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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2018 Aug 20;26(8):561–564. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2018.08.001

乙型肝炎治愈的现状与进展

Status and progress in chronic hepatitis B cure

Zhuang Hui 1,
Editor: 金 生
PMCID: PMC12769167  PMID: 30317785

Abstract

Currently available antiviral treatment can not eradicate hepatitis B virus completely, and needs long-term or lifelong therapy for the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis B. New antiviral inhibitors and immune modulatory therapies are in development, and have opened new possibilities to cure chronic hepatitis B. This paper summarises status and progress in chronic hepatitis B cure.

Keywords: Hepatitis B virus, Complete sterilizing cure, Functional cure, Partial cure


2016年9月8-9日在美国弗吉尼亚州亚历山大市,美国肝病学会和欧洲肝病学会联合召开了乙型肝炎(乙肝)停药研讨会[1]。会议对乙肝治愈定义的共识是:(1)完全彻底治愈(complete sterilizing cure),即血清HBsAg检测不到,HBV DNA被清除,包括肝内cccDNA和整合的HBV DNA。(2)功能性治愈(functional cure),即在完成有限疗程后,血清中检测不到HBsAg和HBV DNA,有或无抗-HBs血清学转换,残留的肝损伤恢复,随时间延长发生肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的危险性降低。(3)部分治愈(partial cure),即在完成有限疗程后,血清中仍可检测到HBsAg,但持续检测不到HBV DNA(表1)。

表1. 乙型肝炎治愈的定义.

特征 完全治愈 功能性治愈 部分治愈
临床特点 无感染 慢性HBV感染,HBsAg转阴 停止治疗后为非活动性携带者
HBsAg 阴性 阴性 阳性
抗-HBs 阴性/阳性 阳性/阴性 阴性
HBeAg 阴性 阴性 阴性
血清HBV DNA 检测不到 检测不到 水平较低或未检测不到
肝内cccDNA,转录 检测不到 检测到 检测到
非活动 非活动 低水平
整合的HBV DNA 检测不到 检测到 检测到
肝病 非活动,肝纤维化随时间恢复 非活动
肝细胞癌风险 未增加 随时间下降 较活动性肝炎风险降低

目前已批准治疗乙肝的抗病毒药物有2类:干扰素类(interferon, IFN)和核苷(酸)类似物[nucleos(t)ide analogues, NAs]。IFN的优点是:HBeAg和HBsAg消失率(特别是A基因型感染者)较NAs高。聚乙二醇干扰素(Peg-IFN)α治疗48~52周时HBeAg血清转换率为24%~27%,HBsAg消失率为3%~7%,但同样疗程的NAs治疗,HBeAg和HBsAg消失率分别为12%~22%和0~3%[2]。IFN应答较持久,停止治疗后还可能发生HBeAg和HBsAg消失;但NAs停药后,甚至HBV DNA检测不到,还常发生病毒学复发[3]。IFN抑制乙肝病毒(HBV)效力较NAs低;需要注射;不良反应多;代偿期肝硬化、重症肝炎、合并自身免疫性和心理疾病患者禁忌。NAs为口服;不良反应低;目前推荐的一线NAs为恩替卡韦(entecavir, ETV)和替诺福韦酯(tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, TDF),耐药发生率低;多数患者需要长期甚至终生治疗,这会提高治疗费用、降低依从性和增加发生不良反应的风险。

对IFN与NAs联合治疗慢性乙肝的各种方案虽有报道,但极大多数研究证明,与单药治疗比较,联合治疗并不提高疗效。2016年1项研究表明,Peg-IFNα与替诺福韦酯联合治疗72周,HBsAg消失率可提高至9%,但主要见于A基因型HBV感染乙肝患者[4]。因此,2018年美国肝病学会乙肝预防诊断和治疗指导及2017年欧洲肝病学会乙肝管理指南均不推荐Peg-IFNα与NAs联合治疗[5,6]

现行乙肝抗病毒治疗的优点是:NAs抑制HBV复制力强,可使肝脏炎症和纤维化逆转,可防止进展为肝硬化和肝衰竭,可降低HCC风险;其不足之处是:不能清除cccDNA和整合的HBV DNA,HBsAg消失率低,需要长期治疗,仍有发生HCC风险(虽较低)。因此,为持续抑制HBV复制,保证在有限疗程内减轻肝脏炎症和纤维化,提高乙肝治愈率,需要研发新的抗HBV药物。

新一代的抗HBV药物主要包括2大类:即直接作用于HBV药物(direct acting antivirals, DAA)和作用于宿主药物(host targeting antivirals, HTA),前者直接作用于HBV复制过程各个靶点,抑制病毒复制;后者是提高宿主抗病毒免疫力,清除HBV。

(一)DAA有6类,见图1

图1. 直接作用于HBV的药物.

