Abstract
Objectives
Chigger mites are the primary vectors of scrub typhus in the Republic of Korea (ROK), with their larval activity peaking in autumn. Their occurrence is influenced by climatic factors and closely associated with human cases, highlighting the need for ongoing surveillance and analysis. This study examined the distribution of chigger mites to provide baseline data for vector monitoring, prevention, and control.
Methods
Surveillance was conducted for 16 weeks (August 29–December 18, 2024) at 18 sites nationwide using mite traps. Four environments (grassland, waterway, rice paddy, and field) were surveyed using five traps each (20 traps per site). Their density was measured as the mean number of individuals per trap (trap index) for comparison.
Results
In total, 3,114 mites (15 species and 5 genera) were collected. Neotrombicula kwangneungensis was the dominant species (753; 24.2%). The mean trap index was 0.54, showing decreases of 35.7% vs. 2023 (0.84) and 28.9% vs. 2020–2022 (0.76), respectively. The increase in chigger mite occurrence was also delayed by approximately 1–3 weeks.
Conclusions
The activity of chigger mite larvae was most vigorous within a specific temperature range. As a result, their emergence tended to occur later at lower latitudes. These findings suggest that the survival, growth, and activity of chigger mite larvae are closely associated with climatic factors. Furthermore, the number of scrub typhus cases increased approximately 1–3 weeks after the increase in larval density, which is consistent with the incubation period of the disease. These findings highlight the fact that ongoing climate change in ROK may increase vector populations and the risk of vector-borne diseases, emphasizing the importance of preventive measures and continuous surveillance.
Keywords: Chigger mite, Orientia tsutsugamushi, Climate, Surveillance
Key messages
① What is known previously?
In the Republic of Korea, approximately 60 species of chigger mites belonging to 14 genera have been reported, of which eight species, including Leptotrombidium pallidum, Leptotrombidium palpale, and Leptotrombidium scutellare, are known to transmit scrub typhus.
② What new information is presented?
In 2024, the cumulative trap index was 8.63, representing a decrease of approximately 36.2% compared from 13.52 in 2023. A total of 3,114 individual chigger mites, comprising five genera and 15 species, were collected. Among them, Neotrombicula kwangneungensis was identified as the dominant species, with 753 individuals (24.2%).
③ What are implications?
The occurrence and density of chigger mite larvae are influenced by climatic factors, such as temperature and precipitation, and these ecological variations are closely associated with the incidence of scrub typhus.
Introduction
Scrub typhus is one of the long-recognized vector-borne diseases. In humans, the disease is precipitated by the transmission of Orientia tsutsugamushi bacteria through the bite of infected larval chigger mites while they feed on human bodily fluids [1,2]. Scrub typhus has been extensively documented within the Tsutsugamushi Triangle, comprising the Republic of Korea (ROK), China, and Japan, but recent investigations have reported the disease in other regions, including the Middle East and Europe [3]. In Japan, scrub typhus has been recognized as endemic since the early 19th century, while in ROK, it was first reported in 1951 from United Nations forces participating in the Korean Civil War [4,5]. The Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA) has designated scrub typhus as a Class 3 legal infectious disease since 1994 for its management and surveillance, with over 4,000 annual cases since 2004 [5,6]. A total of 60 species belonging to 14 genera of chigger mites have been reported in ROK. Among these, eight species, including Leptotrombidium scutellare, Leptotrombidium pallidum, and Leptotrombidium palpale, are known to transmit scrub typhus [7]. The Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases of the KDCA provides annual surveillance data, including analysis information on the occurrence status and trends of chigger mite population.
Methods
1. Collection Area and Environment
This study was conducted through collaborations with the Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases of the KDCA, the Honam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the Armed Forces Medical Research Institute, and regional vector surveillance centers for climate change nationwide. The newly surveyed areas in 2024, Sunchang County in Jeonbuk State and Goheung County in Jeonnam Province, were excluded from the analysis to allow comparisons with past data. A total of 18 surveillance areas were included: Cheorwon County and Gangneung City in Gangwon State; Paju City, Hwaseong City, and Yeoju City in Gyeonggi Province; Okcheon County in Chungbuk Province; Yesan County and Boryeong City in Cheongnam Province; Jeongeup City, Buan County, and Jinan County in Jeonbuk State; Suncheon City and Boseong County in Jeonnam Province; Yeongdeok County and Gimcheon City in Gyeongbuk Province; Hapcheon County and Geoje City in Gyeongnam Province; and Jeju City in Jeju State. Surveys were conducted in four environments with high potential for human-chigger mite contact including waterways, paddy fields, dry fields, and grasslands.
