Abstract
目的
对外泌体-水凝胶系统在创面愈合中的应用与研究进展进行综述。
方法
广泛查阅近年来相关研究文献,系统总结外泌体、水凝胶及其复合系统在创面愈合中的作用机制与研究进展。
结果
创面愈合是一个复杂而精细的生物过程,传统疗法对炎症调控、血管再生、胶原重塑及再上皮化等关键机制缺乏针对性干预。外泌体-水凝胶系统不仅能调控以上环节加速创面愈合,并且在应对细菌感染、缺氧、过度氧化应激及高糖微环境等不利因素方面也展现出良好效果。
结论
外泌体-水凝胶系统为慢性创面治疗与皮肤再生提供了新思路,有望突破固有疗法的局限性,但其制备工艺和用药标准尚不统一,仍需进一步优化与规范。
Keywords: 创面愈合, 外泌体, 水凝胶, 生物材料, 组织修复与再生
Abstract
Objective
To review the recent advances in the application of exosome-hydrogel system for wound healing.
Methods
A wide range of recent domestic and international studies were reviewed to systematically outline the roles and mechanisms of exosomes, hydrogels, and their composite system in promoting wound repair.
Results
Wound healing is a complex and finely regulated process. Traditional therapies lack targeted regulation of key mechanisms such as inflammation control, angiogenesis, collagen remodeling, and re-epithelialization. The exosome-hydrogel system enhances wound repair through targeted modulation of these mechanisms and provides effective protection against bacterial infection, hypoxia, excessive oxidative stress, and hyperglycemic microenvironments.
Conclusion
The exosome-hydrogel system represents an emerging approach for chronic wound repair and skin regeneration, potentially overcoming the inherent limitations of traditional therapies. Nevertheless, the lack of standardized preparation methods and dosing protocols calls for further optimization.
Keywords: Wound healing, exosome, hydrogel, biomaterial, tissue repair and regeneration
创面愈合是一个动态生理过程,依赖多种细胞的协同作用与多条信号通路的调控[1]。愈合受阻可导致慢性创面形成,诱发感染、截肢,甚至危及生命,给患者及医疗系统带来沉重负担[2]。传统疗法多以清创、抗感染及物理保护为主,难以满足复杂创面的再生需求[3]。近年来,具备多重功能的新型生物材料逐步成为创面愈合中的研究热点。
外泌体是细胞分泌的纳米级囊泡,富含多种活性物质,能够被靶细胞摄取并参与其功能调控[4]。然而,其在体内易被快速清除,故而存在稳定性差、递送效率低等问题,严重限制了外泌体的独立应用[5]。水凝胶是一类三维交联高分子网络构成的生物材料,能够稳定包载活性分子并实现可控释放[6]。将二者结合,既可维持外泌体活性并延长其滞留时间,又能拓展水凝胶的组织修复潜力[7]。本文综述了水凝胶联合外泌体在创面修复中的应用进展,揭示该系统的机制优势与治疗潜力,以期为后续进一步探索与转化提供参考。
