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Chinese Journal of Burns and Wounds logoLink to Chinese Journal of Burns and Wounds
. 2025 Nov 20;41(11):1074–1082. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501225-20250731-00337

吲哚菁绿-近红外荧光显影对猪烧伤创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的指示效果

Indicative effect of indocyanine green-near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in porcine burn wounds

Yushen Zhang 1, Xiang Pan 2, Yunlong Ge 2, Junchen Yue 3, Yixuan Song 1, Weiye Song 2, Ran Zhao 1,*
PMCID: PMC12672201  PMID: 41326033

Abstract

Objective

To explore the indicative effects of indocyanine green-near-infrared fluorescence imaging (ICG-NIFI) in the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in porcine burn wounds.

Methods

This study was a medical-engineering interdisciplinary basic research. One 3-month-old male Bama miniature pig was selected, and circular burn wounds with a diameter of 2 cm were created by applying a scalding instrument with inflicting temperature of 75 ℃ to the skin on the dorsal side of the pig for 3, 7, and 11 seconds, respectively, with two wounds for each duration of injury. The fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds and the surrounding normal skin was detected by ICG-NIFI technology within 700 seconds after injecting indocyanine green (hereinafter referred to as after administration). The trend of the normalized fluorescence intensity was observed, and the time when the fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds and the surrounding normal skin reached the peak (hereinafter referred to as the peak time) was determined. Additional two 3-month-old male Bama miniature pigs were selected, and circular burn wounds with a diameter of 2 cm were created on the skin of bilateral thoracic walls by applying a scalding instrument with inflicting temperature of 75 ℃ for 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 seconds, respectively, with 4 wounds for each duration of injury. The blood flow intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds was detected by laser speckle contrast imaging technology; the relative fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds was detected by ICG-NIFI technology at the peak time of the wounds and the surrounding normal skin. The full-thickness skin tissue of the wounds was taken for hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue was measured. The correlation between the blood flow intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds and the relative fluorescence intensity at the peak time of the regions of interest in the wounds and the surrounding normal skin and the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds was analyzed.

Results

The fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the surrounding normal skin showed a rapid increase followed by a slow decrease, with the peak time of approximately 60 seconds after administration. The fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds showed a slow increase followed by a sustained stable trend, with the peak time of approximately 600 seconds after administration. The thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds caused by durations of injury of 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19 seconds was (101±8), (130±6), (201±19), (197±30), (204±21), (280±39), (302±35), and (366±27) μm, respectively. The correlation between the blood flow intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds and the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds was not significant (P > 0.05). The relative fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds at 60 seconds after administration was significantly negatively correlated with the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds (R²=0.97, P < 0.05), and the relative fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in the wounds at 600 seconds after administration was significantly positively correlated with the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds (R²=0.96, P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The relative fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in porcine burn wounds detected by ICG-NIFI at 60 and 600 seconds after administration was significantly correlated with the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds, indicating that ICG-NIFI has a significantly sensitive indicative effects for the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in porcine burn wounds.

Keywords: Burns, Dermis, Laser speckle contrast imaging, Laser-Doppler flowmetry, Fluorescence imaging, Indocyanine green


对创面深度进行客观准确的诊断是烧伤领域的重要临床问题。传统诊断方法将深达真皮层的烧伤创面粗略分为浅Ⅱ度和深Ⅱ度,已经不符合当下精确诊疗的需求。有学者提出未明确深度烧伤创面[1]的概念,强调对真皮层坏死组织的厚度进行直接评估,并给予相应的治疗。

组织病理学检查是测定坏死组织厚度的金标准,但在临床中应用受限。由于有效血流灌注(effective blood perfusion,EBP)的减少或丧失是坏死组织早期最突出的特征,所以识别组织EBP几乎是所有烧伤深度检测方法的共同原理,即血流信号的下降提示坏死组织厚度的增加[2]。目前基于EBP检测的烧伤深度检测技术[3-4]包括激光多普勒成像(laser Doppler imaging,LDI)[5]、激光散斑对比成像(laser speckle contrast imaging,LSCI)[6]、吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显影(indocyanine green-near-infrared fluorescence imaging,ICG-NIFI)[7-8]。其中LDI已被认为是烧伤创面深度客观诊断的标准方法,而LSCI更适合较大创面的快速扫描。既往研究表明,ICG-NIFI可用于区分不同深度的烧伤创面[9],但由于该技术需要静脉给药,这被视作其显著不足而应用前景受限。最新研究显示,吲哚菁绿可与血浆脂蛋白结合,形成吲哚菁绿-血浆脂蛋白(indocyanine green-lipoprotein,ICG-LP)复合物,该复合物是一种良好的坏死亲和性对比剂(necrosis-avid contrast agent,NACA)[10-11],具有坏死细胞亲和性,可对坏死组织进行示踪显影。