2. Collection Period and Method
The survey period was set for the autumn season from August 29 to December 18, 2024 (16 weeks), when chigger mites become active. The survey was conducted by weekly using a trap developed by the KDCA (Patent no. 10-1555975). The collection method was as follows. Two pieces of double-sided sticky tape (20×1.8 cm) were affixed to the sides of the trap. Attractant for chigger mites was strategically positioned at the center of the trap. A total of 20 traps were installed, five for each environment. During the surveillance period, sticky tape was retrieved and replaced with new tape on a weekly basis.
3. Classification, Identification, and Analysis Methods
The collected tapes were meticulous check of identifying chigger mites under dissecting microscopes by the agencies responsible for each surveillance zone. Subsequently, suspected samples for chigger mite were mounting on slide glass and species identification under stereo microscopes according to Ree’s identification key (1990). The weekly chigger mite occurrence was quantified by converting it to the average number of samples collected per trap (trap index: number of chiggers/trap). To facilitate accurate comparison, the data were presented to the second decimal place. The surveillance data were then analyzed on a weekly basis, compared with the reference period (2020–2022) and the data from the previous year (2023). To analyze the relationship between chigger mite occurrence and environmental factors, weekly climate information during the surveillance period was obtained from the Korea Meteorological Administration’s open data portal by utilizing multi-point statistics from the automated synoptic observing system for the nearest region to each survey point [8]. Information on patients with scrub typhus was obtained from the infectious disease portal of the KDCA by weekly [6]. The patient count data from the infectious disease portal and the chigger mite surveillance data were compared using a unified time frame.
Results
In 2024, a total of 3,114 chigger mites were collected, belonging to five genera and 15 species. The temporal patterns of chigger mite outbreaks indicated a delay of approximately three weeks compared to the previous year and one week to the reference years. The population density of chigger mites has also decreased. In 2024, following its initial appearance in week 37, the population exhibited a gradual increase from week 40. Subsequently, a marked increase was observed starting week 43, followed by a brief stagnation for one week. The population then rose again until reaching a peak in week 46 with 595 chiggers (trap index 1.65), after which it gradually declined. In contrast to 2023, which showed a sharp increase to a peak followed by a decline and a slight rebound in the 50th week, the 2024 pattern showed a later onset, gradual rise, and subsequent decline. The mean trap index during the 2024 monitoring period was 0.54, representing a 35.7% decrease compared to the previous year (0.84) and a 28.9% decrease compared to the reference period average (0.76) (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Weekly chigger mite occurrence and average temperature.
The data from 2020 to 2024 were compiled based on chigger mite surveillance conducted at the same collection sites and during the same period (weeks 36–51).
The highest number of chigger mites collected was recorded in Jinan County with 579 chigger mites (18.6%), followed by Gangneung City with 552 individuals (17.7%) and Cheorwon County with 548 individuals (17.6%). The initial detection of chigger mites was documented in Cheorwon County and Buan County in week 37, followed by Boseong County in week 40, Geoje City in week 41, and Jeju City in week 43. This observation exhibited a consistent pattern, with emerging later with lower latitude (Table 1). Of the 3,114 collected samples, 3,099 were identified after excluding 15 specimens that morphological species identification was impossible. Neotrombicula kwangneungensis was the dominant species with 753 individuals (24.2%), followed by L. scutellare with 747 individuals (24.0%), Neotrombicula tamiyai with 497 individuals (16.0%), L. pallidum with 493 individuals (15.8%), and L. palpale with 421 individuals (13.5%) (Table 2).
Table 1. Weekly surveillance results of chigger mites in 2024.