1. 创面愈合
创面愈合包括止血期、炎症期、增殖期与重塑期4个阶段,涉及血凝块形成[8]、病原与坏死组织清除[9]、血管新生[10]、胶原合成及重构[11-12]及再上皮化[1]等主要环节。临床上,血管病变或组织长期受压可导致局部灌注不足与低氧,进而诱发氧化应激失衡和炎症级联反应[13-15];在糖尿病患者中,持续的高糖环境会破坏细胞修复能力,极大地延缓愈合进程[16];若合并细菌定植及生物膜形成,创面将进一步陷入“慢性炎症-感染”的恶性循环[17]。因此,慢性创面是多重因素共同作用的结果。在实践中,“清创-控感染-支持修复”是慢性创面修复的中心思想,主要包括外科清创、抗菌治疗、功能性敷料、负压吸引、皮肤移植及高压氧等综合手段[3,18]。然而,在慢性炎症持续、微环境失衡及细胞功能受损时,传统疗法难以从根本上激活再生过程,亦无法针对特定病理机制发挥持久疗效[19]。基于此,研究者开始关注那些既具组织防护与修复作用,又能精准调控创面微环境与细胞行为的新型材料体系。
2. 外泌体-水凝胶复合系统
2.1. 水凝胶及其对外泌体的递送
水凝胶是一类在创面修复中常见的生物材料,其具有良好的黏附性、延展性,能够保护创面并提供湿润环境,有助于细胞增殖与爬行,促进皮肤组织再生[20]。天然水凝胶来源于多糖、蛋白及细胞外基质等天然高分子,通常经接枝改性或引入交联剂构建三维网络结构,以实现可注射、原位成胶及智能控释等功能[21-24]。相比之下,合成水凝胶不仅便于批量生产,还具备更优的理化性能,因而在组织修复与再生领域中得到广泛应用[25]。近年来,水凝胶在药物递送领域取得了显著进展[26]。该类材料可响应pH[27]、近红外光[28]、活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)[29]、基质金属蛋白酶[30]等多种刺激,具备单重或多重[21]响应特性,从而实现药物或生物分子的可控释放。
其中,外泌体作为一种新型的无细胞疗法,可与水凝胶结合被应用于创面治疗[31-32]。外泌体直径为40~160 nm,包含蛋白质、脂质及多种功能性核酸(如mRNA、miRNA),其囊泡膜表达四跨膜蛋白、整合素和免疫调节分子等标志物[4,33]。目前用于创面愈合的外泌体主要包括以下几类:① 干细胞来源,如脂肪[34-35]、脐带[36]、骨髓[37]等组织中的MSCs;② 免疫细胞来源,如M2型巨噬细胞[38-39];③ 结构细胞来源,包括成纤维细胞[40]和内皮细胞[41];④ 效应性细胞来源,例如血小板[22,42]。
水凝胶能够维持外泌体的活性,并保障其递送效率。研究表明,水凝胶冻干制剂可用于外泌体的长期储存与运输,室温下可维持30 d生物活性,4℃条件下则可达120 d[36]。水凝胶微针给药精准、微创且输送效率高。在创面治疗中,微针阵列高度通常设计为300~1 200 μm,针尖锋利而微小,能够轻松穿透真皮层并实现有效给药[22-23,38,40-41,43]。Cao等[22]研发了一种可溶性水凝胶微针贴片,在体外实验中分别于4、7、10 d释放约37.12%、59.71%、82.08%的外泌体,至第14天完成持续释放。目前,已构建多种外泌体-水凝胶复合药物递送体系,与单独使用外泌体或水凝胶相比,该系统在稳定性、局部滞留、递送效率及治疗多效性方面表现更优。见表1。
表 1.
Composition and overview of exosome-hydrogel system
外泌体-水凝胶系统的组成及概述
| 作者 Author |
年份 Year |
外泌体 Exosome |
水凝胶 Hydrogel |
功能概述 Functional overview |
||||
| 基质 Matrix |
特征 Features |
|||||||
| Cao等[22] | 2024 | 血小板来源外泌体 | 脱细胞真皮组织 | 经化学改性后光交联成胶;体内完全降解;富含胶原、弹性蛋白和生长因子 | 跨皮持续释放血小板来源外泌体,促进M2型巨噬细胞极化、抑制炎症、增强血管新生,加速糖尿病创面愈合 | |||
