Skip to main content
NCBI home page
Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine logoLink to Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine
. 1978 Oct;42(4):414–427.

Mechanisms of recovery from Herpesvirus infections -a review.

B T Rouse, L A Babiuk
PMCID: PMC1277666  PMID: 217506

Abstract

A variety of specific immunological mechanisms have been shown to be effective at neutralizing herpesviruses or destroying herpesvirus infected cells. These include both humoral and cell mediated immune responses or combinations thereof. Thus, it is genarlly accepted that humoral immunity is probably responsible for preventing reinfection whereas cellular immunity, mediated by T lymphocytes or by the interaction of antibody and Fc receptor bearing cells, is more important in recovery from infections. In addition to these specific responses to herpesvirus infection, a number of nonspecific cellular and humoral components have been shown to inhibit the progression of virus replication and therefore, have been implicated in assisting the host in the recovery process. The various interactions and counteractions between the various nonspecific and specific components of the immune response are discussed with respect to their role in recovery from both primary and recurrent disease as well as how they may eventually be manipulated so as to control herpesvirus recrudescent disease.

Full text

PDF
414

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. ALLISON A. C., MALLUCCI L. HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF LYSOSOMES AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN VIRUS-INFECTED CELL CULTURES. J Exp Med. 1965 Mar 1;121:463–476. doi: 10.1084/jem.121.3.463. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Allison A. C. Interactions of antibodies, complement components and various cell types in immunity against viruses and pyogenic bacteria. Transplant Rev. 1974;19(0):3–55. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1974.tb00127.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Allison A. C. On the role of mononuclear phagocytes in immunity against viruses. Prog Med Virol. 1974;18(0):15–31. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. BARON S., DUBUY H. G., BUCKLER C. E., JOHNSON M. L. RELATIONSHIP OF INTERFERON PRODUCTION TO VIRUS GROWTH IN VIVO. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1964 Nov;117:338–341. doi: 10.3181/00379727-117-29575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. BARON S. MECHANISM OF RECOVERY FROM VIRAL INFECTION. Adv Virus Res. 1963;10:39–64. doi: 10.1016/s0065-3527(08)60696-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Babiuk L. A., Rouse B. T. Immune interferon production by lymphoid cells: role in the inhibition of herpesviruses. Infect Immun. 1976 Jun;13(6):1567–1578. doi: 10.1128/iai.13.6.1567-1578.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Babiuk L. A., Rouse B. T. Interactions between effector cell activity and lymphokines: implications for recovery from herpesvirus infections. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1978;57(1):62–73. doi: 10.1159/000232085. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Babiuk L. A., Wardley R. C., Rouse B. T. Defense mechanisms against bovine herpesvirus: relationship of virus-host cell events to susceptibility to antibody-complement cell lysis. Infect Immun. 1975 Nov;12(5):958–963. doi: 10.1128/iai.12.5.958-963.1975. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Bang F. B., Warwick A. MOUSE MACROPHAGES AS HOST CELLS FOR THE MOUSE HEPATITIS VIRUS AND THE GENETIC BASIS OF THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1960 Aug;46(8):1065–1075. doi: 10.1073/pnas.46.8.1065. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Blanden R. V. Mechanisms of recovery from a generalized viral infection: mousepox. 3. Regression infectious foci. J Exp Med. 1971 May 1;133(5):1090–1104. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.5.1090. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Blanden R. V. Mechanisms of recovery from a generalized viral infection: mousepox. I. The effects of anti-thymocyte serum. J Exp Med. 1970 Nov;132(5):1035–1054. doi: 10.1084/jem.132.5.1035. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Blanden R. V. Mechanisms of recovery from a generalized viral infection: mousepox. II. Passive transfer of recovery mechanisms with immune lymphoid cells. J Exp Med. 1971 May 1;133(5):1074–1089. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.5.1074. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Blanden R. V. T cell response to viral and bacterial infection. Transplant Rev. 1974;19(0):56–88. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1974.tb00128.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Burns W., Billups L. C., Notkins A. L. Thymus dependence of viral antigens. Nature. 