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Chinese Journal of Hepatology logoLink to Chinese Journal of Hepatology
. 2016 Oct;24(10):761–766. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1007-3418.2016.10.009

肝再生增强因子通过增加自噬水平促进CCl4诱导的急性肝损伤中HL-7702细胞的增殖

Augmenter of liver regeneration promotes the proliferation of HL-7702 cells in carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury via increasing autophagy

Han Weijia 1,✉,#, Shi Hongbo 2,✉,#, Shi Honglin 2, Song Jinyue 3, Ren Feng 2, Duan Zhongping 1, Chen Yu 1,通信作者:,#
Editor: 朱 红梅
PMCID: PMC12769445  PMID: 27938562

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the protective effect of augmenter of liver regeneration(ALR)against acute liver injury and related mechanisms.

Methods

HL-7702 cells were divided into normal control group, carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced acute liver injury group, ALR+CCl4 intervention group, 3-methyladenine(3-MA)+CCl4 intervention group, and ALR+3-MA+CCl4 intervention group. The ALR+CCl4 and ALR+3-MA+CCl4 intervention groups were transfected with ALR plasmids at 8 hours before CCl4 treatment. All groups except the normal control group were treated with CCl4, and 30 minutes later, the 3-MA+CCl4 and ALR+3-MA+CCl4 intervention groups were treated with 3-MA. The cells were collected at 24hours after CCl4 treatment. The HL-7702 cells and supernatant were collected to measure the levels of alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST)(IU/L). Western blot was used to measure the levels of ALR, cyclin D, cyclin E, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), autophagy-related gene 7(Atg7), and autophagy genes LC3, p62, and Beclin-1. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure themRNA expression of ALR. A one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of means between any two groups.

Results

The ALR+CCl4 intervention group had significant increases in the protein andmRNA expression of ALR compared with the acute liver injury group(both P<0.05). The CCl4-induced acute liver injury group had significant increases in the protein andmRNA expression of ALR compared with the normal control group(both P<0.05). Compared with the CCl4-induced acute liver injury group, the ALR+CCl4 intervention group had significant reductions in ALT(0.73±0.17IU/L vs 1.43±0.38IU/L, P<0.05)and AST(19.85±1.83IU/L vs 56.73±6.25IU/L, P<0.05)in supernatant, significantly increased expression of cyclin D, cyclin E, PCNA, LC3, Atg7, and Beclin-1 in hepatocytes, and significantly reduced expression of p62, which suggested that ALR protected the liver against acute liver injury, promoted the regeneration of hepatocytes, and enhanced the autophagy of hepatocytes. The ALR+3-MA+CCl4 intervention group had a significant reduction in the expression of regeneration-associated proteins compared with the ALR+CCl4 intervention group, while there was no significant difference between the ALR+3-MA+CCl4 intervention group and 3-MA+CCl4 intervention group, which suggested that after the inhibition of autophagy, there were significant reductions in the regeneration of hepatocytes and liver regeneration promoted by ALR.

Conclusion

ALR can promote the regeneration of hepatocytes in liver parenchyma, which is achieved by the regulation of autophagy.

Keywords: Liver regeneration; Liver injury, acute; Augmenter of liver regeneration; Autophagy


急性肝损伤是指患者在无慢性肝病基础上,由各种病因引起的急性肝脏结构和功能异常。引起急性肝损伤的原因很多,主要有感染、药物、食物添加剂、乙醇摄入过多、接触或食入有毒物质、肝脏外伤和放射性损伤等。临床上轻者表现为血清氨基转移酶、胆红素升高,严重者可发生肝衰竭、凝血功能障碍、肝性脑病等。