考虑ICG-NIFI同时具有EBP指示和NACA示踪的双重机制,本研究团队长期聚焦于探索ICG-NIFI技术对烧伤创面坏死组织的微观、精确识别和示踪价值。本研究旨在探讨ICG-NIFI技术对猪烧伤创面模型的真皮层坏死组织厚度的指示效果。

1. 对象与方法

本医工交叉应用基础研究已通过山东第一医科大学附属省立医院(以下简称本单位)医学伦理委员会审批通过(批号:SYL-2025-243),实验过程符合本单位及国家关于实验动物管理和使用的规定。

1.1. 动物及主要试剂与仪器来源

3头健康普通级3个月龄雄性巴马香猪(体重14.2~15.6 kg)购自济南金丰实验动物有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(鲁)2022-0028。注射用吲哚菁绿购自丹东医创药业有限责任公司。YLS-5Q型实验用烫伤仪购自廊坊众仪科技有限公司,PeriCam PSI型激光散斑血流视频成像系统购自瑞士Perimed AB公司,Pannoramic MIDI型数字切片扫描仪购自匈牙利3DHISTECH公司,近红外荧光显影仪为本研究团队自行设计及制备(主要硬件包括发射波长为785 nm的激光器、近红外和可见光工业相机、近焦镜头、二向色镜以及多个滤光片)。

1.2. 预实验

1.2.1. 烧伤创面模型制备

选择1头猪,实验前1周进行适应性饲养,实验前1 d彻底清洗,禁食10 h。将猪于俯卧位固定,肌内注射5 mg咪达唑仑诱导麻醉,腹腔注射30 g/L戊巴比妥钠溶液(1 mL/kg)维持麻醉,同时监测心率和呼吸频率。剔除背部毛发和消毒后,用烫伤仪探头接触猪背部正中皮肤制作6个烧伤创面。烫伤仪探头为直径2 cm的圆形,致伤温度设置为75 ℃,压力设置为1 500 g,探头接触皮肤时间(致伤时长)为3、7、11 s(每个致伤时长2个创面)。见图 1A

图 1.

图 1

不同致伤时长造成的猪烧伤创面及用吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显影技术检测的创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区。1A.左侧2个创面的致伤时长为11 s,中间2个创面的致伤时长为7 s,右侧2个创面的致伤时长为3 s;1B.共16个感兴趣区,其中1~4、5~8、9~12分别表示致伤时长为11、7、3 s造成的创面的感兴趣区,13~16表示创周正常皮肤感兴趣区

Porcine burn wounds caused by different durations of injury and the regions of interest in wounds and the surrounding normal skin as detected by indocyanine green-near-infrared fluorescence imaging technology

1.2.2. 荧光强度-时间曲线

烧伤创面制备完成后,按5 mg/kg耳静脉推注吲哚菁绿溶液后(下称给药后)即刻开始应用近红外荧光显影仪采集创面图像,探头与创面距离30 cm,扫描速度5帧/s,扫描时间700 s。

应用Maxrix Laboratory软件(美国MathWorks公司)进行图像分析和荧光强度测定。选取直径为3像素的12处创面区域(每个创面选择2处)和4处创周正常皮肤区域作为感兴趣区,测定荧光强度(图 1B),绘制荧光强度-时间曲线。为了仅观察曲线形状,屏蔽绝对值的影响,对荧光强度进行归一化处理,公式:给药后各时间点的归一化荧光强度=给药后各时间点的原始荧光强度÷给药后700 s内荧光强度-时间曲线下的面积。观察创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度的变化趋势和荧光强度达到峰值的时间点(下称达峰时间)。

1.3. 烧伤创面的LSCI和ICG-NIFI图像分析和组织病理学检测

1.3.1. 烧伤创面模型制作

取剩余的2头猪,同1.2.1用烫伤仪于两侧胸壁分别制作8个对称的烧伤创面,致伤时长分别为5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s(每头猪每个致伤时长2个创面),2头猪共32个创面。

