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Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery logoLink to Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
. 2025 Dec;39(12):1562–1567. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7507/1002-1892.202510004

胫神经切断-缝合与趾足底总神经分支切断术治疗儿童先天性巨趾的疗效分析

Effectiveness analysis of tibial nerve transection with epineurial suture and division of common plantar digital nerve branches in treatment of congenital macrodactyly in children

Dongmei LI 1, Guanglei TIAN 2, Jianfeng LI 1,*, Min ZHAO 1, Liang ZHAO 1, Jingda LIU 1, Hailei LI 1
PMCID: PMC12705307  PMID: 41397800

Abstract

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of tibial nerve transection with epineurial suture and division of the common plantar digital nerve branches in the treatment of congenital macrodactyly in children.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 9 children with congenital macrodactyly who met the selection criteria and were admitted between January 2018 and December 2024. The cohort included 4 boys and 5 girls, aged 1-6 years (median, 3 years). Syndactyly of the second and third toes was present in 2 patients. Hypertrophy distribution was as follows: 1 case of single-ray involvement, 4 of double-ray, 1 of triple-ray, 1 of quadruple-ray, and 2 of quintuple-ray. Preoperatively, 7 cases exhibited limitations in both active and passive flexion and extension of the affected toes; in 2 cases, active movement was restricted while passive motion remained intact. All 9 children were unable to wear standard-sized footwear for the unaffected foot. Six presented with a limp, and 3 had difficulty walking. All 9 cases were moderate to severe progressive macrodactyly, and the growth rate of the affected foot was significantly faster than that of the healthy side. Six cases had undergone prior surgical interventions at other institutions, but disease progression continued postoperatively. All 9 patients underwent tibial nerve transection with epineurial suture and selective division of the common plantar digital nerve branches. At last follow-up, the foot growth rate was calculated (compared with that immediately after operation), and the changes of plantar pain sensation in the affected foot were detected before operation, immediately after operation, and at last follow-up, and the surgical efficacy was evaluated based on improvements in shoe fit and gait function.

Results

All 9 children were followed up 6-36 months, with an average of 18 months. All the incisions healed by first intention, and no infection or plantar ulceration occurred. At last follow-up, the growth rate of the affected foot was 0.10 (0.04, 0.14) cm/month, which was significantly slower than that of the healthy foot [0.14 (0.08, 0.18) cm/month] (Z=3.951, P<0.001). Preoperatively, plantar pain sensation was absent in all cases; it was restored immediately after operation. At last follow-up, 6 patients had absent pain sensation, 2 had partial preservation (involving certain toes and central plantar regions), and 1 patient (with 3-year follow-up) exhibited regained sensation in multiple plantar areas. Gait improved in most cases, in which 8 children achieved normal ambulation, while 1 continued to limp due to leg-length discrepancy. Surgical efficacy were rated as excellent in 1 case, good in 7, and fair in 1.

Conclusion

Tibial nerve transection with epineurial suture combined with selective division of the common plantar digital nerve branches effectively reduces the growth rate of congenital macrodactyly in children, has minimal impact on plantar sensory function, and does not result in plantar ulcers or impaired ambulation.

Keywords: Congenital macrodactyly, tibial nerve transection with epineurial suture, division of common plantar digital nerve branches, child


巨趾/指是一种以骨与软组织过度生长为特征的先天性畸形,临床可分为静止型与进展型两类[1]。进展型巨趾/指的生长速度显著快于正常趾/指,导致明显畸形与功能障碍,严重影响患者身心健康,通常需手术干预才能改善。目前常用术式包括软组织减容、骨骼缩窄、楔形/短缩截骨、骺板阻滞/切除、趾/指列切除以及截趾/指等,根据患者年龄、受累部位及程度单独或联合应用[2-4]。然而,对于儿童而言,手术效果往往难以长期维持。由于患儿肢体发育尚未成熟,病变组织的过度生长无法被彻底抑制,因此常需进行二期、三期甚至更多次手术,直至肢体发育完成、畸形复发基础消失[5]

研究表明,神经肥大及其异常是先天性巨趾/指畸形的病因或治疗靶点[6-7]。1950年McCarroll[8]报道切除巨指肥大的指掌侧固有神经可减缓靶组织过度生长。Tsuge[9]则指出,完全切除指神经虽可延缓巨指生长,但会导致明显感觉障碍,因此建议部分切除非主要神经分支,保留神经干。先天性巨指症临床诊疗专家共识(2025年版)[10]表明,巨指症患者常伴有正中神经及指神经增大、迂曲及脂肪浸润,也有足底神经受累报道[11-14]。术中对于神经的处理,依据术前评估结果,可行神经切除、端端吻合术。