1994年,有学者从初断乳大鼠肝组织中提取的肝刺激物克隆到一种具有热稳定性,可以促进肝细胞DNA合成的相对分子质量大约为3.0×104的小分子功能蛋白质,称其为肝再生增强因子(augmenter of liver regeneration,ALR)[1]。二十多年来,大量研究结果表明,2.2×104 ALR可以促进急性肝损伤的模型动物肝组织再生,从而起到保护性作用[2,3,4,5];这种再生以及保护性作用是间接的,通过刺激非实质细胞释放炎症因子来完成,因2.2×104 ALR不能直接刺激肝脏原代细胞DNA合成[6];然而潘艳等[7]发现人肝再生增强因子蛋白(human augmenter of liver regeneration protein,hALRp)可以促进人肝细胞HL-7702增殖,可是机制未提及。自噬(autophagy)是将细胞内受损、变性或者衰老的蛋白质以及受损细胞运输到溶酶体进行消化降解的过程,是细胞应对营养缺乏、细胞密度负荷、低氧、氧化应激、感染等恶劣环境的生存方式之一。自噬作为细胞保持稳定状态的管家机制,可调控长寿蛋白、过氧化物酶体、线粒体和内质网的更新;自噬还可作为一种防御机制,清除胞质内受损的细胞器、代谢产物,进行亚细胞水平上的重构,保护受损的细胞[8]。有研究证实ALR可以诱导自噬发挥作用[9];3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-methyladenine,3-MA)是一种广泛应用的自噬抑制剂[10];细胞周期(cyclin)系列蛋白的表达可作为判断细胞再生能力的重要指标[11]。故本研究用ALR、3-MA、CCl4制备不同干预组细胞,首先探讨ALR能否减轻急性肝损伤小鼠肝脏的损伤程度,其次分析其在急性肝损伤中与自噬的相互关系,为ALR保护急性肝损伤的机制研究提供实验依据。

材料与方法

1.细胞来源:正常人肝细胞株HL-7702细胞保存于北京佑安医院肝病研究所。

2.药品制备:CCl4(购自现代东方科技发展有限公司)溶于蓖麻油,配置成10mmol/L的储存浓度;3-MA(购自北京乐博生物科技有限公司)溶于RPMI 1640培养液,配置成750μg/ml的储存浓度;ALR由首都医科大学感染动物实验室提供人类ALR质粒,每组使用1μg转染,现配现用。

3.主要试剂和仪器:β-肌动蛋白(β-actin)、cyclin D、cyclin E、增殖细胞核抗原(proliferating cell nuclear antigen,PCNA)、自噬相关基因7(autophagy associated gene 7,Atg7)和自噬相关基因LC3、p62、Beclin-1的兔抗鼠单克隆抗体及辣根过氧化酶偶联的羊抗兔多克隆抗体均购自美国Cell Signaling公司,电泳仪和电转槽购自美国Bio-Rad公司;ALR购自英国Abcan公司,增强化学发光试剂盒购自美国Thermo公司,蛋白质定量试剂盒购自美国Bio-Rad公司,SuperScript Ⅲ Platinum Twostep实时定量PCR(qRT-PCR)试剂盒和总RNA提取试剂Trizol均购自美国Invitrogen公司。

4.细胞培养:HL-7702细胞常规培养于含体积分数10%胎牛血清(fetal calf serum,FBS)、100U/ml青霉素、100mg/L链霉素的RPMI 1640培养液,常规培养传代。待细胞生长至80%融合时,以1×胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化传代。取对数生长期细胞接种于6孔细胞培养板,培养24h后弃去原培养液。细胞分组:正常对照组、CCl4急性肝损伤组、ALR+CCl4干预组、3-MA+CCl4干预组以及ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组。CCl4急性肝损伤组、ALR+CCl4干预组、3-MA+CCl4干预组以及ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组给予10mmol/L CCl4处理,30min后对3-MA+CCl4干预组和ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组给予750μg/ml 3-MA处理,CCl4处理8h前对ALR+CCl4干预组和ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组转染ALR质粒1μg。

5.标本收集以及检测:取各个培养板中培养液放入1.5ml EP管中,用于检测血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)水平。分别用Trizol和RIPA刮取培养板底部细胞放入1.5ml EP管中,-80℃冻存,以备之后的Western blot和RT-PCR检测。

6.Western blot检测:选取正常对照组、CCl4急性肝损伤组、ALR+CCl4干预组三组细胞,提取细胞总蛋白,以BCA法测定蛋白质浓度,每个样品取35μg蛋白,采用12%十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳。用电转法将蛋白质转移到聚偏氟乙烯膜上后,根据蛋白Marker将膜剪成小条,依次与5%脱脂奶粉溶解的β-actin、ALR、cyclin D、cyclin E、PCNA、LC3、Atg7和Beclin-1单克隆抗体4℃摇动孵育过夜。TBST洗脱3遍,每遍30min,洗涤后孵育第二抗体,室温摇动1h;再用TBST洗脱3遍后发光液进行化学显色并拍照。同样方法,选取正常对照组、CCl4急性肝损伤组、ALR+CCl4干预组、3-MA+CCl4干预组以及ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组,与β-actin、ALR、cyclin D、cyclin E单克隆抗体4℃摇动孵育过夜后重复以上操作。

