Abstract
In the last century, most sensorimotor studies of cortical neurons relied on average firing rates. Rate coding is efficient for fast sensorimotor processing that occurs within a few seconds. Much less is known about the neural mechanisms underlying long-term working memory with a time scale of hours (Ericsson and Kintsch, 1995). Cognitive states may not have sensory or motor correlates. For example, you can sit in a quiet room making plans without moving or sensory processing. You can also make plans while out walking. This suggests that the neural substrate for cognitive states neither depends on nor interferes with ongoing sensorimotor brain activity. In this perspective, I make the case for a possible second tier of neural activity that coexists with the well-established sensorimotor tier, based on coordinated spike-timing activity. The discovery of millisecond-precision spike initiation in cortical neurons was unexpected (Mainen and Sejnowski, 1995). Even more striking was the precision of spiking in vivo, in response to rapidly fluctuating sensory inputs, suggesting that neural circuits could preserve and manipulate sensory information through spike timing. High temporal resolution can also mediate spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) by controlling the relative timing of presynaptic and postsynaptic spikes at the millisecond scale. Cortical traveling waves with high temporal precision are observed across many frequency bands. They can plausibly trigger STDP that lasts for hours in cortical neurons. This temporary cortical network, riding astride the long-term sensorimotor network, could support cognitive processing and long-term working memory.