1975 Aug 21;256(5519):654–656. doi: 10.1038/256654a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Davies D. H., Carmichael L. E. Role of cell-mediated immunity in the recovery of cattle from primary and recurrent infections with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. Infect Immun. 1973 Oct;8(4):510–518. doi: 10.1128/iai.8.4.510-518.1973. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Elfenbein G. J., Shevach E. M., Green I. Proliferation by bone marrow-derived lymphocytes in response to antigenic stimulation in vitro. J Immunol. 1972 Oct;109(4):870–874. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Epstein L. B., Epstein C. J. Localization fo the gene AVG for the antiviral expression of immune and classical interferon to the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 21. J Infect Dis. 1976 Jun;133 (Suppl):A56–A62. doi: 10.1093/infdis/133.supplement_2.a56. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Epstein L. B., Stevens D. A., Merigan T. C. Selective increase in lymphocyte interferon response to vaccinia antigen after revaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Sep;69(9):2632–2636. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.9.2632. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. GOODMAN G. T., KOPROWSKI H. Study of the mechanism of innate resistance to virus infection. J Cell Comp Physiol. 1962 Jun;59:333–373. doi: 10.1002/jcp.1030590313. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Gaskell R. M., Povey R. C. Experimental induction of feline viral rhinotracheitis virus re-excretion in FVR-recovered cats. Vet Rec. 1977 Feb 12;100(7):128–133. doi: 10.1136/vr.100.7.128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Glasgow L. A. Leukocytes and interferon in the host response to viral infections. II. Enhanced interferon response of leukocytes from immune animals. J Bacteriol. 1966 Jun;91(6):2185–2191. doi: 10.1128/jb.91.6.2185-2191.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Grewal A. S., Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. Mechanisms of resistant of herpesviruses: comparison of the effectiveness of different cell types in mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Infect Immun. 1977 Mar;15(3):698–703. doi: 10.1128/iai.15.3.698-703.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Henney C. S. On the mechanism of T-cell mediated cytolysis. Transplant Rev. 1973;17(0):37–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1973.tb00123.x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hirsch M. S., Zisman B., Allison A. C. Macrophages and age-dependent resistance to Herpes simplex virus in mice. J Immunol. 1970 May;104(5):1160–1165. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hoover E. A., Griesemer R. A. Pathogenicity of feline viral rhinotracheitis virus and effect on germfree cats, growing bone, and the gravid uterus. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1971 Mar 15;158(6 Suppl):929+–929+. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Huang K. Y., Donahoe R. M., Gordon F. B., Dressler H. R. Enhancement of phagocytosis by interferon-containing preparations. Infect Immun. 1971 Nov;4(5):581–588. doi: 10.1128/iai.4.5.581-588.1971. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. ISAACS A., HITCHCOCK G. Role of interferon in recovery from virus infections. Lancet. 1960 Jul 9;2(7141):69–71. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(60)91215-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Julius M. H., Simpson E., Herzenberg L. A. A rapid method for the isolation of functional thymus-derived murine lymphocytes. Eur J Immunol. 1973 Oct;3(10):645–649. doi: 10.1002/eji.1830031011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lodmell D. L., Niwa A., Hayashi K., Notkins A. L. Prevention of cell-to-cell spread of herpes simplex virus by leukocytes. J Exp Med. 1973 Mar 1;137(3):706–720. doi: 10.1084/jem.137.3.706. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. MIMS C. A. ASPECTS OF THE PATHOGENESIS OF VIRUS DISEASES. Bacteriol Rev. 1964 Mar;28:30–71. doi: 10.1128/br.28.1.30-71.1964. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. McFarland H. F. In vitro studies of cell-mediated immunity in an acute viral infection. J Immunol. 1974 Jul;113(1):173–180. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. McGuire T. C., Crawford T. B., Henson J. B. Immunofluorescent localization of equine infectious anemia virus in tissue. Am J Pathol. 1971 Feb;62(2):283–294. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Miller J. F., Basten A., Sprent J., Cheers C. Interaction between lymphocytes in immune responses. Cell Immunol. 1971 Oct;2(5):469–495. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(71)90057-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Notkins A. L. Immune mechanisms by which the spread of viral infections is stopped. Cell Immunol. 