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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2020 Apr 20;28(4):361–364. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn501113-20190308-00074

胆汁酸与心律失常

Bile acids in arrhythmia

Yan Jingjing 1, Fan Huiqian 1, Yang Ling 1,通信作者:
Editor: 金 生
PMCID: PMC12769342  PMID: 32403891

Abstract

With the research advances on bile acid, it has gradually been discovered and confirmed that high levels of bile acids can cause various types of arrhythmias, such as sinus bradycardia, atrial fibrillation (AF), atrioventricular block and even occurrence of cardiac arrest in severe cases. In addition, it has also been found that fetuses are more susceptible to bile acid-induced arrhythmias than adults. It has been recognized that bile acids can cause arrhythmias through a variety of mechanisms, such as the effect of bile acids on ions and ion channels, receptor-mediated, vagal-mediated, and other pathways. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is currently found to have protective effect on the heart and has an antiarrhythmic effect. This article mainly reviews the function and mechanism of bile acid in arrhythmia.

Keywords: Bile acid, Arrhythmia, Muscarinic M2 receptors, Ursodeoxycholic acid


胆汁酸(bile acids)以胆固醇为主要原料,以肝细胞为场所生成后,随胆汁排入肠腔,然后通过肠系膜和门静脉从肠道内有效地再回吸收到肝脏,即肠肝循环[1]。当这种受多种机制严格调节的肠肝循环在肝脏疾病中被破坏时,可致胆汁酸病理性升高。病理性升高的胆汁酸可通过多种机制影响心电活动,诱发心律失常。在治疗方面,目前发现的唯一对心脏有保护作用的熊去氧胆酸(ursodeoxycholic acid, UDCA)具有抗心律失常效应。本文对胆汁酸致心律失常作用、机制及治疗方面进行综述。

一、胆汁酸的概述

胆汁酸是胆汁的主要成分,其不仅可以促进脂类的消化和吸收,抑制胆汁中胆固醇的析出等,还是一种普遍存在的重要信号分子[2]。胆汁酸的种类众多,按其结构可分为两大类:①游离型胆汁酸:包括胆酸(cholic acid, CA)、鹅去氧胆酸(chenodeoxycholic acid, CDCA)、脱氧胆酸(deoxycholic acid, DCA)和少量石胆酸;②结合胆汁酸:上述游离胆汁酸与甘氨酸或牛磺酸结合的产物,主要包括甘氨胆酸(glycocholic acid, GCA)、甘氨鹅脱氧胆酸、牛磺胆酸(taurocholic acid, TCA)及牛磺鹅脱氧胆酸(tauro chenodeoxycholic acid,TCDCA)等[3]。已有多项研究表明[4,5],胆汁酸的致心律失常作用与其具体成分及比例的改变相关。

二、胆汁酸可影响心电活动并诱发心律失常

1.胆汁酸可诱发心电活动改变:Strehlow等[6]发现妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy,ICP)组胎儿心脏的PR间期明显长于健康对照组。而血清总胆汁酸浓度与机械PR间期之间差异无统计学意义。但在Adeyemi等[7]研究中,却观察到ICP患者血浆中高水平的TCA可导致胎儿心脏的PR间期延长。Kirbas等[8]在病例对照研究中,观察到ICP组的校正QT离散度(corrected QT dispersion, QTc-disp)显著高于对照组,严重ICP组显著高于轻度ICP组。使用Pearson's偏相关系数分析,发现QTc-disp与总胆汁酸呈显著正相关。而QT-disp增加已被确定为与心电不稳定性和室性心律失常风险增加有关[9,10],临床上可作为预测室性心律失常事件的有用指标。

