Abstract
腹水是肝硬化门静脉高压的常见临床表现,10年内约有60%~80%的肝硬化患者出现腹水症状,一旦出现腹水5年生存率即由80%降至50%,随着肝脏疾病的进展每年约有5%~10%的腹水进展为难治性,其中位生存时间仅为6~12个月。现主要对顽固性腹水的定义及诊断,评估预后的因素,大量放腹水联合补蛋白、经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术及肝移植3项治疗及其他新的治疗作一概述。
Keywords: 肝硬化, 腹水, 治疗
Abstract
Ascites is a common clinical manifestation of cirrhotic portal hypertension, and about 60%-80% of cirrhotic patients develop the symptom of ascites within 10 years. Once ascites occurs, the 5-year survival rate is reduced from 80% to 50%. With the progression of liver diseases, approximately 5%-10% of patients with ascites develop refractory ascites, and the median survival time is only 6-12 months. This article reviews the definition and diagnosis of refractory ascites, evaluation of prognostic factors, and treatment regimens, including large-volume paracentesis combined with protein supplementation, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, and liver transplantation.
Keywords: Liver cirrhosis, Ascites, Therapy
一、相关定义及诊断
顽固性腹水定义为腹水症状不能被利尿药有效控制或经抽腹水治疗后的早期再发不能被利尿药有效阻止[1]。首先顽固性腹水分为两种类型:(1)利尿剂抵抗型;(2)利尿剂不耐受型。顽固性腹水的诊断:①排除其他引起难治性腹水的原因,确认患者是否严格遵守低盐饮食、利尿剂治疗是否足量(螺内酯400mg/d,呋塞米160mg/d)、治疗是否足疗程(足量利尿剂治疗不少于2周);②正规治疗后无效,表现为4d内平均体质量减轻不足0.8kg;③早期的腹水再发,表现为首次腹水症状控制后4周内又出现了2~3级的腹水;④在利尿剂加量过程中出现了严重的并发症,限制利尿剂的进一步使用(如利尿剂引起的肝性脑病、低钠血症、低钾及高钾血症等)[2]。
二、预后评估
准确评估患者的预后是合理选择治疗方案的前提,研究发现单独用终末期肝病模型(model for end-stage liver disease,MELD)难以准确估计腹水患者的预后,包含血钠浓度的MELDNa评分更能准确反映患者的预后[3],Sersté等[4]发现与MELDNa评分相比Child-Pugh评分的ROC曲线下面积更大,能更好地预测肝硬化顽固性腹水患者的生存。由Fernández-Esparrach等[5]提出的腹水预后指数公式,PI=-0.071×水负荷后利尿(ml/min)-0.0178×平均动脉压(mmHg)±0.4738×Child-Pugh分级(B 0;C1)±0.3433×血肌酐(mg/dl),预测指数越大患者的预后越差。另外预测公式PI=[0.2842×child评分]+[(-0.7648)×腹水蛋白浓度]+[0.5801×自发性腹膜炎史]+[(-0.5494)×酗酒史],预测指数越大患者的预后越差[6]。
三、一线治疗
2010年欧肝会腹水的临床治疗指南推荐治疗性大量抽腹水联合补蛋白为顽固性腹水的一线治疗[2]。
1.大量抽腹水(large volume paracentesis,LVP):肝硬化伴顽固性腹水患者,在排除其他原因(如排除感染、肿瘤、门静脉血栓及布加综合征等)引起的腹水难治的情况下,首先推荐LVP治疗。抽腹水量4~6L是安全且有效的[7],LVP治疗的并发症较少且较轻微[8],主要并发症是有效循环血量下降引起的一系列症状及各种电解质紊乱等。但并未逆转腹水形成的病理机制[9],因此不能从源头上防止腹水再发,同时也不会影响自然病程[10],再者顽固性腹水患者需进行反复抽腹水治疗,患者耐受性及依从性较差。LVP虽不是最理想的治疗方法,却能有效缓解症状。
