Table 3. Association analysis between exclusive and supplemented breastfeeding in the sixth month and breastfeeding in the twelfth month and the explanatory variables related to the child’s and the mother’s difficulties reported by the mother and oral habits.
| Variable | EBF in the sixth month (n=90) | BF in the sixth month (n=90) | BF in the first year (n=75) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p-value | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | p-value | Yes n (%) | No n (%) | *p-value | ||
| Child’s breastfeeding difficulties | ||||||||||
| Yes | 18 (78.3) | 43 (64.2) | 0.212 | 45 (81.8) | 16 (47.1) | 0.001* | 21 (80.8) | 28 (57.1) | 0.062 | |
| No | 5 (21.7) | 24 (35.8) | 10 (18.2) | 18 (52.9) | 5 (19.2) | 21 (42.9) | ||||
| Sucking difficulties | ||||||||||
| Yes | 9 (39.1) | 25 (37.3) | 0.877 | 22 (40.0) | 12 (35.3) | 0.657 | 11 (42.3) | 19 (38.8) | 0.596 | |
| No | 14 (60.9) | 42 (62.7) | 33 (60.0) | 22 (64.7) | 15 (57.7) | 30 (61.2) | ||||
| Latching difficulties | ||||||||||
| Yes | 8 (34.8) | 21 (31.3) | 0.761 | 24 (43.6) | 5 (14.7) | 0.005* | 10 (38.5) | 11 (22.4) | 0.059 | |
| No | 15 (65.2) | 46 (68.7) | 31 (56.4) | 29 (85.3) | 16 (61.5) | 38 (77.6) | ||||
| Excessive sleepiness | ||||||||||
| Yes | 5 (21.7) | 8 (11.9) | 0.249 | 11 (20.0) | 2 (5.9) | 0.067 | 3 (11.5) | 3 (6.1) | 0.067 | |
| No | 18 (78.3) | 59 (88.1) | 44 (80.0) | 32 (94.1) | 23 (88.5) | 46 (93.9) | ||||
| Tiredness | ||||||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 12 (17.9) | 0.955 | 13 (23.6) | 3 (8.8) | 0.077 | 5 (19.2) | 7 (14.3) | 0.533 | |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 55 (82.1) | 42 (76.4) | 31 (91.2) | 21 (80.8) | 42 (85.7) | ||||
| Cough or choking | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2 (8.7) | 8 (11.9) | 0.669 | 9 (16.4) | 1 (2.9) | 0.051 | 3 (11.5) | 3 (6.1) | 0.086 | |
| No | 21 (91.3) | 59 (88.1) | 46 (83.6) | 33 (97.1) | 23 (88.5) | 46 (93.9) | ||||
| Mother’s breastfeeding difficulties | ||||||||||
| Yes | 11 (47.8) | 31 (46.3) | 0.897 | 30 (54.5) | 11 (32.4) | 0.041* | 10 (38.5) | 24 (49.0) | 0.584 | |
| No | 12 (52.2) | 36 (53.7) | 25 (45.5) | 23 (67.6) | 16 (61.5) | 25 (51.0) | ||||
| Breast pain or soreness | ||||||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 4 (6.0) | 0.097 | 7 (12.7) | 1 (3.0) | 0.117 | 2 (7.7) | 3 (6.1) | 0.247 | |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 63 (94.0) | 48 (87.3) | 33 (97.0) | 24 (92.3) | 46 (93.9) | ||||
| Low milk production | ||||||||||
| Yes | 19 (82.6) | 16 (23.9) | 0.518 | 11 (20) | 8 (23.5) | 0.693 | 3 (11.5) | 16 (32.7) | 0.032* | |
| No | 4 (17.4) | 51 (76.1) | 44 (80) | 26 (76.5) | 23 (88.5) | 33 (67.3) | ||||
| Extraoral spillage during breastfeeding | ||||||||||
| Yes | 9 (39.1) | 28 (41.8) | 0.823 | 25 (45.5) | 12 (35.3) | 0.345 | 10 (38.5) | 20 (40.8) | 0.874 | |
| No | 14 (60.9) | 39 (58.2) | 30 (54.5) | 22 (64.7) | 16 (61.5) | 29 (59.2) | ||||
| Tongue protruding during breastfeeding | ||||||||||
| Yes | 8 (34.8) | 28 (41.8) | 0.554 | 24 (43.6) | 12 (35.3) | 0.436 | 13 (50.0) | 20 (40.8) | 0.166 | |
| No | 15 (78.3) | 39 (58.2) | 31 (56.4) | 22 (64.7) | 13 (50.0) | 29 (59.2) | ||||
| Pacifier (surveyed in the sixth month and in the first year) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 2 (8.7) | 25 (37.3) | 0.010* | 13 (23.6) | 13 (38.2) | 0.141 | 0 (0.0) | 15 (30.6) | <0.001* | |
| No | 21 (91.3) | 42 (62.7) | 42 (76.4) | 21 (61.8) | 26 (100.0) | 34 (69.4) | ||||
| Silicone nipple shield (surveyed in the sixth month) | ||||||||||
| Yes | 4 (17.4) | 19 (28.4) | 0.298 | 15 (27.3) | 8 (23.5) | 0.695 | 5 (19.2) | 11 (22.4) | 0.116 | |
| No | 19 (82.6) | 48 (71.6) | 40 (72.7) | 26 (76.5) | 21 (80.8) | 38 (77.6) | ||||
Pearson's chi-square test
*
Significant p-value ≤ 0.05
Caption: EBF = exclusive breastfeeding; BF = breastfeeding; n = absolute frequency; % = relative frequency