巨趾畸形病变多聚于前足,尤以足底为著,常见于足底内侧神经支配区。若仅切除趾足底固有神经分支,因“失支配”组织体量有限,效果常不理想。本团队在常规术式基础上,将切除范围扩展至趾足底总神经分支,但由于其对皮下组织、肌肉及骨骼的萎缩作用有限,临床观察发现生长减速效果仍不充分。为此,我们于内踝后上方切断胫神经后立即行端端缝合修复,通过增大“神经损伤-修复-再生”距离,延长靶组织失神经支配的时间,从而增强组织萎缩效应,减缓生长速度[15],降低足底尤其是前足等病变区域的生长速率,进而减少后续手术次数。现回顾分析2018年1月—2024年12月北京市顺义区医院手足外科采用常规术式联合胫神经切断‑缝合术及趾足底总神经分支切断术治疗的儿童先天性巨趾患者临床资料,为临床提供参考。报告如下。

1. 临床资料

1.1. 一般资料

患儿纳入标准:① 年龄1~14岁;② 进展型巨趾;③ 过度生长以足底、前足为重;④ 采用常规术式联合胫神经切断‑缝合术及趾足底总神经分支切断术治疗;⑤ 临床资料完整,依从性好,术后随访时间≥6个月。排除源于单纯骨组织过度生长的巨趾。2018年1月—2024年12月共9例患儿(9足26趾)符合选择标准纳入研究。

本组男4例(4足9趾),女5例(5足17趾);年龄1~6岁,中位年龄3岁。左足5例,右足4例。合并2、3趾并趾2例,无合并畸形7例。足背皮下组织肥厚6例。单列趾肥大1例(第1趾),双列4例(第1、2 趾2例,第2、3趾2例),3列1例(第1~3 趾),4列1例(第1~4趾),5列2例(第1~5趾)。患趾主、被动屈伸活动受限7例,主动屈伸活动受限、被动活动尚可2例。9例均无法穿戴与健足同码鞋;6例跛行,3例行走困难。6例患儿行多次传统术式效果不佳,病情仍持续进展。其中4例患儿曾于外院行1次手术,包括软组织减容手术、跖骨截骨术、趾骨瘦骨术;1例行2次手术,包括软组织减容手术、跖骨截骨术、趾骨瘦骨术、骨骺阻滞术;1例行3次手术,包括第2、3趾截趾术、趾神经切除术、反取皮植皮术。9例患儿均累及前足且以足底为著,为中、重度进展型巨趾,患足生长速度明显快于健侧。

1.2. 手术方法

所有手术均由同一组医生完成。患儿于全身麻醉后取仰卧位,患肢大腿根部绑缚气囊止血带。术区常规消毒铺单后,于足底偏内侧作纵切口,在患趾胫侧或腓侧作锯齿形切口。逐层分离并修薄皮下组织,切除增生脂肪,显露并游离足底内侧和/或外侧神经、趾足底总神经及切口侧固有神经。术中见趾足底总神经及固有神经增粗,并伴有脂肪组织浸润及足底肌肉肥大等,给予切断趾足底总神经及切口侧固有神经终末支以外的其他分支。随后根据畸形特点实施相应骨与软组织术式,包括趾骨瘦骨、跖骨短缩/楔形截骨、侧副韧带止点重建、冗余皮肤切除、甲体整形、趾列切除等。待上述手术完成后,于内踝后上方沿胫神经走行作长约3 cm纵切口,显露胫后动、静脉及胫神经。术中保护血管结构,见5例胫神经轻度增粗,4例形态正常;切断胫神经,于显微镜下采用8-0聚丙烯不可吸收缝线行神经外膜缝合6~8针,拉紧打结对合神经断端。未另行神经外膜加固或防粘连处理。将趾足底总神经转移至足底肌间隙并缝合固定;以小腿石膏托将患足固定于中立位。

1.3. 术后处理

术后常规静脉滴注抗生素预防切口感染,术后14 d拆线。术后定期复查 X 线片观察截骨端愈合情况,达临床愈合后拔除克氏针,开始不负重功能活动,并改昼夜石膏托固定为夜间及外出活动时固定,10 d后彻底去除石膏托,开始负重行走。