2.胆汁酸可诱发动物发生心律失常:1863年,Röhrig首次记录了胆汁酸的心脏毒性,他发现静脉输注胆汁可导致兔子发生心动过缓,重复输注甚至可致心脏骤停[11]。随后,在狗中观察到全胆汁及胆汁酸盐可致多种心律失常发生,例如心动过缓、心室交替、期外收缩、心室颤动,最终诱发完全性心力衰竭[12]。也有研究表明CA可引起鼠心肌细胞剂量依赖性的负性变时效应。低剂量CA只导致单纯性窦性心动过缓;较高剂量时,则伴有不同程度的房室传导阻滞;达到致死剂量时,心电活动完全终止[13,14]。还有研究发现[15],将胆总管结扎后小鼠的血清添加到鼠心肌细胞中,其搏动速率降低,心脏早期停搏;并且认为血清中的脱氧胆酸盐是致心律失常的主要有毒物质。2002年,Gorelik等[16]发现TCA可使单个心肌细胞产生不同类型的心律失常。有些心肌细胞表现为心动过缓,有些却发生类似于颤动的心动过速和机械振荡,最后进入永久性心跳停搏。此外,TCA还可致持续性折返性心律失常,这被Miragoli等[17]在以鼠心肌细胞建立的胎儿模型中观察到。最新研究[7]表明在ICP模型中高水平的TCA可导致胎儿室上性及室性传导减慢,但是未对母体心律产生类似影响。

3.胆汁酸可诱发人发生心律失常:1981年,Schoenfield等[18]在对阻塞性黄疸患者的临床观察中,发现了高浓度的胆汁酸可对人的心脏产生负性变时效应。这与之前的动物实验结果一致。随后在对一位患有原发性硬化性胆管炎的孕妇病例报道[19]中,发现胎儿血液循环中胆汁酸的极度升高(>2000mg/d L)可能与其发生的心动过缓有关。还有报道[20,21]认为胆汁酸是ICP患者中胎儿发生窦性心动过速、室上性心动过速和心房扑动的主要原因。此外,Rainer等[5]证明了高浓度胆汁酸可致成人心律失常,并且首次证明了TCA浓度依赖性诱导成人发生房性心律失常,比如心房颤动(atrial fibrillation, AF)。在最近的研究中,Alonso等[22]发现乙二醇硫酸盐和甘氨酸硫酸盐两种结合胆汁酸的升高与AF发病率增加有关。

4.胎儿较成人更易发生胆汁酸诱导的心律失常:2002年,Gorelik等[16]观察到新生鼠心肌细胞比成年鼠心肌细胞更容易受到胆汁酸诱导的心律失常影响。随后这一观点在Kadir等[23]研究中得到了支持。他们以小鼠和人类胚胎干细胞源性心肌细胞(embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes, ESC-CM)为模型,发现在人和小鼠的ESC-CM分化早期阶段均可观察到TCA诱导的心律失常,但随着培养时间的增加,ESC-CM分化日渐成熟,这种易感性逐渐丧失。此外,在人的ESC-CM中添加低浓度的TCA(1mmol/L)即可观察到心率降低和节律紊乱,而在成人心室肌细胞中,需要更高浓度的TCA(3mmol/L)才能诱发心律失常。可见,未成熟心肌细胞比成熟心肌细胞更容易受到胆汁酸的影响,胎儿较成人更易发生胆汁酸诱导的心律失常。为了明确胎儿发生心律失常的易感性增加的根本原因,Miragoli等[17]进行了探索,他们发现在胎儿心脏中短暂出现的肌成纤维细胞(myofibroblasts, MFBs)可能与胎儿发生心律失常的易感性有关,但具体机制尚需进一步研究。此外还有研究[7]认为T型Ca2+通道在胎儿心室肌细胞中特异性表达,而在成人心肌细胞中表达减少,可能也是原因之一。

三、胆汁酸诱发心律失常的机制

随着更多研究者加入到胆汁酸诱发心律失常的研究中,已经从离子及离子通道、受体途径、迷走神经介导等多方面展开了机制的研究。

1.胆汁酸通过影响离子及离子通道诱发心律失常:Kotake等[24]研究发现,高浓度的牛磺胆酸钠通过减少缓慢内向Ca2+电流和时间依赖性外向K+电流,导致兔的窦房结细胞4期自动去极化速率减慢,引起心动过缓。随后,Williamson等[25]首次研究了TCA对心肌细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响。当TCA加入单个鼠心肌细胞中时,Ca2+波频率先增加,随后降低或Ca2+超载。该变化与Ca2+瞬变频率降低一致,并与TCA加入1h后心肌细胞跳动频率降低及心脏停搏相关。当TCA加入心肌细胞网络中时,Ca2+波动力学发生改变—Ca2+瞬变频率增加和Ca2+超载;相邻心肌细胞内Ca2+动力学的改变不同,导致心肌细胞失去同步收缩。他们认为,TCA在完整心脏中通过改变心肌细胞Ca2+动力学引起鼠胎儿致命性心律失常。此外,Gorelik等[16]发现TCA可以在没有Ca2+超载的情况下刺激肌浆网(sarcoplasmic reticulum, SR)自发性释放Ca2+,这些Ca2+的释放可能通过钙激活电流或Na+/Ca2+交换体(Na+/Ca2+exchanger, NCX)导致心律失常。还有研究[5]发现TCA可增强NCX内向电流密度,且诱发静息膜电位去极化,导致成人心肌细胞发生后除极,引起折返冲动,诱发快速型心律失常。Adeyemi等[7]研究表明TCA可阻断胎儿心室肌细胞中特异性表达的T型Ca2+通道导致心室冲动传导速度减慢,诱发胎儿心律失常。

2.胆汁酸通过受体途径诱发心律失常:胆汁酸是普遍存在的重要信号分子,可激活多种核受体,特别是法尼醇X受体(farnesoid X receptor, FXR),毒蕈碱型受体(muscarinic Receptor, MR)以及膜受体Takeda G蛋白偶联受体5(takeda G-protein coupled receptor 5, TGR5)。Kadir等[26]发现牛磺胆酸盐是毒蕈碱M2受体(muscarinic M2 receptor, M2R)部分激动剂,可以与心肌细胞内M2R结合。使用基因敲除法,发现M2R表达显著减少时,高浓度牛黄胆酸盐对新生鼠心肌细胞(neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, NRCM)的负性变时效应明显减弱。而毒蕈碱M1R和M3R不参与牛黄胆酸盐诱导的NRCM负性变时效应。因此牛黄胆酸盐诱导胎儿心律失常作用是通过对M2R的部分激动作用介导的。最新的研究[27]认为只有结合型胆汁酸依赖于M2R诱发心律失常。研究发现相对低浓度的结合胆汁酸(TCDCA,TCA等)可与M2R结合,降低新生鼠心肌细胞(neonatal mouse cardiomyocyte, NMVM)收缩频率,其部分通过Gi途径介导致心律失常作用。而游离型胆汁酸(CDCA, DCA)却不依赖于M2R减缓收缩频率。此外,也有研究[28]证明了在ICP背景下胆汁酸可通过M2R介导胎儿发生心律失常。因此,M2R在胆汁酸诱导心律失常方面发挥着重要作用,这种机制可能成为胎儿心律失常新的治疗靶点。已知FXR和TGR5在小鼠和人类心脏中均表达[29],但多项研究[26,27,28]已表明FXR和TGR5不参与胆汁酸诱导的心律失常。

3.迷走神经介导胆汁酸诱发心律失常:King等[30]发现静脉注射猪胆汁,可通过增加狗的迷走神经的张力而诱导心动过缓,而给予阿托品后这种效应可消失。Dave等[31]及Joubert等[13]研究发现当消除迷走神经对心脏的影响(迷走神经切断术和阿托品化)时,CA诱导的负性变时效应显著降低,但非完全消除。通过神经节阻滞和去大脑,发现CA的负性变时效应减少程度低于阿托品化或迷走神经切断术时。因此迷走神经是胆汁酸发挥负性变时作用的重要组成部分,但是胆汁酸对心脏还有直接作用。

4.胆汁酸通过影响心肌细胞生物膜及线粒体氧化磷酸化诱发心律失常:1978年,Joubert等[14]在动物实验水平发现CA通过在心肌细胞膜表面形成单分子层而发挥其负性变时效应,从而机械地干扰心肌细胞膜功能。Bogin等[15]发现脱氧胆酸盐通过影响心肌生物膜,引起心率减慢、心脏不规则收缩、心脏早期停搏。他们还发现脱氧胆酸盐可导致细胞膜破坏,线粒体和肌浆网肿胀,并通过抑制氧摄取和无机磷酯化反应而降低线粒体氧化磷酸化活性。氧化磷酸化活性降低导致心肌细胞三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)水平下降,当降低到一定程度时则导致心脏停搏。

四、熊去氧胆酸的抗心律失常作用

UDCA是目前发现的唯一具有抗心律失常效应,对心脏具有保护作用的胆汁酸[32]。早期Brites等[33]就发现UDCA通过增加ICP患者血清胆汁酸中与甘氨酸结合的胆汁酸,使ICP患者血清胆汁酸池的甘氨酸/牛磺酸比率正常化而发挥抗心律失常作用。这与Geenes等[4]的研究结果一致。Gorelik等[32]发现UDCA通过改善心肌细胞的收缩和Ca2+动态变化来保护心脏免受TCA诱发的心律失常。Beuers等[34]发现UDCA通过多种转录后机制刺激肝细胞分泌胆汁酸增加,抑制胆汁酸诱导的肝细胞和胆管细胞凋亡,保护受损的胆管细胞免受内源性胆汁酸的毒性作用,以及刺激胆管细胞Ca2+依赖性Cl-/HCO3-分泌。通过上述机制降低血清总胆汁酸水平,从而阻止胆汁酸诱导的心律失常发生。随后,Miragoli等[17]研究表明UDCA通过与心脏MFBs中过表达的磺脲类受体直接结合来增加钾电导,使MFB膜电位超极化来阻止ICP诱导的胎儿心律失常发生,而超极化与各种向内整流的K+通道和ATP依赖性K+(ATP-dependent potassium, KATP)通道亚基相关。Schultz等[35]同样发现了UDCA可使MFBs超极化,并可能通过激活在MFBs中表达的KATP通道来预防TCA诱导的去极化。而且UDCA还可抵消在人胎儿心肌细胞和MFBs中TCA诱导的Ca2+异常,并且长期施用UDCA可减少MFB数量并防止缺氧诱导的去极化。因此,UDCA的保护作用包括成纤维细胞向MFB的分化减少和MFB的超极化。在最新的研究中,Ibrahim等[27]认为UDCA激活TGR5而不激活FXR或M2R可能是阻止TCA致心律失常的机制之一,但仍需进一步证实。

五、总结

综上所述,高水平的胆汁酸可通过多种机制诱发多种类型的心律失常,因此临床医生应该重视并积极预防患者的汁酸异常升高时发生心律失常的风险。人们已知胆汁酸致心律失常作用与其成分密切相关,但现有的研究尚存在不足,未对每种胆汁酸在心律失常方面分别进行研究分析。胎儿比成人更易发生胆汁酸诱发的心律失常的发现,为机制的探索提供了新的出发点。UDCA抗心律失常作用以及M2R和MFBs参与胆汁酸诱导的心律失常的发现,为胆汁酸诱发的胎儿心律失常提供新的治疗靶点。相信随着人们的不断探索,胆汁酸致心律失常机制将很快会被揭示,最终应用于临床,消除患者病痛。

利益冲突

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

作者贡献声明

闫静静:起草文章,提出问题,查阅文献,撰写文稿;范慧倩:对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅;杨玲:对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅,获取研究经费,行政、技术或材料支持,指导,支持性贡献

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81974078,81570530、81370550);湖北省科学技术创新项目(2019ACA133)

Fund program: National Natural Science Foundation of China(81974078, 81570530, 81370550);Hubei Provincial Scientific and technological innovation project( 2019ACA133)

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