1.3.2. LSCI图像采集

伤后10 min,应用激光散斑血流视频成像系统采集创面图像。探头与创面距离30 cm,扫描速度5帧/s,扫描时间1 min。于每个创面中心区域选取1个感兴趣区,使用系统自带的图像分析软件测定血流强度。本实验样本数为4。

1.3.3. ICG-NIFI图像采集

1.2.2方法采集图像。挑选创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度达峰时间的图像,使用ImageJ软件(美国国立卫生研究院)进行图像处理和荧光强度测定。每个创面选取2个感兴趣区并对应选择1个创周正常皮肤感兴趣区,测量感兴趣区的荧光强度,并计算创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度。创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度=创面感兴趣区的荧光强度÷创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度。本实验样本数为4。

1.3.4. 组织病理学检测

图像采集完成后,切取创面全层皮肤组织,用多聚甲醛固定后,行HE染色,应用显微扫描仪全视野扫描所有切片,应用CaseViewer 2.4软件进行图像阅览和测量。由本单位病理科2名医师共同测量真皮层坏死组织的厚度,每张切片测量3个视野(放大倍数为20倍)。本实验样本数为4。

1.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 20.0统计软件进行数据分析。计量资料数据均符合正态分布,用 x±s表示。采用Pearson相关性分析分别评估采用LSCI技术检测的创面感兴趣区的血流强度及ICG-NIFI技术检测的创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的达峰时间时创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的相关性。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 荧光强度-时间曲线

创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线呈先快速升高、后缓慢下降的趋势,达峰时间约为给药后60 s;创面感兴趣区的荧光强度则呈先缓慢上升、后持续平稳的趋势,达峰时间约为给药后600 s。见图 2

图 2.

猪烧伤创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线

The fluorescence intensity-time curves in the regions of interest in burn wounds and surrounding normal skin in pigs

注:ROI1~4、5~8、9~12分别表示致伤时长为11、7、3 s造成的创面的感兴趣区,ROI13~16表示创周正常皮肤感兴趣区;采用吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显影技术测量荧光强度,所有荧光强度数据进行了归一化处理

图 2

2.2. 创面真皮层坏死组织厚度

组织病理学检测显示,致伤5~19 s烧伤创面组织表皮细胞破裂,细胞核显示不清;真皮浅层胶原结构紊乱,失去条索结构,染色加深,伴微血管栓塞,可见炎症细胞浸润。致伤时长5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s造成的创面真皮层坏死组织厚度分别为(101±8)、(130±6)、(201±19)、(197±30)、(204±21)、(280±39)、(302±35)和(366±27)μm。见图 3

图 3.

不同致伤时长造成的猪烧伤创面真皮层坏死组织厚度苏木精-伊红×20。3A、3B、3C、3D、3E、3F、3G、3H.分别为致伤时长5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s造成的创面

Necrotic dermal thickness in porcine burn wounds caused by different durations of injury

注:图中黑色线段和数据表示真皮层坏死组织的厚度

图 3

2.3. LSCI技术检测的创面感兴趣区的血流强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的相关性

致伤时长5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s造成的创面感兴趣区的血流强度分别为(87.6±10.4)、(80.4±7.2)、(74.7±5.3)、(60.1±1.6)、(70.9±19.4)、(67.4±11.4)、(76.8±9.0)、(68.2±1.9)PU,与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度无显著相关性(P > 0.05),见图 4

图 4.

不同致伤时长造成的猪烧伤创面感兴趣区的血流强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的相关性(总样本数为8×4)

The correlation between the blood flow intensity of the regions of interest in porcine burn wounds and the necrotic dermal thickness in the wounds caused by different durations of injury

注:烧伤创面致伤时长分别为5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s;采用激光散斑对比成像技术检测创面感兴趣区的血流强度;图中灰色为95%置信区间;创面感兴趣区的血流强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度无显著相关性(R2 =0.29,P=0.170)

图 4

2.4. 给药后60 s创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的相关性

给药后60 s,致伤时长5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s造成的创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度分别为0.78±0.07、0.73±0.07、0.66±0.09、0.70±0.10、0.66±0.13、0.64±0.20、0.57±0.06和0.54±0.12,与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著负相关性(P < 0.05)。见图 5A

图 5.