| Zeng等[38] | 2023 | M2 型巨噬细胞来源外泌体 | 微针针尖为透明质酸,背板为聚乙烯醇 | 透明质酸经甲基丙烯酰化处理、包载外泌体;聚乙烯醇包含聚多巴胺纳米颗粒 | 外泌体被递送至真皮层,微针背板在近红外光下产生温和光热效应,二者协同抑制炎症、促进M2型 巨噬细胞极化与血管生成 |
|||
| Lyu等[23] | 2024 | MSCs来源外泌体 | 微针壳层为明胶,核层为聚乳酸嵌段共聚物 | 壳层明胶经甲基丙烯酰化、负载芒果苷;核层 包载外泌体 |
微针制剂,实现分阶段抗炎与促修复,加快糖尿病创面愈合 | |||
| Shi等[37] | 2024 | 缺氧处理的BMSCs来源外泌体 | 壳聚糖/氧化透明质酸 | 壳聚糖接枝没食子酸 | 富含miR-4645-5p,抑制固醇调节元件结合蛋白2活性,调控巨噬 细胞向M2型巨噬细胞极化,缓 解炎症,促进血管生成和糖尿病 创面修复 |
|||
| Fan等[44] | 2025 | 缺氧处理的尿源性干细胞来源外泌体 | 脱细胞猪小肠黏膜下层 | 经甲基丙烯酰化处理;富含多种天然生长因子 | 富含miR-486-5p,维持外泌体长达21 d持续释放,增强血管新生、上皮重建、促进Ⅰ型与Ⅲ型胶原正 常比例沉积 |
|||
| Wang等[42] | 2025 | 富血小板血浆来源外泌体 | Pluronic F127(一种热敏型非离子聚醚水凝胶材料) | 温敏型水凝胶,低温为流动液体,体温下原位成胶 | 抑制成纤维细胞铁死亡,促进M2型巨噬细胞极化,抑制中性粒细胞功能,增强胶原沉积和表皮再生 | |||
| Yang等[36] | 2024 | 脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体 | 透明质酸 | 化学交联后生成多孔海绵状结构、经多巴胺包被、接枝DP7抗菌肽 | 具抗菌、抗炎、抗凋亡及促血管生成等多重效应,促进深二度烧伤 创面的无瘢痕修复 |
|||
| Zhou等[34] | 2022 | 脂肪间充质干细胞来源外泌体 | Pluronic F127 | 温敏型水凝胶,低温为流动液体,体温下原位成胶 | 延长外泌体在创面处的停留时间,促进血管生成和胶原沉积 | |||
| Shiekh等[35] | 2020 | 脂肪间充质干细胞来源外泌体 | 聚氨酯 | 多孔冷冻凝胶,复合抗坏血酸与过氧化钙 | 降低ROS水平、维持10 d以上氧气释放,在感染性伤口中抑制感染、诱导毛囊形成与上皮成熟 | |||
| Li等[39] | 2023 | M2 型巨噬细胞来源外泌体 | 高分子-海藻酸双网络水凝胶 | 引入金纳米棒作为交联节点,赋予光热响应能力 | 实现外泌体缓释与光热抗菌效应,协同抗炎与促血管生成,有效治 疗感染性创面 |
|||
| Shen等[24] | 2024 | 负载辛基伊康酸酯的H293F细胞来源外泌 体 |
海藻酸/明胶 | 海藻酸盐经多巴胺接枝修饰,明胶经甲基丙烯酰化处理 | 加速糖尿病小鼠创面愈合,促进血管新生、上皮再生和胶原沉积;缓解高糖诱导的氧化应激与铁死亡 | |||
2.2. 外泌体-水凝胶系统的优化
对外泌体进行工程化改造可进一步拓展外泌体-水凝胶系统的应用潜力。一方面,可以更改源细胞的培养条件。由三维培养[45-46]或缺氧处理[37,44]的源细胞分泌的外泌体,在解决糖尿病创面血管生成异常、长期炎症状态、氧化应激损伤等问题中具有更明显优势。另一方面,可以使用基因表达调控手段。通过对源细胞进行慢病毒介导的特定基因或非编码RNA(如miRNA)过表达,其衍生的外泌体将富含特定的核糖核酸及蛋白质,并作为创面愈合中炎症调控、血管生成等机制研究的重要手段[43,47]。此外,外泌体还可以结合药物[24]或生长因子[48],发挥其直接与靶细胞膜结合的优势,保障生物活性分子安全抵达创面并高效发挥作用。见表1。
