Abstract
A 2-bit reconfigurable microstrip antenna capable of selectively switching its operating frequency and polarization is presented. The design features a novel dual-embedded, crossed-slot topology where slots on the radiating patch and the ground plane are controlled independently by two p-i-n diodes. This 2-bit control scheme facilitates four distinct operational states. When the diodes are in identical states (ON/ON or OFF/OFF), the antenna exhibits linear polarization at two discrete resonant frequencies, 2.51 GHz and 2.44 GHz. When the diodes are in opposing states (ON/OFF or OFF/ON), the antenna radiates with left-handed (LHCP) or right-handed circular polarization (RHCP) at 2.45 GHz. A prototype was fabricated and measured, with results showing excellent correlation with simulations. This compact, single-layer design demonstrates a versatile and efficient solution with high functional density for modern wireless systems requiring agile beam control.
Subject terms: Engineering, Physics
Introduction
Agile antennas capable of dynamically modifying their radiation properties are integral components in modern wireless communication systems. The relentless evolution towards 5G/6G networks and the massive Internet of Things (IoT) has created an unprecedented demand for spectral efficiency and link reliability in increasingly congested and complex electromagnetic environments. The capacity to reconfigure polarization, especially by switching between linear and circular modes, offers a robust method for mitigating multipath interference and enhancing system adaptability. Established methodologies for inducing circular polarization in microstrip antennas include geometric modifications like truncating corners1–6, or introducing apertures such as slots on the patch7–9 or the ground plane10–12. Although these fundamental techniques have been extended to create polarization-agile antennas13,14, such adaptations often lead to designs with significant structural complexity, including multi-layer assemblies or intricate multi-port feed networks15–21.
The integration of active components, such as p-i-n diodes, varactors, or MEMS switches, has enabled the development of reconfigurable antennas. Research in this area can be broadly categorized. Frequency-reconfigurable antennas aim to switch between multiple operating bands to support various communication standards or to perform cognitive radio functions. Recent advancements continue to push the boundaries of this technology. For instance, the antenna20 utilized ring resonators combined with RF switches to achieve four different operational states, highlighting the ongoing effort to enhance versatility. Similarly, the antenna21 demonstrated a compact antenna capable of switching between three distinct frequencies (2.07, 4.63, and 6.22 GHz) using just a single PIN diode. Polarization-reconfigurable antennas focus on switching between different polarization states (e.g., vertical/horizontal LP, or RHCP/LHCP) at a fixed frequency to improve link quality in diverse propagation environments. Designs such as the one22 effectively use two PIN diodes to switch between RHCP and LHCP for 5G applications, showcasing a common approach to achieving polarization diversity.
More recently, the trend has shifted towards ‘compound’ or ‘hybrid’ reconfigurable systems that offer simultaneous control over multiple radiation characteristics. However, achieving this multifunctionality often comes at the cost of increased complexity23,24. This trade-off between functional density and design complexity is a central challenge in the field. Many designs that achieve multiple modes rely on a large number of active components—sometimes four, six, or even more PIN diodes—which increases insertion loss, power consumption, and the complexity of the biasing network. Others depend on intricate physical structures like multi-layer substrates or parasitic elements, which increase the antenna’s profile, weight, and manufacturing cost. While significant progress has been made, developing a single-layer, single-feed antenna that achieves both frequency agility (between two LP states) and full polarization diversity (RHCP and LHCP) using a minimal number of active components remains a significant challenge. A prior architecture utilizing a dual-embedded slot configuration, for example, employed one diode for switching between just two radiation states25,26.
To overcome these limitations, this work demonstrates a compact microstrip antenna that achieves four distinct operational modes using only two p-i-n diodes. The core novelty is rooted in a unique hybrid cross-slot topology where orthogonal slot elements on the patch and ground plane are controlled independently. This structural innovation enables a 2-bit reconfigurable system that provides both frequency agility and full polarization diversity, addressing the demand for greater versatility in a single, efficient device.