2.白蛋白的输注:抽腹水治疗时联合补蛋白能有效降低循环功能障碍引起的肾功能损害及肝硬化相关并发症的发生率[11],伴有自发性腹膜炎的患者在抗生素治疗时联合补蛋白能有效降低肝肾综合征的发生率和死亡率[12]。2010年欧肝会腹水临床治疗指南中推荐一次性放腹水5~6L时应按6~8g/L补充白蛋白,以维持有效循环血量稳定减少相应并发症。
3.利尿剂:利尿剂对90%顽固性腹水无效,是否继续使用利尿剂取决于机体对利尿剂的敏感性及耐受性。利尿剂抵抗型顽固性腹水,在使用利尿剂的情况下尿钠排泄率<30mmol/d时不建议继续使用利尿剂;利尿剂不耐受型不建议继续使用利尿剂治疗[13]。
四、二线治疗
指南推荐经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术(transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts,TIPS)为LVP治疗太频繁(>3次/月[13])或LVP禁忌时的二线治疗[2],通过较长时间的临床疗效观察,TIPS以其较好的疗效、较小的手术创伤及较少的并发症逐渐取代了门-腔分流术[14,15]。
TIPS:既可以直接降低门静脉压力,又能改善患者的激素水平,通过干预腹水的形成机制影响腹水的再发。TIPS与LVP的比较主要来自六项随机对照研究,在患者生存上六项研究存在较大争议,随之发表了一系列Meta分析,Salerno等[16]得出TIPS显著提高顽固性腹水的无肝移植生存,我中心[17]纳入了最新发表的随机对照研究[18],同样验证了Salerno等的结论。因人工分流道的建立,术后肝性脑病的发生率较LVP明显升高[19],然而近期完成的随机对照研究结果显示使用覆膜支架的TIPS在明显改善生存的情况下不增加肝性脑病的发生风险且住院天数TIPS组显著少于标准治疗组(P<0.04)[20],显示了TIPS较高的效费比优势。但上述各研究纳入的人群肝肾功能相对较好,关于肝肾功能较差者的TIPS治疗数据较缺乏,指南不建议TIPS应用于伴有严重脏器衰竭者[2]。总之TIPS能有效干预腹水形成机制,是较为理想的治疗手段,但需具备一定专业知识及技术的医生在具备较高硬件设施的中心方能进行,因此目前仍是顽固性腹水的二线治疗。
对于TIPS术而言,严格的患者筛选是疗效的保证。胆红素<3mg/dl及血小板计数>75×109/L的顽固性腹水患者较胆红素>3mg/dl及血小板计数<75×109/L的患者TIPS术后有生存优势[21]。年龄<50岁、胆红素<1mg/dl、血钠浓度>140mmol/L的患者TIPS术后病死率为15%,而年龄>60岁、胆红素>3mg/dl、血钠浓度<130mmol/L者术后病死率却高达80%[16]。这意味着特定人群能够从TIPS中得到最大获益,而尚待解决的问题就是找到最佳的筛选标准,既能保证治疗效果,又能使更多人获益。
五、理想治疗
肝移植:一旦顽固性腹水的诊断确立患者的中位生存时间仅6~12个月[22],肝移植既从根本上改善肝功能又可降低门静脉压力,因此对于肝硬化顽固性腹水的患者最理想的治疗是尽早接受肝移植[22]。但肝源匮乏且费用相对较高,同时顽固性腹水生存期短、其他并发症发生率高,这些均限制了肝移植的应用。
六、其他治疗
血管活性药物:抗利尿激素受体拮抗剂(如沙他伐坦)通过增加排水减少腹水再发。Wong等[23]的随机双盲研究结果口服5~25mg沙他伐坦可减少腹水再发。Ginès等[24]同年发表的研究显示沙他伐坦联合利尿剂治疗14d能减少腹水形成。但Meta分析结果显示沙他伐坦不改善生存、减少并发症的发生[25]。缩血管药物(特利加压素和甲氧氨福林)通过降低内脏血流从而增强利尿剂的作用,特利加压素必须静脉给药且价格贵,而甲氧氨福林可口服、价格便宜并且证实能够促进肾脏排水[26]。血管活性药物通过作用于特定受体直接或间接促进水盐排泄,仍需更多证据证明其效果及安全性。
Alfa泵(低流量泵):通过置入自动化泵将腹腔积液不断泵入膀胱由尿道排出。多中心前瞻性队列研究显示其能有效清除腹水、减少每月抽腹水的次数[3.4(1~6)比0.2(0~4),P<0.01][27]。Arroyo[28]指出该研究并发症(包括肝硬化相关及泵装置相关)发生率高,40%的患者仍需抽腹水治疗,且随访时间仅6个月。该方法实质上与LVP相似均不能改善肝硬化腹水的病程进展,且其有效性及安全性有待新的随机对照研究进一步证实。
利益冲突
无
作者贡献声明
邵晶、张磊:撰稿;韩国宏、樊代明:撰稿和审校
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