此外,以水凝胶作为载体平台,适于构建多功能策略以加速创面愈合。Zeng等[38]研发的MEs@PMN外泌体-微针-光热复合系统,将M2型巨噬细胞外泌体封装于微针针尖,同时在背层引入聚多巴胺纳米颗粒以产生局部温和光热效应,从而协同促进创面愈合。类似地,Lyu等[23]设计的新型核壳微针具有双层水凝胶针尖结构,其中亲水层在应用8 h内迅速释放芒果苷,发挥早期抗炎作用;疏水层则实现MSCs外泌体的稳定封装与缓慢释放,介导组织修复与再生,从而实现分阶段、递进式的序贯药物递送策略。见表1。
3. 外泌体-水凝胶系统在创面愈合中的应用
3.1. 促进创面正常愈合
炎症期的顺利过渡是创面愈合的前提条件[11,49]。外泌体-水凝胶系统可下调TNF-α、IL-6、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)等促炎因子的表达,同时上调IL-10、精氨酸酶1(arginase 1,Arg1)等抗炎因子表达,从而改善局部微环境、调控炎症平衡[23,50-51]。M1型巨噬细胞能够吞噬病原体、分泌炎症趋化因子、释放ROS等;而M2型巨噬细胞则发挥促进血管生成、加速胶原沉积与肉芽重塑等作用[52]。因此,巨噬细胞的表型被认为是创面由炎症期向增殖期过渡的关键环节[53]。Shi等[37]将缺氧处理的BMSCs来源外泌体封装于水凝胶中,其富含的miR-4645-5p与水凝胶的抗氧化特性协同作用,抑制胆固醇代谢调控因子SREBP2的活性,显著促进巨噬细胞由M1型向M2型的表型转化,从而在糖尿病创面模型中有效缓解炎症反应、加速组织修复进程。
新生血管为创面修复提供基础物质支持[11]。在VEGF、PDGF等促血管生成因子的刺激下,血管内皮细胞增殖、迁移并参与微循环重建,为再生组织持续输送细胞、氧气与营养物质[54]。近年来,外泌体-水凝胶系统已被证实可显著增强人脐静脉内皮细胞的增殖、迁移及管腔形成能力,促进肉芽组织中新生血管的形成与重建[55]。在具体应用中,Fan等[44]构建的改性猪小肠黏膜下层@H-Exo制剂,通过下调血管生成抑制因子SERPINE1并激活缺氧诱导因子1α信号通路,增强内皮细胞的血管生成能力,加速糖尿病创面修复。然而,Korntner等[56]指出,血管生成应受到动态调控,适度的血管回缩有利于组织重构、减少瘢痕形成。因此,在设计促血管生成策略时,应注意把握其平衡。
胶原合成是皮肤修复与重建的核心基础[11]。胶原蛋白为细胞迁移与组织再生提供支架,其中成纤维细胞是其主要合成来源[57]。外泌体-水凝胶系统可促进成纤维细胞的功能,Wang等[42]发现,糖尿病小鼠成纤维细胞中FBJ 小鼠骨肉瘤病毒癌基因同源物 B(FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B,FosB)表达下调,导致其对铁死亡的易感性升高。富血小板血浆来源外泌体/水凝胶可通过上调FosB表达、增强成纤维细胞的存活与抗损伤能力,从而抑制铁死亡、促进糖尿病创面愈合。此外,外泌体-水凝胶系统还能促进胶原的有序重塑。胎儿期伤口中Ⅲ型胶原比例更高,成人则以Ⅰ型胶原过度沉积为主[58]。Yang等[36]构建了一种以透明质酸为基质、表面修饰聚多巴胺和抗菌肽的复合水凝胶,并负载了脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体。该复合体系可显著抑制TGF-β1诱导的Ⅰ型胶原沉积、提升Ⅲ型胶原比例,在深Ⅱ度烧伤模型中展示出无瘢痕愈合潜力。
成功的再上皮化是伤口顺利闭合的重要标志。该过程始于伤口边缘角质形成细胞的松解,形成上皮舌并逐步向创面中心迁移,闭合皮肤缺损[1]。Zhou等[34]采用可注射的热敏型水凝胶Pluronic F-127包裹脂肪间充质干细胞来源外泌体,并将其局部应用于小鼠全层皮肤缺损模型。这种复合物可显著改善皮肤水合状态与弹性、增强屏障功能;其机制可能与角质形成细胞中水通道蛋白3的上调以及角蛋白1的下调有关。除表皮修复外,皮肤附属器的再生同样是实现健康上皮重建的关键因素。Shiekh等[35]研制的“OxOBand”是具备抗氧化与持续释氧双重特性的水凝胶敷料,同时负载了脂肪间充质干细胞来源外泌体。该复合材料在糖尿病创面中显著加速了表皮愈合,并诱导毛囊、汗腺及皮脂腺等皮肤附属器再生,从而实现了近似健康皮肤的结构重建。以上结果表明,外泌体-水凝胶复合系统在创面愈合中具有完整、多维的修复能力。见图1。
图 1.