Antenna design and analysis
Slot loading topology
To establish an effective 2-bit control structure, an optimal slot loading configuration was investigated. Conventional techniques typically implement slots on either the radiating patch (Fig. 1a) or the ground plane (Fig. 1b). As an alternative, we propose a novel hybrid method that distributes orthogonal slot components across both surfaces (Fig. 1c). This approach deconstructs a standard cross-slot into two linear elements, which are then implemented separately. For a direct comparison, the antenna’s core dimensions were kept consistent across all test cases.
Fig. 1.
Geometry of the slot loading effect investigation: (a) patch-side slot loading; (b) ground side slot loading; (c) partial patch and partial ground side hybrid slot loading.
A comparison of the simulated electrical characteristics is presented in Table 1; Fig. 2. While all configurations exhibit similar reflection coefficients, the ground-only slot yields the widest bandwidth and highest gain, a result attributable to its lower quality factor. However, this configuration also suffers from the poorest front-to-back (F/B) ratio due to significant backward radiation. As anticipated, the proposed hybrid structure demonstrates performance metrics intermediate between the two conventional designs.
Table 1.
Summary of slot loading effect simulation result.
| Slot Loading Method | 10dB-Bandwidth | Antenna Peak Gain | Front to Back Ratio |
|---|---|---|---|
| Patch Side Only | 47 MHz (1.91%) | 2.00 dBi | 18.46 dB |
| GND Side Only | 54 MHz (2.19%) | 2.56 dBi | 13.79 dB |
| Hybrid Dual Side | 51 MHz (2.07%) | 2.31 dBi | 15.95 dB |
Fig. 2.
Slot loading effect simulation results: (a) reflection coefficients; (b) antenna; (c) radiation patterns at the resonant frequency.
The hybrid structure exhibits a front-to-back (F/B) ratio that is a trade-off compared to the conventional single-side loading methods. The principal advantage of this hybrid topology is structural, not maximization of electrical performance. By deconstructing a single cross-slot into two independently addressable components (one on the patch, one on the ground), we create an effective and novel 2-bit reconfigurable framework that enables four distinct modes using only two p-i-n diodes. This achieves our primary goal of high functional density, which we believe is a reasonable trade-off for the slight reduction in F/B ratio compared to a specialized, single-function design.
Proposed antenna structure and operation
The geometry of the proposed antenna is shown in Fig. 3. The device was fabricated on a standard FR4 substrate with overall dimensions of 71.4 × 71.4 mm² corresponds to approximately 0.58l0 × 0.58l0, where l0 is the free-space wavelength at the lowest operating frequency of 2.43 GHz. The design was implemented and validated on a standard, low-cost FR-4 substrate to demonstrate its practical viability and ease of manufacturing for widespread commercial applications. To enhance the clarity and reproducibility of our design, all critical geometric parameters are consolidated in Table 2.
Fig. 3.
Configuration of the proposed 2-bit reconfigurable antenna with switching bias circuit.
Table 2.
Detailed geometric parameters of the proposed Antenna.
| Parameter | Description | Value (mm) |
|---|---|---|
| Wsub × Lsub | Substrate Dimensions | 71.4 × 71.4 |
| h | Substrate Thickness | 1.6 |
| ϵr | Substrate Dielectric Constant | 4.3 |
| Wp × Lp | Patch Dimensions | 27.4 × 27.4 |
| SL_t | Top Slot Length | 9.4 |
| SL_b | Bottom Slot Length | 9.9 |
| SW_t | Top Slot Width | 2.8 |
| SW_b | Bottom Slot Width | 2.8 |
| Wf | 50 Ω Feed Line Width | 3 |
| Wt × Lt | Quarter-Wave Transformer | 1.2 × 17.0 |
A 27.4 × 27.4 mm² patch is fed by a 50-ohm microstrip line, with a quarter-wave transformer implemented to ensure proper impedance matching across all states. The slot width was set to 2.8 mm to accommodate the physical footprint of the p-i-n diodes (Infineon BAR64-02 V) and their biasing networks. As shown in Fig. 4 for the fabricated prototype, DC control voltages are supplied via wires connected to bias pads on the patch and ground planes. These connections facilitate independent control of the ON/OFF states for each p-i-n diode, enabling the four operational modes summarized in Table 3.
