Skip to main content
PMC home page
The Western Journal of Medicine logoLink to The Western Journal of Medicine
. 1982 Sep;137(3):195–212.

Mast Cells in Allergic Diseases and Mastocytosis

Diana L Marquardt 1, Stephen I Wasserman 1
PMCID: PMC1274065  PMID: 6293204

Abstract

Mast cells with their stores of vasoactive and chemotactic mediators are central to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases. The cross-linking of receptorbound IgE molecules on the surface of mast cells initiates a complex chain of events, including calcium ion influx, phospholipid methylation and turnover and cyclic nucleotide metabolism, ultimately resulting in the release of mediators of immediate hypersensitivity. These mast cell mediators are important in smooth muscle reactivity, in the recruitment of eosinophilic and neutrophilic leukocytes and in the generation of secondary chemical mediators. Histologic evidence of mast cell degranulation, biochemical evidence of mast cell mediators in blood and tissues and clinical evidence of signs and symptoms reproducible by these mediators have strongly supported the crucial role of mast cells in asthma, urticaria, anaphylaxis, rhinitis and mastocytosis. Because of their unique location at host environment interfaces, mast cells may both participate in allergic diseases and promote homeostasis.

Full text

PDF
195

Images in this article

196Figure 1.
on p.196
196Figure 2.
on p.196
198Figure 3.
on p.198

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Atkins P. C., Norman M., Weiner H., Zweiman B. Release of neutrophil chemotactic activity during immediate hypersensitivity reactions in humans. Ann Intern Med. 1977 Apr;86(4):415–418. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-86-4-415. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Atkins P. C., Rosenblum F., Dunsky E. H., Coffey R., Zweiman B. Comparison of plasma histamine and cyclic nucleotides after antigen and methacholine inhalation in man. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1980 Dec;66(6):478–485. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(80)90009-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Austen K. F. Biologic implications of the structural and functional characteristics of the chemical mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity. Harvey Lect. 1979;73:93–161. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BEALL G. N. URTICARIA: A REVIEW OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS. Medicine (Baltimore) 1964 Mar;43:131–151. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BENDITT E. P., ARASE M. An enzyme in mast cells with properties like chymotrypsin. J Exp Med. 1959 Sep 1;110:451–460. doi: 10.1084/jem.110.3.451. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. BENDITT E. P., WONG R. L., ARASE M., ROEPER E. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in mast cells. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1955 Oct;90(1):303–304. doi: 10.3181/00379727-90-22016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Becker E. L., Austen K. F. Mechanisms of immunologic injury of rat peritoneal mast cells. I. The effect of phosphonate inhibitors on the homocytotropic antibody-mediated histamine release and the first component of rat complement. J Exp Med. 1966 Sep 1;124(3):379–395. doi: 10.1084/jem.124.3.379. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Bennich H., Johansson S. G. Structure and function of human immunoglobulin E. Adv Immunol. 1971;13:1–55. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60182-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Black J. W., Duncan W. A., Durant C. J., Ganellin C. R., Parsons E. M. Definition and antagonism of histamine H 2 -receptors. Nature. 1972 Apr 21;236(5347):385–390. doi: 10.1038/236385a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Borgeat P., Sirois P. Leukotrienes: a major step in the understanding of immediate hypersensitivity reactions. J Med Chem. 1981 Feb;24(2):121–126. doi: 10.1021/jm00134a001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Boswell R. N., Austen K. F., Goetzl E. J. Intermediate molecular weight eosinophil chemotactic factors in rat peritoneal mast cells: immunologic release, granule association, and demostration of structura heterogeneity. J Immunol. 1978 Jan;120(1):15–20. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Butcher B. T., Salvaggio J. E., Leslie G. A. Secretory and humoral immunologic response of atopic and non-atopic individuals to intranasally administered antigen. Clin Allergy. 1975 Mar;5(1):33–42. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1975.tb01834.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Campbell E. W., Jr, Hector D., Gossain V. Heparin activity in systemic mastocytosis. Ann Intern Med. 1979 Jun;90(6):940–941. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-90-6-940. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Cockcroft D. W., Ruffin R. E., Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E. Allergen-induced increase in non-allergic bronchial reactivity. Clin Allergy. 1977 Nov;7(6):503–513. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1977.tb01481.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Connell J. T. Asthmatic deaths. Role of the mast cell. JAMA. 1971 Feb 1;215(5):769–776. doi: 10.1001/jama.215.5.769. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Conrad D. H., Bazin H., Sehon A. H., Froese A. Binding parameters of the interaction between rat IgE and rat mast cell receptors. J Immunol. 1975 Jun;114(6):1688–1691. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Conrad M. E., Carpenter J. T., Jr, Todd J. N., 3rd, Murad T. M. Mithramycin in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. Ann Intern Med. 1975 Nov;83(5):659–660. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-83-5-659. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Crews F. T., Morita Y., Hirata F., Axelrod J., Siraganian R. P. Phospholipid methylation affects immunoglobulin E-mediated histamine and arachidonic acid release in rat leukemia basophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Mar 13;93(1):42–49. doi: 10.1016/s0006-291x(80)80243-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. DEMIS D. J. THE MASTOCYTOSIS SYNDROME: CLINICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES. Ann Intern Med. 1963 Aug;59:194–206. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-59-2-194. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. DRENNAN J. M. The mast cells in urticaria pigmentosa. J Pathol Bacteriol. 1951 Jul;63(3):513–520. doi: 10.1002/path.1700630319. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Dale H. H., Laidlaw P. P. The physiological action of beta-iminazolylethylamine. J Physiol. 1910 Dec 31;41(5):318–344. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1910.sp001406. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Demopoulos C. A., Pinckard R. N., Hanahan D. J. Platelet-activating factor. Evidence for 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glyceryl-3-phosphorylcholine as the active component (a new class of lipid chemical mediators). J Biol Chem. 1979 Oct 10;254(19):9355–9358. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Dolovich J., Hargreave F. E., Chalmers R., Shier K. J., Gauldie J., Bienenstock J. Late cutaneous allergic responses in isolated IgE-dependent reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1973 Jul;52(1):38–46. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(73)90119-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Drazen J. M., Austen K. F. Atropine modification of the pulmonary effects of chemical mediators in the guinea pig. J Appl Physiol. 1975 May;38(5):834–838. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1975.38.5.834. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Drazen J. M., Austen K. F., Lewis R. A., Clark D. A., Goto G., Marfat A., Corey E. J. Comparative airway and vascular activities of leukotrienes C-1 and D in vivo and in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jul;77(7):4354–4358. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.7.4354. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Dvorak H. F., Mihm M. C., Jr Basophilic leukocytes in allergic contact dermatitis. J Exp Med. 1972 Feb 1;135(2):235–254. doi: 10.1084/jem.135.2.235. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. FAWCETT D. W. An experimental study of mast cell degranulation and regeneration. Anat Rec. 1955 Jan;121(1):29–51. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091210104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Fishman R. S., Fleming C. R., Li C. Y. Systemic mastocytosis with review of gastrointestinal manifestations. Mayo Clin Proc. 1979 Jan;54(1):51–54. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Ford-Hutchinson A. W., Bray M. A., Doig M. V., Shipley M. E., Smith M. J. Leukotriene B, a potent chemokinetic and aggregating substance released from polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Nature. 1980 Jul 17;286(5770):264–265. doi: 10.1038/286264a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. GINSBURG H., SACHS L. FORMATION OF PURE SUSPENSIONS OF MAST CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE BY DIFFERENTIATION OF LYMPHOID CELLS FROM THE MOUSE THYMUS. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1963 Jul;31:1–39. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. GLENNER G. G., COHEN L. A. Histochemical demonstration of a species-specific trypsin-like enzyme in mast cells. Nature. 1960 Mar 19;185:846–847. doi: 10.1038/185846a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Goetzl E. J., Austen K. F. Purification and synthesis of eosinophilotactic tetrapeptides of human lung tissue: identification as eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1975 Oct;72(10):4123–4127. doi: 10.1073/pnas.72.10.4123. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Goetzl E. J., Gorman R. R. Chemotactic and chemokinetic stimulation of human eosinophil and neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes by 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10-heptadecatrienoic acid (HHT). J Immunol. 1978 Feb;120(2):526–531. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Goetzl E. J., Woods J. M., Gorman R. R. Stimulation of human eosinophil and neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis and random migration by 12-L-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid. J Clin Invest. 1977 Jan;59(1):179–183. doi: 10.1172/JCI108617. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Gold W. M., Meyers G. L., Dain D. S., Miller R. L., Bourne H. R. Changes in airway mast cells and histamine caused by antigen aerosol in allergic dogs. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1977 Aug;43(2):271–275. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1977.43.2.271. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Guerzon G. M., Paré P. D., Michoud M. C., Hogg J. C. The number and distribution of mast cells in monkey lungs. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1979 Jan;119(1):59–66. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1979.119.1.59. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. HAVARD C. W., SCOTT R. B. Urticaria pigmentosa with visceral and skeletal lesions. Q J Med. 1959 Oct;28:459–470. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Halonen M., Palmer J. D., Lohman I. C., McManus L. M., Pinckard R. N. Respiratory and circulatory alterations induced by acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine, a mediator of IgE anaphylaxis in the rabbit. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1980 Dec;122(6):915–924. doi: 10.1164/arrd.1980.122.6.915. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Hempstead B. L., Kulczycki A., Jr, Parker C. W. Phosphorylation of the IgE receptor from ionophore A23187 stimulated intact rat mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1981 Feb 12;98(3):815–822. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91184-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Hirata F., Axelrod J., Crews F. T. Concanavalin A stimulates phospholipid methylation and phosphatidylserine decarboxylation in rat mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Oct;76(10):4813–4816. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.10.4813. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Hirata F., Axelrod J. Phospholipid methylation and biological signal transmission. Science. 1980 Sep 5;209(4461):1082–1090. doi: 10.1126/science.6157192. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Holgate S. T., Lewis R. A., Austen K. F. 3',5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase of the rat serosal mast cell and its immunologic activation. J Immunol. 1980 May;124(5):2093–2099. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Holgate S. T., Lewis R. A., Austen K. F. Role of adenylate cyclase in immunologic release of mediators from rat mast cells: agonist and antagonist effects of purine- and ribose-modified adenosine analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Nov;77(11):6800–6804. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.11.6800. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Holgate S. T., Lewis R. A., Maguire J. F., Roberts L. J., 2nd, Oates J. A., Austen K. F. Effects of prostaglandin D2 on rat serosal mast cells: discordance between immunologic mediator release and cyclic AMP levels. J Immunol. 1980 Sep;125(3):1367–1373. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Holgate S. T., Winslow C. M., Lewis R. A., Austen K. F. Effects of prostaglandin D2 and theophylline on rat serosal mast cells: discordance between increased cellular levels of cyclic AMP and activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. J Immunol. 1981 Oct;127(4):1530–1533. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Ishizaka T., Hirata F., Ishizaka K., Axelrod J. Stimulation of phospholipid methylation, Ca2+ influx, and histamine release by bridging of IgE receptors on rat mast cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Apr;77(4):1903–1906. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.4.1903. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Johansen T., Chakravarty N. The utilization of adenosine triphosphate in rat mast cells during histamine release induced by anaphylactic reaction and compound 48/80. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 1975;288(2-3):243–260. doi: 10.1007/BF00500530. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Kaliner M., Austen K. F. A sequence of biochemical events in the antigen-induced release of chemical mediators from sensitized human lung tissue. J Exp Med. 1973 Nov 1;138(5):1077–1094. doi: 10.1084/jem.138.5.1077. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Kaliner M. Human lung tissue and anaphylaxis. Evidence that cyclic nucleotides modulate the immunologic release of mediators through effects on microtubular assembly. J Clin Invest. 1977 Oct;60(4):951–959. doi: 10.1172/JCI108850. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Kaliner M., Orange R. P., Austen K. F. Immunological release of histamine and slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung. J Exp Med. 1972 Sep 1;136(3):556–567. doi: 10.1084/jem.136.3.556. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Kaplan A. P., Beaven M. A. In vivo studies of the pathogenesis of cold urticaria, cholinergic urticaria, and vibration-induced swelling. J Invest Dermatol. 1976 Sep;67(3):327–332. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12514352. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Kaplan A. P., Gray L., Shaff R. E., Horakova Z., Beaven M. A. In vivo studies of mediator release in cold urticaria and cholinergic urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1975 Jun;55(6):394–402. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(75)90078-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Kaplan A. P., Horáková Z., Katz S. I. Assessment of tissue fluid histamine levels in patients with urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1978 Jun;61(6):350–354. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(78)90113-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Kay A. B., Stechschulte D. J., Austen K. F. An eosinophil leukocyte chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis. J Exp Med. 1971 Mar 1;133(3):602–619. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.3.602. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Kennerly D. A., Secosan C. J., Parker C. W., Sullivan T. J. Modulation of stimulated phospholipid metabolism in mast cells by pharmacologic agents that increase cyclic 3',5' adenosine monophosphate levels. J Immunol. 1979 Oct;123(4):1519–1524. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Kennerly D. A., Sullivan T. J., Parker C. W. Activation of phospholipid metabolism during mediator release from stimulated rat mast cells. J Immunol. 1979 Jan;122(1):152–159. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Kennerly D. A., Sullivan T. J., Sylwester P., Parker C. W. Diacylglycerol metabolism in mast cells: a potential role in membrane fusion and arachidonic acid release. J Exp Med. 1979 Oct 1;150(4):1039–1044. doi: 10.1084/jem.150.4.1039. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. Kitamura Y., Go S., Hatanaka K. Decrease of mast cells in W/Wv mice and their increase by bone marrow transplantation. Blood. 1978 Aug;52(2):447–452. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Klein I., Levey G. S. Activation of myocardial adenyl cyclase by histamine in guinea pig, cat, and human heart. J Clin Invest. 1971 May;50(5):1012–1015. doi: 10.1172/JCI106571. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Kulczycki A., Jr, Hempstead B. L., Hofmann S. L., Wood E. W., Parker C. W. The cell surface receptor for immunoglobulin E. II. Properties of the purified biologically active receptor. J Biol Chem. 1979 May 10;254(9):3194–3200. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Kulczycki A., Jr Role of immunoglobulin E and immunoglobulin E receptors in bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981 Jul;68(1):5–14. doi: 10.1016/0091-6749(81)90116-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Lagunoff D. Analysis of dye binding sites in mast cell granules. Biochemistry. 1974 Sep 10;13(19):3982–3986. doi: 10.1021/bi00716a025. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Lawson D., Raff M. C., Gomperts B., Fewtrell C., Gilula N. B. Molecular events during membrane fusion. A study of exocytosis in rat peritoneal mast cells. J Cell Biol. 1977 Feb;72(2):242–259. doi: 10.1083/jcb.72.2.242. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Lewis R. A., Austen K. F., Drazen J. M., Clark D. A., Marfat A., Corey E. J. Slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis: identification of leukotrienes C-1 and D from human and rat sources. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1980 Jun;77(6):3710–3714. doi: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3710. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Lewis R. A., Austen K. F. Mediation of local homeostasis and inflammation by leukotrienes and other mast cell-dependent compounds. Nature. 1981 Sep 10;293(5828):103–108. doi: 10.1038/293103a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Lewis R. A., Holgate S. T., Roberts L. J., 2nd, Maguire J. F., Oates J. A., Austen K. F. Effects of indomethacin on cyclic nucleotide levels and histamine release from rat serosal mast cells. J Immunol. 1979 Oct;123(4):1663–1668. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Lewis R. A., Holgate S. T., Roberts L. J., 2nd, Oates J. A., Austen K. F. Preferential generation of prostaglandin D2 by rat and human mast cells. Kroc Found Ser. 1981;14:239–254. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. MAJNO G., PALADE G. E., SCHOEFL G. I. Studies on inflammation. II. The site of action of histamine and serotonin along the vascular tree: a topographic study. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 1961 Dec;11:607–626. doi: 10.1083/jcb.11.3.607. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Malveaux F. J., Conroy M. C., Adkinson N. F., Jr, Lichtenstein L. M. IgE receptors on human basophils. Relationship to serum IgE concentration. J Clin Invest. 1978 Jul;62(1):176–181. doi: 10.1172/JCI109103. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Marquardt D. L., Nicolotti R. A., Kennerly D. A., Sullivan T. J. Lipid metabolism during mediator release from mast cells: studies of the role of arachidonic acid metabolism in the control of phospholipid metabolism. J Immunol. 1981 Sep;127(3):845–849. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  71. Marquardt D. L., Parker C. W., Sullivan T. J. Potentiation of mast cell mediator release by adenosine. J Immunol. 1978 Mar;120(3):871–878. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  72. Martonosi A. N. Calcium pumps: introduction. Fed Proc. 1980 May 15;39(7):2401–2402. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  73. McManus L. M., Hanahan D. J., Demopoulos C. A., Pinckard R. N. Pathobiology of the intravenous infusion of acetyl glyceryl ether phosphorylcholine (AGEPC), a synthetic platelet-activating factor (PAF), in the rabbit. J Immunol. 1980 Jun;124(6):2919–2924. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  74. Metcalfe D. D., Lewis R. A., Silbert J. E., Rosenberg R. D., Wasserman S. I., Austen K. F. Isolation and characterization of heparin from human lung. J Clin Invest. 1979 Dec;64(6):1537–1543. doi: 10.1172/JCI109613. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  75. Morita Y., Siraganian R. P. Inhibition of IgE-mediated histamine release from rat basophilic leukemia cells and rat mast cells by inhibitors of transmethylation. J Immunol. 1981 Oct;127(4):1339–1344. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  76. Murphy R. C., Hammarström S., Samuelsson B. Leukotriene C: a slow-reacting substance from murine mastocytoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1979 Sep;76(9):4275–4279. doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.9.4275. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  77. Newball H. H., Talamo R. C., Lichtenstein L. M. Release of leukocyte kallikrein mediated by IgE. Nature. 1975 Apr 17;254(5501):635–636. doi: 10.1038/254635a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  78. Orange R. P., Austen W. G., Austen K. F. Immunological release of histamine and slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis from human lung : I. Modulation by agents influencing cellular levels of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate. J Exp Med. 1971 Sep 1;134(3):136–148. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  79. Orange R. P., Moore E. G. Functional characterization of rat mast cell arylsulfatase activity. J Immunol. 1976 Dec;117(6):2191–2196. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  81. PUGH D., WALKER P. G. Histochemical localization of beta-glucuronidase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase. J Histochem Cytochem. 1961 Jan;9:105–106. doi: 10.1177/9.1.105. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  82. Paterson N. A., Wasserman S. I., Said J. W., Austen K. F. Release of chemical mediators from partially purified human lung mast cells. J Immunol. 1976 Oct;117(4):1356–1362. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  83. Pietra G. G., Szidon J. P., Leventhal M. M., Fishman A. P. Histamine and interstitial pulmonary edema in the dog. Circ Res. 1971 Oct;29(4):323–337. doi: 10.1161/01.res.29.4.323. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  84. Pinckard R. N., Halonen M., Palmer J. D., Butler C., Shaw J. O., Henson P. M. Intravascular aggregation and pulmonary sequestration of platelets during IgE-induced systemic anaphylaxis in the rabbit: abrogation of lethal anaphylactic shock by platelet depletion. J Immunol. 1977 Dec;119(6):2185–2193. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  85. Platshon L. F., Kaliner M. The effects of the immunologic release of histamine upon human lung cyclic nucleotide levels and prostaglandin generation. J Clin Invest. 1978 Dec;62(6):1113–1121. doi: 10.1172/JCI109230. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  86. Poole A. R., Howell J. I., Lucy J. A. Lysolecithin and cell fusion. Nature. 1970 Aug 22;227(5260):810–814. doi: 10.1038/227810a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  87. Robbins A. H., Schimmel E. M., Rao K. C. Gastrointestinal mastocytosis: radiologic alterations after ethanol ingestion. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med. 1972 Jun;115(2):297–299. doi: 10.2214/ajr.115.2.297. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  88. Roberts L. J., 2nd, Sweetman B. J., Lewis R. A., Austen K. F., Oates J. A. Increased production of prostaglandin D2 in patients with systemic mastocytosis. N Engl J Med. 1980 Dec 11;303(24):1400–1404. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198012113032405. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  89. Rocklin R. E. Modulation of cellular-immune responses in vivo and in vitro by histamine receptor-bearing lymphocytes. J Clin Invest. 1976 Apr;57(4):1051–1058. doi: 10.1172/JCI108347. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  90. Rosenthal S. R. Histamine as the chemical mediator for cutaneous pain. J Invest Dermatol. 1977 Jul;69(1):98–105. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12497901. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  91. Rouzer C. A., Scott W. A., Hamill A. L., Cohn Z. A. Dynamics of leukotriene C production by macrophages. J Exp Med. 1980 Nov 1;152(5):1236–1247. doi: 10.1084/jem.152.5.1236. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  92. SJOERDSMA A. Serotonin. N Engl J Med. 1959 Jul 23;261(4):181–contd. doi: 10.1056/NEJM195907232610406. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  93. Salvato G. Some histological changes in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Thorax. 1968 Mar;23(2):168–172. doi: 10.1136/thx.23.2.168. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  94. Schwartz L. B., Austen K. F. Enzymes of the mast cell granule. J Invest Dermatol. 1980 May;74(5):349–353. doi: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12543620. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  95. Schwartz L. B., Lewis R. A., Seldin D., Austen K. F. Acid hydrolases and tryptase from secretory granules of dispersed human lung mast cells. J Immunol. 1981 Apr;126(4):1290–1294. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  96. Shaw J. M. Genetic aspects of urticaria pigmentosa. Arch Dermatol. 1968 Feb;97(2):137–138. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  97. Sheffer A. L., Craig J. M., Willms-Kretschmer K., Austen K. F., Rosen F. S. Histopathological and ultrastructural observations on tissues from patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. J Allergy. 1971 May;47(5):292–297. doi: 10.1016/s0091-6749(71)80007-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  98. Sieghart W., Theoharides T. C., Alper S. L., Douglas W. W., Greengard P. Calcium-dependent protein phosphorylation during secretion by exocytosis in the mast cell. Nature. 1978 Sep 28;275(5678):329–331. doi: 10.1038/275329a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  99. Solley G. O., Gleich G. J., Jordon R. E., Schroeter A. L. The late phase of the immediate wheal and flare skin reaction. Its dependence upon IgE antibodies. J Clin Invest. 1976 Aug;58(2):408–420. doi: 10.1172/JCI108485. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  100. Sondergaard J., Helin P., Jorgensen H. P. Human cutaneous inflammation induced by prostaglandin E1. J Pathol. 1973 Mar;109(3):239–243. doi: 10.1002/path.1711090309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  101. Soter N. A., Austen K. F., Wasserman S. I. Oral disodium cromoglycate in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. N Engl J Med. 1979 Aug 30;301(9):465–469. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197908303010903. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  102. Soter N. A., Wasserman S. I., Austen K. F. Cold urticaria: release into the circulation of histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis during cold challenge. N Engl J Med. 1976 Mar 25;294(13):687–690. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197603252941302. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  103. Soter N. A., Wasserman S. I., Austen K. F., McFadden E. R., Jr Release of mast-cell mediators and alterations in lung function in patients with cholinergic urticaria. N Engl J Med. 1980 Mar 13;302(11):604–608. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198003133021104. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  104. Stenson W. F., Parker C. W., Sullivan T. J. Augmentation of IgE-mediated release of histamine by 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1980 Oct 16;96(3):1045–1052. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(80)90058-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  105. Sullivan T. J., Parker C. W. Possible role of arachidonic acid and its metabolites in mediator release from rat mast cells. J Immunol. 1979 Feb;122(2):431–436. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  106. Sullivan T. J., Parker K. L., Kulczycki A., Jr, Parker C. W. Modulation of cyclic AMP in purified rat mast cells. III. Studies on the effects of concanavalin A and anti-IgE on cyclic AMP concentrations during histamine release. J Immunol. 1976 Sep;117(3):713–716. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  107. Sullivan T. J., Parker K. L., Stenson W., Parker C. W. Modulation of cyclic AMP in purified rat mast cells. I. Responses to pharmacologic, metabolic, and physical stimuli. J Immunol. 1975 May;114(5):1473–1479. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  108. Systemic mastocytosis. Am J Med. 1976 Nov;61(5):671–680. doi: 10.1016/0002-9343(76)90146-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  109. Tannenbaum S., Oertel H., Henderson W., Kaliner M. The biologic activity of mast cell granules. I. Elicitation of inflammatory responses in rat skin. J Immunol. 1980 Jul;125(1):325–335. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  110. Theoharides T. C., Sieghart W., Greengard P., Douglas W. W. Antiallergic drug cromolyn may inhibit histamine secretion by regulating phosphorylation of a mast cell protein. Science. 1980 Jan 4;207(4426):80–82. doi: 10.1126/science.6153130. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  111. Thon I. L., Uvnäs B. Degranulation and histamine release, two consecutive steps in the response of rat mast cells to compound 48-80. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967 Dec;71(4):303–315. doi: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03737.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  112. Wasserman S. I., Austen K. F., Soter N. A. The functional and physicochemical characterization of three eosinophilotactic activities released into the circulation by cold challenge of patients with cold urticaria. Clin Exp Immunol. 1982 Mar;47(3):570–578. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  113. Wasserman S. I., Soter N. A., Center D. M., Austen K. F. Cold urticaria. Recognition and characterization of a neutrophil chemotactic factor which appears in serum during experimental cold challenge. J Clin Invest. 1977 Jul;60(1):189–196. doi: 10.1172/JCI108756. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  114. Weiler J. M., Yurt R. W., Fearon D. T., Austen K. F. Modulation of the formation of the amplification convertase of complement, C3b, Bb, by native and commercial heparin. J Exp Med. 1978 Feb 1;147(2):409–421. doi: 10.1084/jem.147.2.409. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  115. Yurt R. W., Leid R. W., Jr, Austen K. F. Native heparin from rat peritoneal mast cells. J Biol Chem. 1977 Jan 25;252(2):518–521. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Western Journal of Medicine are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES