Abstract
Background
Anti‐amyloid immunotherapy is associated with amyloid related imaging abnormalities (ARIA), an adverse vascular side effect that impacts ∼12‐40% of AD patients. Our lab previously identified a link between anti‐amyloid immunotherapy and complement activation in ARIA, particularly involving increased early colocalization of C1q with antibodies bound to CAA. This pilot study asked whether blocking C1q on the murine anti‐amyloid antibody 3D6 – known to induce ARIA ‐ would protect against ARIA.
Method
Female 5XE4 mice (male 5xFAD lineage line 7031; Holtzman lab on a humanized floxed APOE4 knock‐in background) were immunized intraperitoneally weekly at 12.5 months‐old with either 15 mg/kg of 3D6 (n = 5) or CDC‐mutant (K322A) 3D6‐k (n = 4) over 9 weeks. Due to limited mouse availability, no isotype controls were included. Brain sections were stained with AmyloGlo (fibrillar amyloid), Prussian blue (microhemorrhages), H&E (RBC extravasation), anti‐murine IgG2a (surrogate for 3D6 and 3D6‐k), C3 and C1q/IgG2a (plaque colocalization). Complement gene expression was assessed via qPCR.
Result
C1q/IgG2a colocalization in plaques was significantly lower in 3D6‐k treated mice compared to 3D6 treated mice (p =0.0001). Strong trends for lower C3 (p =0.0842), C3aR1 (p =0.0635), and C4b (p =0.0848) mRNA levels were observed in 3D6‐k treated mice. Fibrillar amyloid deposition was similar between groups indicating that the CDC mutation did not affect amyloid clearance compared to 3D6. CAA‐associated microhemorrhages and total microhemorrhages were non‐significantly lower by 80% and 57%, respectively, in 3D6‐k treated vs. 3D6 treated mice. RBC extravasation was lower by 77% (p =0.0672) and iC3b levels were lower by 36% (n.s.) in the 3D6‐k group compared to the 3D6 group.
Conclusion
Immunization with 3D6‐k led to significantly less C1q/antibody colocalization in plaques compared to 3D6 immunization. Reductions in complement gene expression, microhemorrhage deposition, and RBC extravasation did not reach statistical significance due to small sample size, however, our preliminary data suggests that blocking C1q‐binding on 3D6 may reduce the incidence of ARIA and further supports our hypothesis that early complement activation upon anti‐amyloid antibody binding to CAA contributes to ARIA. Further studies with larger numbers of mice are underway to validate our results. Funding: NIH NINDS 1R01NS136122 and Cure Alzheimer’s Fund (CAL).