1974 Mar 30;11(1-3):478–483. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(74)90045-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Oleske J. M., Ashman R. B., Kohl S., Shore S. L., Starr S. E., Wood P., Nahmias A. J. Human polymorphonuclear leucocytes as mediators of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to herpes simplex virus-infected cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1977 Mar;27(3):446–453. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Porter D. D., Larsen A. E., Porter H. G. The pathogenesis of Aleutian disease of mink. I. In vivo viral replication and the host antibody response to viral antigen. J Exp Med. 1969 Sep 1;130(3):575–593. doi: 10.1084/jem.130.3.575. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Rabinowitz S. G., Proctor R. A. In vitro study of antiviral activity of immune spleen cells in experimental Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis infection in mice. J Immunol. 1974 Mar;112(3):1070–1077. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Rager-Zisman B., Grose C., Bloom B. R. Mechanism of selective nonspecific cell-mediated cytotoxicity of virus-infected cells. Nature. 1976 Mar 25;260(5549):369–370. doi: 10.1038/260369a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Rosenberg G. L., Farber P. A., Notkins A. L. In vitro stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes by herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1972 Mar;69(3):756–760. doi: 10.1073/pnas.69.3.756. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Rosenberg G. L., Notkins A. L. Induction of cellular immunity to herpes simplex virus: relationship to the humoral immune response. J Immunol. 1974 Mar;112(3):1019–1025. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A., Henson P. M. Neutrophils are mediators of antiviral immunity. Experientia. 1978 Mar 15;34(3):346–348. doi: 10.1007/BF01923026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. Host defense mechanisms against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. II. Inhibition of viral plaque formation by immune peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell Immunol. 1975 May;17(1):43–56. doi: 10.1016/s0008-8749(75)80005-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. Host defense mechanisms against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus: in vitro stimulation of sensitized lymphocytes by virus antigen. Infect Immun. 1974 Oct;10(4):681–687. doi: 10.1128/iai.10.4.681-687.1974. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. Host responses to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus. III. Isolation and immunologic activities of bovine T lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1974 Nov;113(5):1391–1398. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. The direct antiviral cytotoxicity by bovine lymphocytes is not restricted by genetic incompatibility of lymphocytes and target cells. J Immunol. 1977 Feb;118(2):618–624. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Rouse B. T., Grewal A. S., Babiuk L. A. Complement enhances antiviral antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. Nature. 1977 Mar 31;266(5601):456–458. doi: 10.1038/266456a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Rouse B. T., Grewal A. S., Babiuk L. A., Fujimiya Y. Enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of herpesvirus-infected cells by complement. Infect Immun. 1977 Dec;18(3):660–665. doi: 10.1128/iai.18.3.660-665.1977. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Rouse B. T., Wardley R. C., Babiuk L. A. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in cows: comparison of effector cell activity against heterologous erthrocyte and herpesvirus-infected bovine target cells. Infect Immun. 1976 May;13(5):1433–1441. doi: 10.1128/iai.13.5.1433-1441.1976. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Rouse B. T., Wardley R. C., Babiuk L. A., Mukkur T. K. The role of neutrophils in antiviral defense--in vitro studies on the mechanism of antiviral inhibition. J Immunol. 1977 Jun;118(6):1957–1961. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Rouse B. T., Wardley R. C., Babiuk L. A. The role of antibody dependent cytotoxicity in recovery from herpesvirus infections. Cell Immunol. 1976 Mar 1;22(1):182–186. doi: 10.1016/0008-8749(76)90019-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. SELLERS R. F. Multiplication, interferon production and sensitivity of virulent and attenuated strains of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease. Nature. 1963 Jun 22;198:1228–1229. doi: 10.1038/1981228a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Shore S. L., Black C. M., Melewicz F. M., Wood P. A., Nahmias A. J. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to target cells infected with type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex virus. J Immunol. 1976 Jan;116(1):194–201. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Shore S. L., Cromeans T. L., Romano T. J. Immune destruction of virus-infected cells early in the infectious cycle. Nature. 1976 Aug 19;262(5570):695–696. doi: 10.1038/262695a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Shore S. L., Nahmias A. J., Starr S. E., Wood P. A., McFarlin D. E. Detection of cell-dependent cytotoxic antibody to cells infected with herpes simplex virus. Nature. 1974 Sep 27;251(5473):350–352. doi: 10.1038/251350a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Stevens J. G., Cook M. L. Restriction of herpes simplex virus by macrophages. An analysis of the cell-virus interaction. J Exp Med. 1971 Jan 1;133(1):19–38. doi: 10.1084/jem.133.1.19. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Tomasi T. B., Jr, Bienenstock J. Secretory immunoglobulins. Adv Immunol. 1968;9:1–96. doi: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60441-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Valle M. J., Bobrove A. M., Strober S., Merigan T. C. Immune specific production of interferon by human T cells in combined macrophage-lymphocyte cultures in response to Herpes simplex antigen. J Immunol. 1975 Jan;114(1 Pt 2):435–441. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. WATKINS J. F. ADSORPTION OF SENSITIZED SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES TO HELA CELLS INFECTED WITH HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS. Nature. 1964 Jun 27;202:1364–1365. doi: 10.1038/2021364a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Wardley R. C., Babiuk L. A., Rouse B. T. Polymorph-mediated antibody-dependent cytoxicity--modulation of activity by drugs and immune interferon. Can J Microbiol. 1976 Sep;22(9):1222–1228. doi: 10.1139/m76-181. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Wardley R. C., Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. Antibody dependent cytotoxicity mediated by neutrophils: a possible mechanism of antiviral defense. J Reticuloendothel Soc. 1976 May;19(5):323–332. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Wardley R. C., Rouse B. T., Babiuk L. A. Observations on recovery mechanisms from feline viral rhinotracheitis. Can J Comp Med. 1976 Jul;40(3):257–264. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Warner N. L. The immunological role of the avian thymus and bursa of fabricius. Folia Biol (Praha) 1967;13(1):1–17. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Wheelock E. F. Virus replication and high-titered interferon production in human leukocyte cultures inoculated with Newcastle disease virus. J Bacteriol. 1966 Nov;92(5):1415–1421. doi: 10.1128/jb.92.5.1415-1421.1966. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Wilfert C. M., Buckley R. H., Mohanakumar T., Griffith J. F., Katz S. L., Whisnant J. K., Eggleston P. A., Moore M., Treadwell E., Oxman M. N. Persistent and fatal central-nervous-system ECHOvirus infections in patients with agammaglobulinemia. N Engl J Med. 1977 Jun 30;296(26):1485–1489. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197706302962601. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. Witter R. L. Natural mechanisms of controlling lymphotropic herpesvirus infection (Marek's disease) in the chicken. Cancer Res. 1976 Feb;36(2 Pt 2):681–687. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Wolf H., zur Hausen H., Becker V. EB viral genomes in epithelial nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Nat New Biol. 1973 Aug 22;244(138):245–247. doi: 10.1038/newbio244245a0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  67. Yamaguchi T., Handa K., Shimizu Y., Abo T., Kumagai K. Target cells for interferon production in human leukocytes stimulated by sendai virus. J Immunol. 1977 Jun;118(6):1931–1935. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  68. Youngner J. S., Salvin S. B. Production and properties of migration inhibitory factor and interferon in the circulation of mice with delayed hypersensitivity. J Immunol. 1973 Dec;111(6):1914–1922. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  69. Zinkernagel R. M., Althage A. Antiviral protection by virus-immune cytotoxic T cells: infected target cells are lysed before infectious virus progeny is assembled. J Exp Med. 1977 Mar 1;145(3):644–651. doi: 10.1084/jem.145.3.644. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  70. Zinkernagel R. M., Blanden R. V. Macrophage activation in mice lacking thymus-derived (T) cells. Experientia. 1975 May 15;31(5):591–593. doi: 10.1007/BF01932477. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine are provided here courtesy of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association

RESOURCES