不同致伤时长造成的猪烧伤创面给药后各时间点感兴趣区的相对荧光强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的相关性(总样本数为8×4)。5A.给药后60 s,创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著负相关性(R2=0.97,P < 0.001);5B.给药后600 s,创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著正相关性(R2=0.96,P < 0.001)

The correlation between the relative fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in porcine burn wounds and the necrotic dermal thickness in the wounds caused by different durations of injury at different time points after administration

注:烧伤创面致伤时长分别为5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s;采用吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显影技术检测创面荧光强度;图中灰色为95%置信区间

图 5

2.5. 给药后600 s创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的相关性

给药后600 s,致伤时长5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s造成的创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度分别为1.20±0.14、1.25±0.16、1.35±0.22、1.33±0.18、1.37±0.21、1.46±0.43、1.56±0.47和1.52±0.16,与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著正相关性(P < 0.05)。见图 5B

3. 讨论

根据经典烧伤创面模型,烧伤创面由浅至深分为凝固区、瘀滞区和充血区[12]。组织活性的判断通常以组织学检查为金标准,但在生理环境中,微循环层面的EBP一直是表征组织活性的核心特征[13]。通常认为,烧伤创面表现为凝固区EBP完全丧失,瘀滞区EBP下降,充血区EBP增强。

可用于检测组织EBP的方法有多种,LDI和LSCI基于激光多普勒原理,采集垂直于皮肤方向的血流信息并转化为二维的EBP数字信号,最早被用于烧伤深度无创诊断[5-614]。LSCI扫描速度较LDI显著加快[15],更适合大面积创面的快速扫描。本研究选用的激光散斑血流视频成像系统是目前市场上LSCI技术的代表产品。吲哚菁绿是一种近红外荧光染料,激发和发射波长均位于近红外区(波长790~820 nm),常规用于眼底脉络膜造影和肝代谢显影[16-17]。在烧伤与其他创面领域,ICG-NIFI可用于检测烧伤创面的深度[18-22]、指示皮瓣血运情况[23-29]、标记创伤后坏死组织范围[30-33]、淋巴造影[34]以及制作光敏型敷料[35]等,应用潜力较大[8]。既往研究显示,在指示皮瓣血流灌注时,LSCI和ICG-NIFI具有良好的一致性[36]

吲哚菁绿的NACA特性最早由眼科医师提出[37],临床中观察到同时接受吲哚菁绿眼底造影和眼底激光烧灼的患者,半年后复查时烧灼部位仍存在明显的近红外荧光;随后观察到吲哚菁绿在黄斑退行性变部位也可长期沉积,这可能与病变区域富含磷脂蛋白有关。随后,Fang等[11]在肿瘤坏死、脑梗死、胃黏膜坏死和肝脏坏死的小鼠模型中证实了吲哚菁绿的NACA特性,并初步明确机制为吲哚菁绿分子与血浆脂蛋白结合形成ICG-LP复合物时,可与破碎游离的脂质双分子层的亲脂端稳定结合,从而在坏死组织区域富集沉积。由于肿瘤组织中心可出现自发性坏死,ICG-NIFI可用于肿瘤示踪和显影[38]

由于吲哚菁绿同时具有EBP指示作用和NACA特性,本团队认为其可能对烧伤创面组织活性具有更微观、更准确的指示价值[8]。由于目前的近红外荧光显影设备均以体内组织为检测目标,激发光穿透过深,应用于烧伤创面时,背景荧光过强,信号干扰过大,仅适用于定性检测,难以进行定量检测[39-40]。针对这一困难,本团队联合山东大学机械工程学院,共同研发了适用于烧伤创面的近红外荧光显影仪,本研究即应用该显影仪进行ICG-NIFI图像的采集。该显影仪最大视野为60 cm×60 cm,最大扫描距离为100 cm,荧光穿透深度为10 mm,可在不移动探头的情况下,稳定、实时、动态记录全视野荧光图像。