| Area | Period | Total | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| August | September | October | November | December | |||||||||||||||||
| 36 | 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 | 47 | 48 | 49 | 50 | 51 | ||||||
| Cheorwon | 0 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 29 | 43 | 92 | 97 | 59 | 74 | 70 | 40 | 22 | 2 | 7 | 548 | ||||
| Gangneung | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 111 | 70 | 61 | 54 | 51 | 110 | 71 | 2 | 552 | ||||
| Hwaseong | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 11 | ||||
| Paju | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 | ||||
| Yeoju | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 10 | 17 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 47 | ||||
| Okcheon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 2 | 35 | ||||
| Boryeong | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 10 | 27 | 16 | 26 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 107 | ||||
| Yesan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 25 | 18 | 20 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 110 | ||||
| Buan | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 70 | 23 | 51 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 157 | ||||
| Jinan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 36 | 16 | 57 | 89 | 174 | 85 | 49 | 35 | 18 | 8 | 579 | ||||
| Jeongeup | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 4 | 38 | 38 | 53 | 79 | 23 | 40 | 283 | ||||
| Suncheon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 15 | 7 | 37 | ||||
| Boseong | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 14 | 7 | 3 | 11 | 31 | 66 | 91 | 92 | 19 | 23 | 14 | 372 | ||||
| Gimcheon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 5 | 11 | 10 | 2 | 73 | ||||
| Yeongdeok | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 23 | ||||
| Geoje | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 28 | ||||
| Hapcheon | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 15 | 28 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 64 | ||||
| Jeju | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 4 | 7 | 10 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 14 | 3 | 73 | ||||
| Total | 0 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 8 | 62 | 105 | 148 | 323 | 321 | 595 | 473 | 451 | 313 | 202 | 102 | 3,114 | ||||
| Trap indexa) | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.41 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 1.65 | 1.31 | 1.25 | 0.87 | 0.56 | 0.28 | - | ||||
a)Trap index=number of chiggers/trap.
Table 2. Results of species-specific and regional chigger mite surveillance in 2024.
| Species | Region | Total (%) |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cheorwon | Gangneung | Hwaseong | Paju | Yeoju | Okcheon | Boryeong | Yesan | Buan | Jinan | Jeongeup | Suncheon | Boseong | Gimcheon | Yeongdeok | Geoje | Hapcheon | Jeju | ||
| Neotrombicula kwangneungensis | 152 | 308 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 229 | 9 | 0 | 51 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 753 (24.2) |
| Leptotrombidium scutellare | 8 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 41 | 13 | 47 | 148 | 47 | 15 | 285 | 7 | 0 | 22 | 32 | 73 | 747 (24.0) |
| Neotrombicula tamiyai | 148 | 65 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 17 | 6 | 21 | 0 | 19 | 206 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 497 (16.0) |
| Leptotrombidium pallidum | 171 | 154 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 1 | 23 | 3 | 0 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 28 | 33 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 493 (15.8) |
| Leptotrombidium palpale | 1 | 12 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 2 | 37 | 60 | 108 | 78 | 16 | 22 | 8 | 23 | 5 | 4 | 30 | 0 | 421 (13.5) |
| Neotrombicula nagayoi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 46 (1.5) |
| Neotrombicula talmiensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 35 (1.1) |
| Neotrombicula japonica | 28 | 0 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 34 (1.1) |
| Neoschoengastia posekanyi | 19 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 19 (0.6) |
| Leptotrombidium tectum | 13 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 17 (0.5) |
| Neoschoengastia asakawai | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 14 (0.4) |
| Neotrombicula gardellai | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (0.3) |
| Leptotrombidium orientale | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 (0.3) |
| Helenicula miyagawai | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (0.1) |
| Euschoengastia koreaensis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 (0.1) |
| Unidentified | 2 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15 (0.5) |
| Total (%) | 548 (17.6) |
552 (17.7) |
11 (0.4) |
15 (0.5) |
47 (1.5) |
35 (1.1) |
107 (3.4) |
110 (3.5) |
157 (5.0) |
579 (18.6) |
283 (9.1) |
37 (1.2) |
372 (11.9) |
73 (2.3) |
23 (0.7) |
28 (0.9) |
64 (2.1) |
73 (2.3) |
3,114 (100.0) |
Discussion