7.qRT-PCR检测:选取正常对照组、CCl4急性肝损伤组、ALR+CCl4干预组三组细胞,用Trizol试剂提取HL-7702细胞总RNA,逆转录成互补cDNA,以此为模板,采用逆转录PCR扩增片段,按SYBR Premis EX Taq Ⅱ试剂盒说明书加样,用iQ5多重实时荧光定量PCR仪检测。引物:ALR:上游为5'-AAGGACGGCTCCTGTGACT-3',下游为5'-CCTGCCTCTGACCTTCAGTC-3'。反应条件:50℃ 2min;95℃ 5min;95℃ 0.15s,60℃ 0.3s,44个循环;55℃ 4s,41个循环。

8.ALT和AST检测:由首都医科大学佑安医院门诊临床检验中心医师检测。

9.统计学方法:采用SPSS13.0统计学软件进行数据处理,所有数据用均数±标准差(x¯±s)表示,多组样本均数的两两比较采用One-way ANOVA分析(方差齐者用LSDt检验,方差不齐者用Games-Howell法),以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结果

1.各组细胞ALR表达水平比较:ALR+CCl4干预组7702细胞ALR表达水平显著高于急性肝损伤组,差异具有统计学意义(F=20.8,P<0.05);CCl4急性肝损伤组与正常对照组相比,7702细胞ALR mRNA表达水平明显增高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见图1,表1。

图1. 各组细胞肝再生增强因子表达水平的Western blot检测结果.

注:ALR:肝再生增强因子

图1

表1. 各组细胞肝再生增强因子表达水平比较(x¯±s).

组别 例数 ALR(×10 -4) P值a
ALR+CCl 4组 3 13.70±3.93 0.030
CCl4组 3 5.82±0.64 0.037
对照组 3 0.47±0.12

注:ALR:肝再生增强因子;a: P值均为该组与对照组比较,P <0.05为差异有统计学意义

2.ALT、AST检测:分别检测ALR+CCl4干预组、CCl4急性肝损伤组和正常对照组ALT、AST水平,结果显示ALR+CCl4干预组较CCl4急性肝损伤组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),可是与正常对照组相比,ALT升高不明显,差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05);CCl4急性肝损伤组与正常对照组相比显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。而AST结果显示,其在正常对照组,ALR+CCl4干预组、CCl4急性肝损伤组的表达呈递增趋势,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。见表2。

表2. 各组细胞ALT、AST表达水平比较(x¯±s,IU/L).

组别 例数 ALT(IU/L) P值 AST(IU/L) P值
ALR+CCl 4组 4 0.73±0.17 0.051 a 19.85±1.83 4.5×10 -5a
CCl 4组 4 1.43±0.38 0.014 a 56.73±6.25 2.5×10-6a
对照组 4 0.40±0.18 5.50±2.51
F值 29.06 195.35
P值 <0.05 <0.05

注:ALR:肝再生增强因子;CCl 4:四氯化碳;a:与对照组比较

3.各组细胞自噬相关蛋白表达水平比较:ALR+CCl4干预组7702细胞LC3、Atg7、Beclin-1水平分别显著高于CCl4急性肝损伤组和正常对照组,而CCl4急性肝损伤组又高于正常对照组,P62则正好相反(图2)。

图2. 各组细胞自噬相关蛋白表达水平的Western blot检测结果.

注:ALR:肝再生增强因子;Atg7:自噬相关基因7;β-actin:β-肌动蛋白

图2

4.各组细胞再生相关蛋白表达水平比较:ALR+CCl4干预组、CCl4急性肝损伤组和正常对照组,三者之间再生相关蛋白表达水平总体有差异。ALR+CCl4干预组7702细胞cyclin D、cyclin E、PCNA表达水平分别高于CCl4急性肝损伤组和正常对照组。CCl4急性肝损伤组亦明显高于正常对照组。3-MA+CCl4干预组Cyclin D、Cyclin E、PCNA的表达明显弱于ALR+CCl4干预组和CCl4急性肝损伤组,而3-MA+CCl4干预组与3-MA+ALR+CCl4干预组相比,差异不明显。见图3。

图3. 各组细胞再生相关蛋白表达水平的Western blot检测结果.

注:Cyclin:周期蛋白;PCNA:增殖细胞核抗原;ALR:肝再生增强因子;β-actin:β-肌动蛋白;3-MA: 3-甲基腺嘌呤

图3

讨论

ALR是一种能促进损伤肝细胞再生的热稳定性、非特异性因子,相对分子质量2.3×104,主要定位于线粒体内膜系统[12]。作为一种电子转移体存在于线粒体呼吸链,亦作用于黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(flavin adenine dinucleotide)连接的巯基氧化酶,催化二硫键形成[13]。ALR高表达于受损肝脏,并对维持细胞增殖以及病情的进展至关重要[14]。Hongbo等[15]认为血清中高水平的ALR预示着肝细胞或者肝脏的再生,可以作为HBV相关慢加急性肝衰竭疾病的预后指标。Han等[16]发现,敲除ALR基因后,大鼠肝脏的再生能力减弱,肝大部切除后肝脏恢复速度减慢,相关研究均证实ALR可以促进肝脏组织的再生以及病情的转归,但是作用机制未知。

自噬是细胞内的一种降解途径,通过形成自噬泡将细胞内生物大分子和受损细胞器运送至溶酶体进行降解;自噬在维持肝脏功能的动态平衡中发挥着重要作用,肝脏通过自噬消除有聚集倾向的蛋白质、受损的线粒体以及肿胀的肝细胞[17]。有研究结果显示,自噬在肝再生中扮演重要角色,Wang等[18]对RALA255-10G大鼠肝脏细胞使用小干扰RNA敲除Atg5后发现,实验组与对照组相比有丝分裂减弱、线粒体损伤、β-氧化过程障碍、ATP生成减少、细胞老化、体积代偿增大,肝脏细胞再生能力减弱。

ALR和自噬都与肝脏细胞再生以及病情转归有密切联系,前者位于线粒体,对线粒体功能的正常运行具有重要作用,后者则负责清除受损伤的线粒体,两者之间的相互作用尚鲜见报道,然而两者之间似乎有千丝万缕的联系,因此,我们使用正常人肝细胞株HL-7702细胞对两者之间相互作用做初步研究。

本研究用Western blot以及qRT-PCR技术,结果显示ALR+CCl4干预组7702细胞中ALR mRNA表达水平显著高于CCl4急性肝损伤组,提示转染条件成立。与CCl4急性肝损伤组相比,ALR+CCl4干预组ALT、AST水平显著降低,对降低ALT的作用更加明显,提示ALR对肝损伤具有保护性作用。之后发现在ALR+CCl4干预组再生相关蛋白PCNA、cyclin D、cyclin E的表达水平明显高于CCl4急性肝损伤组、正常对照组,提示ALR可以促进再生。进一步研究结果显示,ALR+CCl4干预组7702细胞自噬相关蛋白LC3、Atg7、Becln-1的表达水平均高于CCl4急性肝损伤组、正常对照组,提示ALR可以促进自噬;结合以上结果,推断ALR促进再生的作用是通过促进自噬完成。为验证推断,增加3-MA+CCl4干预组和ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组后的结果显示,抑制自噬后的3-MA+CCl4干预组中PCNA、cyclin D、cyclin E的表达同样受到抑制,而对加入ALR和3-MA的ALR+3-MA+CCl4干预组,再生同样弱于ALR+CCl4干预组,且与3-MA+CCl4干预组无明显差异。故推测ALR可以通过调节自噬促进再生作用,而当自噬通路阻断后ALR几乎不再发挥作用。

本研究结果为临床处理急性肝损伤提供了新思路,需寻找新办法为更好地治愈急性肝损伤提供新的途径。

利益冲突

无

作者贡献声明

韩伟佳:分析数据,书写本文章,完成部分Western blot以及qRT-PCR实验;陈煜、时红波:提出研究思路,设计实验方案,指导实验进展;段钟平:修订最终版本;宋金玥:共同完成部分Western blot以及qRT-PCR实验;任锋:提供实验设备以及试剂,设计逆转录以及扩增上机反应条件;时红林:培养细胞,送检丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶标本

Funding Statement

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(81300349);北京市科技新星计划(Z131107000413016);北京市自然科学基金(7144216);北京市医院管理局临床医学发展专项经费资助(XM201308);国家临床重点专科建设项目(WJWYA-2014-002);科研基地建设-重大传染病防治协同创新中心(2011协同创新中心,市级,115215);北京卫生系统高技术人才培养项目基金(2014-3-090,2013-3-071,2011-3-083);北京市医院管理局登峰计划专项经费资助(DFL20151601)

FUNDING:National Natural Science Foundation of China(81300349); Science and Technology New Star Program of Beijing(Z131107000413016); National Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(7144216); The Beijing Municipal Hospital Authority Clinical Medicine Development Special Fund(XM201308); National Clinical Specialty Construction Project of China(WJWYA-2014-002); Research Construction - Major Infectious Disease Prevention Collaborative Innovation Center(2011 Collaborative Innovation Center, Beijing, 115215); Beijing Health System High Technology Personnel Training Project Fund(2014-3-090, 2013-3-071, 2011-3-083); the Beijing Hospital Management Bureau Dengfeng Special Fund Plan(DFL20151601)

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