本研究基于猪烧伤创面模型,以组织病理学检测作为金标准,以LSCI技术代表产品激光散斑血流视频成像系统检查结果为对照,评价本团队自行研发的近红外荧光显影仪对烧伤创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的指示效果。本研究采用ICG-NIFI技术检测创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度,绘制荧光强度-时间曲线,并对荧光强度进行归一化处理。归一化处理的目的是屏蔽曲线的绝对值差异,仅强调曲线形状。结果显示不同深度的烧伤创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线形状分别具有显著的统一性,而烧伤创面和创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线形状则显著不同。创周正常皮肤感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线显示,给药后,荧光强度迅速上升,达峰时间约60 s,随后荧光强度缓慢下降,给药后600 s时的荧光强度约为最大荧光强度的一半,符合吲哚菁绿的半衰期(约10 min)[7]。而烧伤创面感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线缓慢上升,反映烧伤创面微血管栓塞瘀滞、血流灌注缓慢;且在观察时间(约6 h)内荧光强度维持高位不下降,这可能是由于血管通透性增加,ICG-LP复合物溢出血管、与组织内坏死细胞结合,导致吲哚菁绿分子逃避代谢,本团队将在后续研究中深入探索具体机制。烧伤创面感兴趣区的荧光强度-时间曲线是本团队的原创研究结果,尚未查到既往研究报道。目前烧伤创面ICG-NIFI图像分析均采用正常皮肤荧光强度-时间曲线作为理论模型进行算法设计[41],本团队将基于烧伤创面荧光强度-时间曲线理论模型,进行人工智能算法开发,有望大幅提升ICG-NIFI指示烧伤创面深度的准确性。

本研究设置8个不同致伤时长(5、7、9、11、13、15、17、19 s),时间梯度为2 s,组织病理学检测结果显示,不同致伤时长造成的烧伤创面均深达真皮层,为Ⅱ度烧伤。但随着致伤时长的延长,真皮层坏死组织的厚度呈现明显增加的趋势。Pearson相关性分析显示,采用LSCI技术检测的创面感兴趣区的血流强度与真皮层坏死组织厚度无显著相关性,考虑环境光等因素对LSCI技术检测创面血流信号干扰较大,导致该技术对烧伤创面坏死组织深度检测的灵敏度有限,难以针对Ⅱ度烧伤进行更精确的深度区分。而ICG-NIFI图像在给药后60、600 s的创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度均与真皮层坏死组织厚度呈显著相关性。区别在于,给药后60 s时,两者呈负相关,即真皮层坏死组织厚度增加,创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度下降,提示创面烧伤越严重,组织血流灌注越缓慢;而给药后600 s时,两者呈正相关,即真皮层坏死组织厚度增加,创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度升高,具体的机制尚未完全明确。本研究团队推测,可能的原因是创面坏死组织的厚度增加,组织血管扩张更严重,从血管内逃逸的ICG-LP复合物更多,该复合物与血管外组织内的坏死细胞结合并持续显影,导致荧光持续维持高亮度[32]。本团队将在后续研究中设计严密实验,探索此部分的具体机制。

本研究存在以下局限性。首先,按照动物伦理委员会的要求,本研究采用最低动物数量,各致伤时长对应的创面数仅为4个,重复数量较少可能影响实验结果的可靠性。其次,真皮层坏死组织厚度的测量方法目前尚无统一标准化步骤,本研究中由本单位病理科2名医师共同观察切片,每张切片选取3个视野进行测量,测量结果的主观性不可避免。最后,本研究中LSCI检测和ICG-NIFI检测选取的感兴趣区与组织病理学检测的组织无法严格匹配,是本研究设计的固有局限。

综上,本研究表明,ICG-NIFI检测的猪烧伤创面感兴趣区在给药后60、600 s时的相对荧光强度均与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著的相关性,说明ICG-NIFI技术对烧伤创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著灵敏的指示作用,提示其在烧伤创面深度评估方面具有潜在的应用价值。

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(82402897)

Youth Science Fund Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (82402897)

本文亮点

(1) 成功设计并搭建适用于烧伤创面的近红外荧光显影仪。

(2) 初步明确吲哚菁绿近红外荧光显影对猪烧伤创面真皮层坏死组织厚度的指示作用,并观察到推注吲哚菁绿后60、600 s的猪烧伤创面感兴趣区的相对荧光强度均与创面真皮层坏死组织厚度具有显著的相关性。

Highlights

(1) A near-infrared fluorescence imaging system specifically designed for burn wounds was successfully designed and developed.

(2) Preliminary finding demonstrated the indicative role of indocyanine green-near-infrared fluorescence imaging in the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in porcine burn wounds. A significant correlation was observed between the relative fluorescence intensity of the regions of interest in porcine burn wounds measured at 60 and 600 seconds after injecting indocyanine green and the thickness of necrotic dermal tissue in the wounds.

利益冲突  所有作者声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明  张玉珅:文稿撰写和数据分析;潘翔:图像处理和分析;葛云龙、岳俊辰:荧光仪搭建;宋奕璇:动物实验操作;宋维业:荧光仪设计和制备指导;赵冉:课题设计、数据分析和文稿审核、经费支持

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