In 2024, surveillance results revealed a total of 3,114 chigger mites with five genera and 15 species. This represented a 36.0% decrease compared to the 4,863 individuals recorded in 2023, and the peak occurrence period for chigger mites was also delayed by approximately three weeks. This can be attributed to climate-related factors such as average temperature and precipitation. A comparison of average temperatures across the 18 regions revealed that the average temperature was 24.4℃ from weeks 36 to 40, approximately 2.2℃ higher than 2023. During the same period, average precipitation was 17.9 mm, indicating an increase of approximately 5.9 mm than 2023. Specifically, the national average temperature during the summer months of 2024 (August to September) was approximately 25.6℃, the highest mean temperature recorded for this period since 1973. Furthermore, precipitation levels increased significantly in week 39 (66.7 mm), largely due to heavy rainfall events. Extreme weather factors, including intense heat exceeding the optimal temperature for chigger mite survival and growth, as well as torrential rains, may have collectively impacted their ecology. In particular, the disruption of temporary habitats caused by heavy rainfall, as well as the loss of larvae and eggs, may have contributed to population decline and reduced activity. Consequently, the peak period for chigger mite outbreaks was delayed by about three weeks compared to the previous year, and their population size was also reduced. From weeks 36 to 39, when the average temperature remained above 20℃, the mite population exhibited no increase. However, when the temperature reached 20.6℃ in week 40, the chigger mite population began to increase and continued to rise until temperatures dropped to approximately 10–15℃. Subsequently, as the average temperature dropped below approximately 10℃, their population also decreased. In 2023, both temperature and population numbers underwent a consistent downward trajectory from week 46. However, when the average temperature rose by approximately 10℃ in week 50, chigger population also increased. Furthermore, the temporal patterns of the initial appearance of chigger mites delayed as latitude decreases. These findings imply a close association between chigger mite activity and temperature. This is consistent with previous studies showing that emergence of chigger mites tends to start from regions with higher latitude and chigger mite larvae hatched from eggs in early autumn exhibit high activity during the fall season when temperatures are around 10–20℃ [9-12].
Based on the 2024 chigger mite collection results, seven of the eight species known to transmit scrub typhus were identified, excluding Leptotrombidium zetum. Among these seven species, L. scutellare, L. pallidum, and L. palpale had the highest populations, which were first identified in weeks 40, 39, and 41, respectively. The peak occurrence period of chigger mites varies depending on the species. The highest numbers of chigger mites were recorded for the L. scutellare and L. palpale in week 46 (152 and 124 samples, respectively), while the highest number of L. pallidum was recorded in week 44 (137 individuals) (Figure 2). The primary emergence periods for the three species exhibited clear variations across seasons [13-15]. This survey also indicated that L. pallidum and L. scutellare primarily appeared in autumn, whereas L. palpale emerged in late autumn.
Figure 2. Weekly occurrence of major vector species of scrub typhus (2024).
When comparative analysis of chigger mite surveillance results and the incidences of patients with scrub typhus, it revealed a significant increase in the number of patients during weeks 43–45 in 2023 post a chigger mite increase during weeks 40–42. A similar trend was observed in 2024, with a notable surge in the number of patients during weeks 43–45 post an increase in chigger mite activity during weeks 40–43 (Figure 3). Consistent with previous findings, the 2024 data showed that increases in chigger mite abundance were followed by rises in scrub typhus cases after a 1–3 week interval, corresponding to the disease’s incubation period [9,13]. Given the close association between chigger mite activity and the incidence of scrub typhus, surveillance data on chigger mite populations should be actively utilized in issuing advisories and alerts for scrub typhus prevention. Additionally, the cumulative trap index in 2024 was 8.63, thereby representing a population decrease of approximately 36.2% compared to that in 2023 (13.52). However, the annual incidence of scrub typhus increased by approximately 10.7% in 2024 to 6,268 cases from 5,663 cases in 2023. Further investigation is necessary to clarify why scrub typhus cases increased despite the reduction in the trap index in 2024.
Figure 3. Weekly trends of trap index for chigger mites and scrub typhus cases (2023–2024).
Although this survey has limitations in representing the entire country owing to data collection being restricted to only 18 regions nationwide, this nationwide chigger mite surveillance can be a useful information for scrub typhus prevention. Additionally, while differences in chigger mite occurrence patterns were observed across regions, the factors influencing these differences were not directly analyzed in this study. Comprehensive environmental analyses integrating factors such as temperature, precipitation, land use, host density, and vegetation distribution are needed for further investigation. Due to climate change in ROK, the incidence of diseases may rise owing to the expansion of vectors’ ecological niches and habitats; therefore, continuous surveillance and analysis are necessary.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the 16 regional centers for vector surveillance against climate for help with chigger mite collection, identification, and information production.
Declarations
Ethics Statement: Not applicable.
Funding Source: This study was financially supported by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA; 6332-304-201) of the Republic of Korea.
Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Author Contributions: Data curation: HSL. Formal analysis: HSL. Supervision: HSL, JWJ, HIL. Writing – original draft: HSL. Writing – review & editing: HSL, JWJ, HIL.
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