Fig. 4.
Photographs of the implemented proposed antenna: (a) top view; (b) bottom view.
Table 3.
Operation mode summary of the proposed 2-bit reconfigurable antenna.
| Patch Slot Diode GND Slot Diode |
Off-State (0) | On-State (1) |
|---|---|---|
| Off-State (0) |
00-mode (off/off status) lower operation frequency linear polarization (vertical) |
10-mode (on/off status) medium operation frequency left-handed circular polarization |
| On-State (1) |
01-mode (off/on status) medium operation frequency right-handed circular polarization |
11-mode (on/on status) higher operation frequency linear polarization (vertical) |
Mechanism for circular polarization generation
Circular polarization is generated when two orthogonal modes are excited with equal amplitudes and a 90° phase difference. In our design, this is achieved by deliberately introducing geometric asymmetry when the diodes are in opposing states (01-mode or 10-mode). For example, in the 01-mode, the ground slot is shorted (electrically invisible) while the patch slot is active. This active slot, combined with the slightly unequal lengths of the top (SLt = 9.4 mm) and bottom (SLb = 9.9 mm) slots, perturbs the surface currents and splits the patch’s degenerate TM10 and TM01 modes into two distinct, non-degenerate resonant modes. According to established theory, the unequal slot lengths ensure that these two orthogonal modes have a slight frequency separation. By operating at a frequency centered between these two new resonances, both modes are excited with the necessary 90° phase quadrature, resulting in high-quality circular polarization. The opposite diode state (10-mode) reverses the phase relationship, thereby switching the polarization sense from RHCP to LHCP.
Results and discussion
Frequency reconfiguration (LP Modes)
The antenna’s frequency agility is realized when both diodes operate in the same state. The physical mechanism is illustrated by the surface current distributions in Figs. 5 and 6. In the 00-mode (OFF/OFF), the diodes act as open circuits, making both slots electrically active. This loading extends the current’s electrical path, lowering the resonant frequency. Conversely, in the 11-mode (ON/ON), the diodes create a short circuit across the slots, rendering them electrically invisible. The antenna then behaves as an unloaded patch, resulting in a higher resonant frequency. This demonstrates that frequency reconfigurability is achieved by electrically altering the antenna’s effective length while maintaining consistent linear polarization.
Fig. 5.
(a) Operation principle and (b) computed surface current distribution at 00-mode of the proposed antenna for lower resonant frequency operation.
Fig. 6.
(a) Operation principle and (b) computed surface current distribution at 11-mode of the proposed antenna for higher resonant frequency operation.
The measured and simulated reflection coefficients are presented in Fig. 7a. For the 00-mode, the measured − 10 dB impedance bandwidth was 47 MHz (1.92%), in close agreement with the simulated 49 MHz (2.01%). For the 11-mode, the measured bandwidth was 47 MHz (1.86%), compared to the simulated 50 MHz (2.11%). These results confirm that the measured center frequency can be switched between approximately 2.43 GHz and 2.51 GHz. The realized gain is shown in Fig. 7b. At 2.43 GHz (00-mode), the measured peak gain was 2.34 dBi. At 2.51 GHz (11-mode), the measured peak gain was 2.59 dBi. The higher gain in the 11-mode is a direct consequence of the antenna’s larger effective aperture at a higher frequency (shorter wavelength).
Fig. 7.
(a) Reflection coefficients and (b) antenna gains of the proposed antenna at 00-mode for lower resonant frequency and 11-mode for higher resonant frequency.
The practical utility of switching between 2.43 GHz and 2.51 GHz is significant within the context of the heavily congested 2.4 GHz ISM band. This band is channelized for standards like IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi), where channel overlap frequently causes co-channel and adjacent-channel interference. The 00-mode frequency of 2.43 GHz is located near the crowded Wi-Fi channels 5 and 6 (centered at 2432 and 2437 MHz, respectively). If a communication system detects high interference on these channels, it can reconfigure to the 11-mode at 2.51 GHz. This higher frequency lies outside the standard Wi-Fi channel map, which extends only to channel 13 (2472 MHz) in most regions, thus providing a potential interference-free channel for robust communication. This frequency agility enables a basic cognitive radio function, allowing the system to adapt to its electromagnetic environment and enhance link reliability.