图1

注:HBV复制图引自Zoulim F and Durantel D. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2015, 5(4):1-21

1.HBV进入抑制剂:包括中和抗体、吸附抑制剂、NTCP基质和不可逆的NTCP抑制剂(如mycludex B和环孢多肽A)等。现正进行mycludex B联合或不联合Peg-IFN α治疗HBV和丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)感染的临床试验[7,8]

2.靶向作用于cccDNA抑制剂:包括损伤和破坏cccDNA、功能性沉默cccDNA,现还处于临床前研究[9,10,11]

3.HBV转录抑制剂:已有3种小干扰RNA(siRNA)进入临床前和早期临床试验。由箭头公司研制的ARC-520联合ETV Ⅱ期临床试验初步结果表明,可使HBeAg阳性和阴性患者HBV DNA均显著持续下降,但仅HBeAg阳性患者HBsAg下降,HBeAg阴性患者不下降[12,13]。其潜在不足是:需要静脉注射、脱靶结合风险、载体的潜在毒性,以及由模式识别受体引起的免疫激活风险等。

4.核衣壳组装和pgRNA包装抑制剂:HBV pre-c/c蛋白是很有希望的直接抗病毒靶点,现已研制成功几种非核苷小分子被称为核心蛋白组装抑制剂,包括苯丙酰胺和芳杂环二氯嘧啶衍生物,可加强蛋白与蛋白的相互作用,抑制pgRNA衣壳化,阻止正链DNA合成[14,15],Ib期临床试验表明,NVR3-778可使血清HBV DNA、HBV RNA和HBsAg下降,与Peg-IFN联合治疗效果更明显[16]

5.HBsAg释放抑制剂:现已证明核酸聚合物可降低HBsAg分泌。应用REP 2055和REP 2139单药治疗,随后与Peg-IFN α或胸腺肽α联合治疗,可明显降低血清HBsAg和HBV DNA水平[17]。TDF和Peg-IFNα联合REP 2139或REP 2165治疗,也获得类似结果[18]但尚需大样本研究证实。

6.聚合酶抑制剂:包括核苷、非核苷类药物和RNA酶抑制剂,其中AGX-1009和Besifovir已进入Ⅲ期临床试验[19]

(二)HTA分为2大类,见图2

图2. 作用于宿主的药物.

图2

注:HBV复制图引自 Zoulim F and Durantel D. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med, 2015, 5(4):1-21

1.作用于宿主功能的药物:如表观遗传修饰药物[组蛋白去乙酰化酶(HDAC)抑制剂]和亚氨基糖葡萄糖甘酶抑制剂。前者为一个小分子,体外实验表明,在无致细胞毒性的条件下,可抑制cccDNA转录[20];后者可抑制宿主内质网葡萄糖苷酶,从而抑制HBsAg多肽的聚糖化过程,导致病毒糖蛋白的错误折叠和蛋白酶体的降解,从而起到抗病毒作用[21,22]

2.免疫调节剂:包括干扰素、SB 9200、TLR 7和TLR 9激动剂、T细胞疫苗、治疗性疫苗、PD-1/PD-L1阻断剂、STING激动剂、白细胞介素、细胞因子等,主要作用于固有免疫应答和适应性免疫应答。多数免疫调节剂正进行Ⅰ期或Ⅱ期临床试验。

Sato等[23]等报道,SB 9200是一个小分子,上调宿主模式识别受体维甲酸诱导基因(RIG-1)和核苷酸齐聚域蛋白(NOD2),激活固有免疫和适应性免疫,阻止HBV聚合酶与pgRNA相互作用,从而抑制HBV复制。Yuen等[24]报道SB 9200Ⅱ期临床试验结果,20例无肝硬化的慢性乙肝患者,随机分为2组,实验组16例,安慰剂组4例,每日分别接受25mg SB 9200治疗或安慰剂,共12周,然后2组均用TDF单药治疗,每日300mg,共12周。在SB 9200治疗12周时,实验组HBV DNA水平下降0.58log10IU/ml,对照组HBV DNA水平升高0.331og10IU/ml;实验组31%出现HBsAg水平的降低,而对照组中无一例HBsAg下降。实验组未出现任何严重的不良反应。

HBV慢性感染的特点是:缺乏保护性T细胞记忆成熟和HBV特异性T细胞应答耗竭。T细胞长期暴露于高水平HBV抗原是T细胞功能性损伤的关键因素[25]。因此,治愈乙肝不仅要抑制HBV复制,降低HBV DNA和HBV抗原水平,还需要恢复特异性T细胞免疫应答。今后治愈乙肝潜在的策略是联合治疗:首先用DAA减少HBV复制和改善固有免疫功能;其次用第二个DAA减少HBV抗原量,纠正免疫耐受;最后用免疫刺激剂上调T细胞介导的免疫,清除感染的肝细胞,纠正免疫损伤,减少不良反应,维持停药后持久应答[26]

预计在5~10年内会有新的乙肝抗病毒药物被批准上市并用于乙肝治疗,彼时将有更多的慢性乙肝患者获得功能性治愈。殷切期盼这一天早日来临!

利益冲突

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家“十三五”艾滋病和病毒性肝炎等重大传染病防治科技重大专项(2017ZX10302401-003-015,2017ZX10202202-004-004)

Fund program: Major Science and Technology Special Project of China Thirteenth Five-year Plans (20177X10302401-003-015 2017ZX10202202-004-004)

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