1.4. 疗效评价指标

① 足生长速度:术后即刻和末次随访时,用1 cm宽皮尺测量足跟后缘中央顶点至第1、2、3、4、5趾长度顶端距离。由3位手足外科医生采用双盲法分别测量,取平均值计入统计。生长速度=(末次随访足跟至足趾长度−术后即刻足跟至足趾长度)/随访时间。② 痛觉测量:术前、术后即刻及末次随访时测量患足足底皮肤痛觉,患儿取仰卧位,用Vonfrey单丝(型号:Aesthesio;Danmic公司,美国)依次垂直触碰双足第1、3、5趾腹、跖骨头、足底中央、足跟跖侧与足背内、外侧皮肤,每次间隔2~3 s。测定时避开胼胝,若双足不能感觉痛感则再测定1次,两次均不能感觉痛感,即判断此点为阳性;如感觉正常则记录为阴性(图1)。③ 切口愈合评价:愈合时间≤2周为正常,>2周为延迟愈合。④ 根据术后患足穿鞋及行走情况评价手术疗效[16]:优,鞋码同健足,行走无疼痛;良,鞋码较健足大1~2号(欧洲鞋码),行走无疼痛;中,鞋码较健足大1~2号,行走有疼痛;差,鞋码较健足大2号以上,或不论鞋码大小,行走疼痛致无法徒步出门。

图 1.

图 1

Schematic illustration of cutaneous pain sensitivity assessment on the medial and lateral dorsal foot and plantar surface

足背内、外侧及足底痛觉测量示意图

1.5. 统计学方法

采用SPSS29.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料经Shapiro-Wilk检验,不符合正态分布,数据以MQ1Q3)表示,术后健、患侧指标比较采用Wilcoxon符号秩和检验;检验水准取双侧α=0.05。

2. 结果

术中病理检查示,8例足底脂肪及神经组织增生,其间被增生纤维组织包绕、分隔;1例趾足底固有神经、趾足底总神经分支组织增生,脂肪组织增生,神经组织弥漫性增生,间质血管丰富,考虑良性神经源性肿瘤。术后9例患儿均获随访,随访时间6~36个月,平均18个月。术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染、足底溃疡等发生。末次随访时,患足生长速度为0.10(0.04,0.14)cm/月,较健足生长速度0.14(0.08,0.18)cm/月明显减缓,差异有统计学意义(Z=3.951,P<0.001)。术前患足足底皮肤痛觉均为阴性,术后即刻均为阳性;末次随访时6例阴性,2例部分足趾及足底中央痛觉阳性,1例随访3年患儿足底多部位痛觉阳性。末次随访时,8例患儿行走步态正常,1例因双下肢不等长而跛行伴足外翻、足跟胼胝;疗效获优1例、良7例、中1例。见图2

图 2.

A 3-year-old girl presented with congenital macrodactyly and syndactyly involving the second and third toes of the right foot

患儿,女,3岁,先天性右足第2、3趾巨趾、并趾

a. 术前双足足底外观及足底偏内侧纵切口设计;b. 内踝后上方沿胫神经走行的纵切口设计;c. 术中足底内侧神经外观;d. 术中游离的足底内侧和外侧神经、趾足底总神经及切口侧固有神经;e. 术前胫神经外观;f. 切断胫神经可见断端;g. 胫神经缝合后;h. 术后28个月外观

a. Preoperative bilateral plantar appearance and design of the longitudinal incision on the medial aspect of the sole; b. Design of the longitudinal incision proximal to the posterior aspect of the medial malleolus along the course of the tibial nerve; c. Intraoperative appearance of the medial plantar nerve; d. Dissection of the medial and lateral plantar nerves, common plantar digital nerves, and proper cutaneous nerve at the incision site; e. Preoperative appearance of the tibial nerve; f. The transected ends of the tibial nerve; g. Appearance following epineurial suture of the tibial nerve; h. Appearance at 28 months after operation