The far-field radiation patterns for both LP modes are shown in Fig. 8. Both states exhibit stable, broadside patterns with excellent cross-polarization discrimination (measured at 26.44 dB for 00-mode and 37.79 dB for 11-mode), confirming high-purity linear polarization.
Fig. 8.
Far-field linearly polarized radiation patterns of the proposed at (a) 00-mode for lower resonant frequency and (b) 11-mode for higher resonant frequency.
Polarization sense reconfiguration (CP Modes)
CP reconfigurability is achieved when the diodes are in opposite states. In the 01-mode (Fig. 9), the active patch slot and inactive ground slot create a geometric asymmetry that perturbs the surface currents, inducing a rotational flow that generates RHCP. Conversely, in the 10-mode (Fig. 10), the active ground slot and inactive patch slot perturb the currents in the orthogonal direction to generate LHCP.
Fig. 9.
(a) Operation principle and (b) computed surface current distribution at 01-mode of the proposed antenna for RHCP operation.
Fig. 10.
(a) Operation principle and (b) computed surface current distribution at 10-mode of the proposed antenna for LHCP operation.
The measured reflection coefficients in Fig. 11a show a wide, overlapping impedance bandwidth for both CP states. In addition, the key performance metrics of gain and axial ratio are detailed in Fig. 11b and c, respectively. The measured peak gains were 2.65 dBic (RHCP) and 2.47 dBic (LHCP). The measured axial ratio was 0.49 dB for the 01-mode and 0.86 dB for the 10-mode, both well below the 3-dB threshold, confirming high-quality CP. The measured 3-dB AR bandwidth was identical for both modes at 24 MHz (0.98%).
Fig. 11.
(a) Reflection coefficients, (b) antenna gain, and (c) axial ratio of the proposed antenna at 01-mode for RHCP and 10-mode for LHCP.
The far-field CP radiation patterns are presented in Fig. 12, confirming the clean switch between RHCP and LHCP radiation. The experimental validation confirms that key performance metrics—resonant frequency, gain, axial ratio, and pattern shape—remain highly consistent between the two CP modes, while only the polarization sense is selectively switched.
Fig. 12.
Far-field circularly polarized radiation pattern of the proposed antenna at the resonant frequency of (a) 01-mode (off/on status) for RHCP and (b) 10-mode (on/off status) for LHCP.
Performance comparison
To rigorously evaluate the performance of the proposed antenna, a detailed comparison with other recently published reconfigurable antennas is presented in Table 4. The comparison includes key metrics such as the number of active components, number of operational modes, normalized physical dimensions, bandwidth, and gain. While the absolute gain and bandwidth of the proposed design are comparable to existing works, the principal advantage lies in its unprecedented functional density. It achieves four distinct operational modes—spanning both frequency and full polarization diversity—within a compact, single-layer structure using only two diodes. This level of versatility is a key enabler for next-generation adaptive communication systems.
Table 4.
Antenna performance comparison with State-of-the-Art Works.
