期临床试验,但其仍为临床研究提供了重要贡献102。一项回顾性分析显示,在脑出血后6个月内使用去铁胺治疗可加速并优化神经功能恢复进程,并对继发性脑损伤相关疾病提供早期保护103。最新的事后分析进一步表明,接受去铁胺治疗的患者在脑出血后第一周内出现早期显著神经功能改善的可能性更大,且该改善呈持续趋势,与患者良好的长期功能预后密切相关104

5. 结 语

综上所述,脂质过氧化和铁死亡在疾病发生发展中的作用机制是当前重要的前沿研究领域。深入探究脂质过氧化和铁死亡在脑出血中的作用机制,全面理解调控铁死亡敏感性的复杂脂质代谢网络,可能可以为脑出血的治疗策略研究提供理论基础。通过靶向抑制脑出血后的脂质过氧化及铁死亡过程,有望改善患者神经功能预后,从而有效应对当前脑出血后高致残率的临床挑战。

Supplementary information

本文附加文件见电子版。

Acknowledgments

本研究得到联勤保障部队第九四○医院G计划(2024-G3-3)和甘肃省自然科学基金(23JRRA532)支持. 文章修改过程中《浙江大学学报(医学版)》编辑部沈敏编审和余方、刘丽娜编辑给予建议和帮助

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by Project G, the 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force, People’s Liberation Army (2024-G3-3), and Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (23JRRA532). Senior editor SHEN Min and editors YU Fang/LIU Lina from the Editorial Department of the Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) provided suggestions and assis-tance during the article revision

[缩略语]

多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GPX);核转录因子红系2相关因子(nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor,Nrf);内吞体运输必需分选复合物(endosomal sorting complexes required for transport,ESCRT);二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA);二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA);脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF);改良Rankin 量表(modified Rankin scale,mRS);酰基辅酶A合成酶长链家族(acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family,ACSL);溶血磷脂酰胆碱酰基转移酶(lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase,LPCAT)

利益冲突声明

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献

郭蔓、赵国辉、蔡志标、张震宇和周杰参与论文选题和设计或参与资料获取、分析或解释,起草研究论文或修改重要智力性内容. 所有作者均已阅读并认可最终稿件,并对数据的完整性和安全性负责. 具体见电子版

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests

医学伦理

本研究不涉及人体或动物实验

Ethical Approval

This study does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors

数据可用性

本研究未生成任何新数据集,所有分析数据均已公开,并已在文中明确标引

Data Availability

This study did not generate any new datasets, all data analyzed are publicly available, and have been properly cited

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Data Availability Statement

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