图 2

3. 讨论

先天性巨趾(指)畸形是一种罕见的非遗传性先天畸形[10]。现有研究表明,其发病机制主要涉及PIK3CA基因激活突变、Dhh/Ptc通路增强表达、多效蛋白高表达及神经介导等因素[17-21]。Rios等[22]通过全外显子组捕获和测序确认先天性巨趾(指)畸形的病因,其证实患者受累神经组织中存在一个PIK3CA的新基因(R115P)突变。病理生物学机制研究进一步表明,单纯性巨趾(指)为神经介导的脂肪、骨及肌腱增生性疾病[23]。Chen等[11]对93例孤立性巨趾患儿研究发现,84条神经中有74条存在增粗、脂肪浸润或迂曲等病理改变,神经异常和病变组织肥大的区域高度一致,表明先天性巨趾畸形是一种神经介导的过度生长,神经与肢体的生长和再生有着密切关系。Chen等[12]对26例先天性巨趾畸形患者进行解剖学、组织学和遗传学分析,结果表明先天性巨趾畸形的足底神经病理损伤是一种神经干疾病。文献报道巨趾多发生在足底内侧神经支配区,以第2趾多见[1113]。王雯莹等[14]采用高频超声检查5例巨趾患儿,发现巨趾神经受累表现,其中胫后神经-足底内侧神经-足底外侧神经增粗3例,胫后神经-足底内侧神经增粗1例,仅足底内侧神经增粗1例,说明病变不仅局限于末梢神经,可能累及更近端神经结构。若术中仅切除末梢巨趾而忽略近端神经病变,残留的受累神经将继续介导异常增生,这可能是术后效果不佳或复发需多次手术的重要原因之一[24]。本研究9例患儿中,5例术中发现胫神经轻度增粗,所有患儿均见趾足底总神经、固有神经增粗且存在脂肪组织浸润、足底肌肉肥大等。病理结果显示,8例存在足底脂肪及神经组织增生;1例表现为神经组织弥漫性增生、间质血管丰富,考虑良性神经源性肿瘤。

目前巨趾的治疗仍以手术为主,虽有个别靶向药物治疗报道,但缺乏大宗病例支持,疗效尚未明确[10]。手术目标在于使患足大小接近健侧或父母足部、实现无痛负重功能,并减缓生长速度、减少手术次数。传统术式多侧重于外观改善或施行骨骺阻滞术、截趾术、趾固有神经切除术等[25-28],术后虽可部分改善足趾形态或生长,但常导致局部感觉缺失[29]。鉴于巨趾病变多集中于前足足底区域,若仅切除趾足底固有神经,因失支配范围有限,效果常不理想;而扩大至趾足底总神经切除,则可能加重感觉缺失,增加溃疡风险。我们参考荻野利彦等[30]将切除限于指掌侧固有神经分支的理念,在缩减巨趾体积时仅切断趾足底总神经与固有神经分布至病变组织的分支,并于趾端裁剪冗长神经后将其断端固定于皮下,既维持神经原有张力,又避免神经远离靶皮肤。此举旨在实现失支配范围最大化的同时,保留神经再生来源,通过“趋向性再生”使靶皮肤恢复保护性感觉,降低溃疡发生风险。本组患儿术后足部痛觉大多保留,3例出现患足部分区域痛觉减退,考虑与截趾、趾神经切除或足底反取皮植皮等操作相关。所有患儿均未发生足底溃疡,切口均Ⅰ期愈合,表明该神经处理方式具有有效性与安全性。

然而,保留主干仅切除分支的方式虽可避免永久性失支配,但对皮下、肌肉及骨骼等深层组织的萎缩作用有限,生长减速效果仍不充分。为此,我们在分支切除基础上,于踝部或其近端切断胫神经并立即行端端缝合,通过延长“神经损伤-修复-再生”周期,增加靶组织失支配时间,从而增强萎缩与降速效果。本研究显示,手术组术后生长速度显著减缓,患足无疼痛及行走受限,未出现足底溃疡。提示延长失支配时间策略有效且安全,并未因胫神经切断增加溃疡风险,可能与冗余皮肤切除及周边神经代偿支配有关。

综上述,采用胫神经切断-缝合联合趾足底总神经分支切断术治疗先天性巨趾,可有效减缓巨趾生长速度且不引起明显感觉障碍,术后患足功能良好,未增加溃疡及神经瘤形成风险。但本研究存在样本量小且均为儿童、随访配合度有限等局限性。目前巨趾治疗尚缺乏标准化方案,胫神经切断-缝合与分支切断术仅为众多术式中的两种选择,实际需根据患者病变程度、生长速度及类型制定个体化综合治疗方案。由于患儿难以配合神经电生理检查,术前术后评估存在困难,未来需通过多中心前瞻性研究进一步验证该术式的远期疗效与安全性。

利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道

伦理声明 研究方案经北京市顺义区医院伦理委员会批准(2023-YJJ-008-01)

作者贡献声明 李冬梅:研究设计、数据统计分析、文章撰写;田光磊:主刀手术、研究指导、论文审阅;李建峰:研究指导、论文审阅;赵民、赵亮、刘井达:数据收集;李海雷:整理并复核数据

Funding Statement

北京市顺义区医院科研发展专项基金项目(2023Q05)

Research and Development Special Fund Project of Beijing Shunyi District Hospital (2023Q05)

References

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Articles from Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery are provided here courtesy of Sichuan University

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