Table 2. Association analysis between exclusive and supplemented breastfeeding in the sixth month and breastfeeding in the twelfth month and the explanatory clinical variables.
| Variable | EBF in the sixth month (n=90) | BF in the sixth month (n=90) | BF in the first year (n=75) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p-value | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p-value | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | *p-value | |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Females | 5 (21.7) | 32 (47.8) | 0.029* | 16 (29.1) | 21 (61.8) | 0.002* | 7 (26.9) | 25 (51.0) | 0.104 |
| Males | 18 (78.3) | 35 (52.2) | 39 (70.9) | 13 (38.2) | 19 (73.1) | 24 (49.0) | |||
| Prematurity | |||||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 25 (37.3) | 0.078 | 15 (27.3) | 14 (41.2) | 0.174 | 7 (26.9) | 19 (38.8) | 0.313 |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 42 (62.7) | 40 (72.7) | 20 (58.8) | 19 (73.1) | 30 (61.2) | |||
| Hospitalization (surveyed in the sixth month) | |||||||||
| Yes | 16 (69.6) | 54 (80.6) | 0.272 | 41 (74.5) | 29 (85.3) | 0.229 | 18 (69.2) | 40 (81.6) | 0.458 |
| No | 7 (30.4) | 13 (19.4) | 14 (25.5) | 5 (14.7) | 8 (30.8) | 9 (18.4) | |||
| Length of hospital stay (surveyed in the sixth month) | |||||||||
| Never | 7 (30.4) | 13 (19.5) | 0.100 | 14 (25.5) | 5 (14.7) | 0.258 | 8 (30.8) | 9 (18.4) | 0.524 |
| Up to 30 days | 15 (65.2) | 38 (56.7) | 33 (60.0) | 20 (58.8) | 15 (57.7) | 28 (57.1) | |||
| Over 30 days | 1 (4.4) | 16 (23.8) | 8 (14.5) | 9 (26.5) | 3 (11.5) | 12 (24.5) | |||
| Gastroesophageal reflux (surveyed in the sixth month) | |||||||||
| Yes | 7 (30.4) | 22 (32.8) | 0.719 | 17 (30.9) | 12 (35.3) | 0.506 | 8 (30.8) | 17 (34.7) | 0.897 |
| No | 15 (65.2) | 44 (65.7) | 36 (65.5) | 22 (64.7) | 17 (65.4) | 31 (63.3) | |||
| Not reported | 1 (4.4) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (3.6) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.8) | 1 (2.0) | |||
| Thumb sucking (surveyed in the sixth month) | |||||||||
| Yes | 7 (30.4) | 20 (29.8) | 0.948 | 18 (32.7) | 9 (26.5) | 0.797 | 6 (23.1) | 15 (30.6) | 0.773 |
| No | 15 (65.2) | 45 (67.2) | 35 (63.7) | 24 (70.6) | 19 (73.1) | 32 (65.3) | |||
| Not reported | 1 (4.4) | 2 (3.0) | 2 (3.6) | 1 (2.9) | 1 (3.8) | 2 (4.1) | |||
| Lingual diastasis | |||||||||
| Yes | 5 (28.8) | 16 (28.1) | 0.751 | 11 (24.4) | 9 (31.0) | 0.751 | 6 (30.0) | 13 (30.2) | 0.652 |
| No | 13 (72.2) | 41 (71.9) | 34 (75.6) | 20 (69.0) | 14 (70) | 30 (69.8) | |||
| Pulmonary disease (surveyed in the sixth month and in the first year) | |||||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 5 (7.5) | 0.171 | 7 (12.7) | 2 (5.9) | 0.298 | 10 (38.5) | 12 (24.5) | 0.017* |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 62 (92.5) | 48 (87.3) | 32 (94.1) | 16 (61.5) | 37 (75.5) | |||
| Heart disease (surveyed in the sixth month and in the first year) | |||||||||
| Yes | 2 (8.7) | 14 (20.9) | 0.187 | 9 (16.4) | 7 (20.6) | 0.614 | 4 (15.4) | 12 (24.5) | 0.114 |
| No | 21 (91.3) | 53 (79.1) | 46 (83.6) | 27 (79.4) | 22 (84.6) | 37 (75.5) | |||
| Formula use | |||||||||
| Yes | 1 (4.3) | 65 (97.0) | <0.001* | 31 (56.4) | 34 (100.0) | <0.001* | 9 (34.6) | 45 (91.8) | <0.001* |
| No | 22 (95.7) | 2 (3.0) | 24 (43.6) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (65.4) | 4 (8.2) | |||
| Breast milk offered in the first hour | |||||||||
| Yes | 16 (69.6) | 27 (40.3) | 0.015* | 32 (58.2) | 11 (32.4) | 0.018* | 20 (76.9) | 19 (38.8) | 0.001* |
| No | 7 (30.4) | 40 (59.7) | 23 (41.8) | 23 (67.6) | 6 (23.1) | 30 (61.2) | |||
| Trisomy 21 diagnosed in prenatal care | |||||||||
| Yes | 5 (21.7) | 27 (40.3) | 0.109 | 19 (34.5) | 12 (35.3) | 0.943 | 8 (30.8) | 16 (32.7) | 0.285 |
| No | 18 (78.3) | 40 (59.7) | 36 (65.5) | 22 (64.7) | 18 (69.2) | 33 (67.3) | |||
| Breastfeeding guidelines received during prenatal care | |||||||||
| Yes | 2 (8.7) | 17 (25.4) | 0.091 | 10 (18.2) | 9 (26.5) | 0.354 | 5 (19.2) | 9 (18.4) | 0.444 |
| No | 21 (91.3) | 50 (74.6) | 45 (81.8) | 25 (73.5) | 21 (80.8) | 40 (81.6) | |||
Pearson's chi-square test
*
Significant p-value ≤ 0.05
Caption: EBF = exclusive breastfeeding; BF = breastfeeding; n = absolute frequency; % = relative frequency