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. 2025 Nov 25;15:45296. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-28882-x

Table 8.

Summary of general and optimization parameters.

Category Parameter (description) Symbol (unity) Value Used in Eq(s).
General simulation parameters
Simulation horizon Inline graphic (min) 525,600 (3), (35), (36)
Time step Inline graphic (min) 1

(3),

(15),

(26),

(35),

(36)

Load Shedding Scenarios Inline graphic (%) 0 to 10 (37)
Cost model parameters

O&M Cost (% of

each installation cost)

(%) 10 (46)
Project lifetime Inline graphic (years) 25 (46), (47)
Annual O&M interest rate Inline graphic (%) 5 (46)
Annual replacement interest rate Inline graphic 5 (47)
PV panels lifetime (years) 20 (47)
Wind turbines lifetime (years) 20 (47)
Tidal turbines lifetime (years) 20 (47)
GH2 system lifetime (years) 15 (47)
Control variables (Limits)
Limits for PV panels Inline graphic [1, 400] (6)
Limits for wind turbines Inline graphic [1, 40] (7)
Limits for tidal turbines Inline graphic [1, 40] (8)
Limits for BESS capacity Inline graphic (kWh) [288, 576] (23)
Limits for GH2 capacity Inline graphic (kWh) [0, 7500] (34)
Objective functions (Optimization Outputs)
Total system cost Inline graphic ($)

To be

minimized

(1), (2)
Total spilled energy Inline graphic (kWh)

To be

minimized

(1), (3)