Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine logoLink to Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine
. 1978 Apr;42(2):184–191.

Intranasal exposure of the Richardson's ground squirrel to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus.

M K Leung, J McLintock, J Iversen
PMCID: PMC1277614  PMID: 667706

Abstract

Adult Richardson's ground squirrels were infected with western equine encephalomyelitis virus by intranasal instillation. Mortality followed the instillation of a minimum threshold of 4.7 logs of virus while infection was produced by a dosage of 2.3 logs. The incubation period was from four to seven days, being preceded by a viremic phase. Signs were depression, ataxia and paralysis of the limbs. Highest titres of virus were recovered from the brain and histopathological changes involving the central nervous system included meningitis, vasculitis, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, neuronophagia and neuronal degeneration. The virus was also found in a variety of extraneural tissues. Lesions in extraneural tissues included necrosis of brown fat and an apparent increase in number of Kupffer's cells in the liver. The lymphoid tissue was involved indicating a possible source for viremia. The duration and magnitude of viremia were ample enough to provide virus source for arthropods. The potential for transmission of the virus independent of arthropods was discussed in view of the pathogenesis demonstrated in the experimental infections.

Full text

PDF
184

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ALBRECHT P. Lipotropism of the virus of the western type of North American equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) in white mice. Acta Virol. 1958 Jan-Mar;2(1):22–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Albrecht P., Mrenová M., Karelová E. Paraffin embedding techniques for immunofluorescent demonstration of neurotropic viruses. Acta Virol. 1966 Mar;10(2):155–160. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. BANG F. B., LUTTRELL C. N. Factors in the pathogenesis of virus diseases. Adv Virus Res. 1961;8:199–244. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60686-7. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BROWN L. N., PACKER R. A. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING PLAQUE SIZE OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS. Am J Vet Res. 1964 Mar;25:487–493. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Burton A. N., McLintock J. R., Spalatin J., Rempel J. G. Western equine encephalitis in Saskatchewan birds and mammals 1962-1963. Can J Microbiol. 1966 Feb;12(1):133–141. doi: 10.1139/m66-019. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Danes L., Rychterová V., Kliment V., Hrusková J. Penetration of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus into the brain of guinea pigs and rabbits after intranasal infection. Acta Virol. 1973 Mar;17(2):138–146. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Dill G. S., Jr, Pederson C. E., Jr, Stookey J. L. A comparison of the tissue lesions produced in adult hamsters by two strains of avirulent Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Am J Pathol. 1973 Jul;72(1):13–24. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. FROESCHLE J. E. PROPAGATION OF WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN MICE FOLLOWING INTRAMUSCULAR AND INTRANASAL INOCULATION. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Apr;115:881–884. doi: 10.3181/00379727-115-29064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Gwatkin R. Equine Encephalomyelitis. Can J Comp Med. 1939 May;3(5):131–133. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Hayles L. B. Susceptibility of the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) to Western equine encephalitis. Can J Microbiol. 1972 Jun;18(6):941–944. doi: 10.1139/m72-145. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Hrusková J., Danes L., Jelínková A., Kruml J., Rychterová V. Subcutaneous and inhalation infection of guinea pigs with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. Acta Virol. 1969 Sep;13(5):415–421. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. LA MOTTE L. C., Jr Japanese B encephalitis in bats during simulated hibernation. Am J Hyg. 1958 Jan;67(1):101–108. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119912. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Leung M. K., Burton A., Iversoen J. Natural infections of Richardson's ground squirrels with western equine encephalomyelitis virus, Saskatchewan, Canada, 1964-1973. Can J Microbiol. 1975 Jul;21(7):954–958. doi: 10.1139/m75-140. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Liu C., Voth D. W., Rodina P., Shauf L. R., Gonzalez G. A comparative study of the pathogenesis of western equine and eastern equine encephalomyelitis viral infections in mice by intracerebral and subcutaneous inoculations. J Infect Dis. 1970 Jul-Aug;122(1):53–63. doi: 10.1093/infdis/122.1-2.53. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. MIMS C. A. The invasion of the brain by yellow fever virus present in the blood of mice. Br J Exp Pathol. 1957 Jun;38(3):329–338. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Nir Y., Beemer A., Goldwasser R. A. West Nile Virus infection in mice following exposure to a viral aerosol. Br J Exp Pathol. 1965 Aug;46(4):443–449. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. SULKIN S. E., ALLEN R., SIMS R. Lipotropism in pathogenesis of encephalitis viruses in insectivorous bats. Virology. 1960 May;11:302–306. doi: 10.1016/0042-6822(60)90072-6. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine are provided here courtesy of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

RESOURCES