| Research | Pub. Year |
Geometry | # of diodes | # of modes | Operation Freq. (GHZ) |
Operation Mode |
10-dB Imp. Bandwidth (%) |
3-dB AR bandwidth (%) |
Substrate Dimension (mm  mm) |
Antenna Gain (dBi) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18 | 2010 | CPW line | 2 | 2 |
2.4 2.4 |
LP(V) LP(H) |
25.41 28.33 |
- - |
86 70 |
> 3 > 2.8 |
| 19 | 2023 | additional Patch | 2 | 4 |
2.565 4.565 |
LP(V) LP(V) |
15.20 26.73 |
- - |
34 30 |
> 4.86 > 4.86 |
| 20 | 2023 | slot in GND | 1 | 3 |
2.07 4.63 6.22 |
LP(V) LP(V) LP(V) |
15.79 5.61 6.22 |
- - - |
60 70 |
5.48 3.97 12.79 |
| 21 | 2023 | ring resonator | 2 | 4 |
2.4 3.0 3.33 3.45 |
LP(V) LP(V) LP(V) LP(V) |
26.87 43.67 31.62 44.35 |
- - - - |
25 18 |
- |
| 23 | 2024 | segmented patch | 5 | 12 |
4.1 4.7 5.0 5.7 |
LP(V) LP(V) LP(V) LP(V) |
20.1 5.4 10 26.1 |
- - - - |
50 50 |
2.2 dB 3.7 dB 4.2 dB 3.9 dB |
| 26 | 2024 | slot in patch | 4 | 9 |
4.77 4.87 5.04 |
LP(V) LP(V) LP(V) |
3.98 3.29 4.76 |
- - - |
55 45 |
> 16.2 > 16.7 > 16.3 |
| 17 | 2018 | slot in patch | 1 | 2 |
2.42 2.54 |
RHCP LHCP |
5.37 5.31 |
1.15 1.49 |
60 60 |
3.14 3.08 |
| 22 | 2018 | slot in patch | 2 | 2 |
3.4 3.4 |
LHCP RHCP |
8.92 9.79 |
- - |
34 34 |
4.8 4.8 |
| 24 | 2023 | slot in patch | 6 | 4 |
1.505 1.46 1.505 1.505 |
LP(V) LP(V) LHCP RHCP |
1.33 2.05 1.99 1.99 |
- - 1.33 1.33 |
85 85 |
6.2 6.1 6.0 6.1 |
| 25 | 2024 | stacked patch | 12 |
12(LP) 2(CP) |
2.50 2.38 |
LP(V) RHCP LHCP |
37.5% 28.9% 28.9% |
- 24.47 25.69 |
- |
7.16 7.59 7.59 |
| This work | - | slot in hybrid plane | 2 | 4 |
2.45 2.51 2.4 2.4 |
LP(V) LP(V) LHCP RHCP |
1.91% 1.87% 1% 1% |
- | 71.4 71.4 |
2.34 2.59 2.65 2.47 |
Conclusion
A compact 2-bit reconfigurable antenna with dual frequency and polarization diversity has been designed, fabricated, and validated. The novelty of the design lies in using independently controlled hybrid slots to achieve four distinct operational modes with only two p-i-n diodes. The antenna effectively switches between two LP states at different frequencies and two CP states with opposite senses of rotation. The measured results show strong agreement with simulations and demonstrate robust performance. While the achieved impedance and axial ratio bandwidths are moderate, this represents a deliberate design trade-off to achieve the primary goal of high functional density. This work validates the efficacy of the hybrid slot topology as a versatile and efficient solution for adaptive wireless communication systems. Future research could investigate multi-layer substrates or alternative feeding networks to enhance bandwidth while preserving the functional versatility of the 2-bit control scheme.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by funding from Korea government, KASA (Korea AeroSpace Administration) (RS-2025-09392968) and was also supported by Korea Research Institute for defense Technology planning and Advancement (KRIT) grant funded by the Korea government, DAPA (Defense Acquisition Program Administration) (KRIT-CT-22-047).
Author contributions
Conceptualization, S.P. and D.H.L; methodology, S.P.; software, validation, D.H.L.; formal analysis, investigation, resources, data curation, J.H. and D.J.P.; writing—original draft preparation, S.P., and D.H.L, writing—review and editing, J.H. and D.J.P.; visualization, and supervision, S.P., J.H. and D.J.P.; project administration, S.P.; funding acquisition, S.P.
Funding
This research was supported by funding from Korea government, KASA (Korea AeroSpace Administration) (RS-2025-09392968) and was also supported by Korea Research Institute for defense Technology planning and Advancement (KRIT) grant funded by the Korea government, DAPA (Defense Acquisition Program Administration) (KRIT-CT-22-047).
Data availability
The datasets used and/or analyzed during this study will be available from the corresponding author on request.
Declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Associated Data
This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.
Data Availability Statement
The datasets used and/or analyzed during this study will be available from the corresponding author on request.