Promoting effects of exosome-hydrogel system on wound healing
外泌体-水凝胶系统对创面愈合的促进作用
3.2. 改善愈合不利因素
3.2.1. 细菌感染
慢性创面常被大量脓液和坏死组织覆盖,细菌长期定植并形成毒力强、耐药性高的生物膜结构[59]。外泌体-水凝胶系统在抗感染治疗中展现出独特优势,其抗菌作用主要体现在以下两个方面:第一,外泌体-水凝胶系统本身具有一定抗菌潜力。天然高分子水凝胶中的阳离子基团可与细菌膜表面的负电荷发生静电作用,从而展现出内源性、持续性的抗菌活性[60]。此类水凝胶敷料不仅能够有效覆盖创面、吸收渗出物,还可通过构建微针结构穿透生物膜屏障,将外泌体与药物直接递送至深层组织,从而增强局部药物滞留、提高抗感染效率[61]。第二,外泌体-水凝胶系统能与多种抗菌因子协同应用,如金属离子(银[62]、铁[63]、锌[64])或天然抗菌活性因子(小柴碱[65]、抗菌肽[51]、单宁酸[46]等),在不依赖传统抗生素的前提下实现广谱抗菌效果。Li等[39]构建的聚丙烯腈-苯硼酸/金纳米颗粒/抗坏血酸@外泌体复合水凝胶在近红外照射下可通过金纳米棒产生光热效应,显著抑制金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌及牙龈卟啉单胞菌的生长,其抗菌效果与对照抗生素氨苄西林相当,展现出良好的广谱抗菌性能。
3.2.2. 氧失衡
持续的低氧状态会抑制细胞增殖与迁移,使皮肤再生困难并增加感染风险[66]。为改善缺氧微环境,多种释氧型外泌体-水凝胶复合系统应运而生。通过引入氧纳米气泡[67]、产氧微球[68]、过氧化钙[35]等释氧成分,不仅提升了创面局部的含氧水平,也增强了外泌体在复杂微环境中的稳定性与生物活性。同时,缺氧及感染还可诱导ROS的过量聚积,导致细胞凋亡、基质降解和组织坏死,进而延迟愈合进程[66]。对此,外泌体-水凝胶复合系统展示出多重抗氧化调控机制:一方面,可引入具有酶样活性的MnO2纳米材料,催化创面中过量的H2O2分解产生氧气,既可缓解氧化损伤,又有助于改善局部缺氧微环境[69];另一方面,还能通过修复受损的电子传递链[21]或抑制线粒体裂变[70]等机制,从源头减少ROS生成,降低过度氧化应激反应对组织修复产生的不利影响。
3.2.3. 高糖微环境
高糖可引发多重病理改变,包括巨噬细胞极化失调、促炎趋化因子表达紊乱以及微血管功能障碍,导致普通创面进展为慢性溃疡、足部坏疽甚至全身性败血症[71]。Yang等[72]和Yuan等[73]分别在外泌体-水凝胶系统中引入葡萄糖氧化酶,通过催化分解局部葡萄糖,有效缓解创面高糖微环境。同时,Shen等[24]构建的辛基伊康酸酯(4-octyl itaconate,4-OI)-外泌体-复合水凝胶能够缓释抗氧化代谢物4-OI,抑制Kelch样ECH相关蛋白1(Keap1)、激活核因子E2相关因子2(Nrf2)/谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(GPX4)信号通路,有效减少高糖诱导的血管内皮细胞铁死亡,减轻氧化损伤与组织坏死,显著促进创面愈合。上述联合干预手段为慢性创面的治疗提供了潜在解决方案。见表2。
表 2.
Exosome-hydrogel system for overcoming adverse factors in wound healing
外泌体-水凝胶系统改善创面愈合不利因素
4. 展望
外泌体-水凝胶复合系统不仅提升了外泌体的稳定性与递送效率,还可实现多机制协同作用,在创面修复中展现出广阔应用前景。然而,当前仍处于探索性研究阶段,其外泌体来源、剂量及水凝胶制备方法尚无统一标准,因此难以实现不同成果的横向对比。此外,要实现其转化潜力,仍需突破规模化制备、长效保存等关键技术问题。同时,外泌体制剂的伦理合规性、产品标准化及监管审批流程仍有待明确,这也制约了其转化应用的推进。迄今为止,该类制剂尚在国内未获批进入临床应用。本文系统梳理了外泌体-水凝胶复合系统在创面愈合中的应用与研究进展,旨在为相关研究者提供参考,推动该类材料的进一步发展。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;基金支持没有影响文章观点和报道
作者贡献声明 邱妍:文献检索,文章构思及撰写;谭谦:文章修改及审核
Funding Statement
江苏省中医药科技发展计划项目(QN202320)
Science and Technology Development Program of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangsu Province (QN202320)
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