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Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Sichuan University (Medical Sciences)
. 2025 Nov 20;56(6):1547–1555. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12182/20251160206

痛风性关节炎湿证的血浆代谢图谱特征分析

Analysis of Plasma Metabolic Profile Characteristics in Gouty Arthritis With Dampness Syndrome

Fangjie ZHU 1, Zhengdong SHEN 1,2, Yunting XIAO 1, Xiaodong WU 2, Liyan MEI 2, Haifang DU 2, Yao XU 2, Xiumin CHEN 2,3,4, Maojie WANG 1,2,3,4,Δ, Runyue HUANG 2,3,4
PMCID: PMC12796909  PMID: 41536670

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the metabolic characteristics of gouty arthritis (GA) with dampness syndrome (GA-DS), to identify potential diagnostic and recurrence-predictive biomarkers, and to preliminarily elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) dampness syndrome on metabolic abnormalities in patients with gout.

Methods

The study was conducted as part of a clinical trial—Clinical Cohort Construction and Efficacy Evaluation of Gouty Arthritis With Dampness Syndrome, which has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR) and assigned the registration number of ChiCTR2000038969. Healthy controls (HC), patients with GA-DS, and those with GA with non-dampness syndrome (GA-NDS) were enrolled. Clinical assessments of metabolic and inflammatory parameters were performed, and targeted metabolomic profiling of plasma samples was conducted. Diagnostic and recurrence prediction models were constructed using random forest and logistic regression, and the efficacy of the recurrence model was validated in an independent cohort.

Results

GA-DS patients exhibited significant metabolic disturbances, with significantly elevated levels of body mass index (BMI), serum uric acid (SUA), and lipid metabolism indicators. Metabolomic analysis revealed significantly elevated plasma acetovanillone and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the GA-DS group compared with those in the HC and GA-NDS groups (all q < 0.05). These two metabolites were significantly correlated with SUA and the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein levels (r = 0.50 and r = 0.48, respectively; both P < 0.05). A logistic regression model based on acetovanillone and cAMP effectively distinguished GA-DS patients from HC and GA-NDS patients (out-of-bag error: 0.158 ± 0.038; accuracy: [84.2 ± 6.6]%; adjusted P < 0.001 for both indicators vs. those of the other models). Further analysis showed that cAMP and ureidosuccinic acid levels increased in patients who later experienced GA recurrence (P < 0.05), with detectable changes as early as 24 weeks before recurrence. A recurrence prediction model combining cAMP and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) achieved the best performance and was validated in an independent cohort (accuracy: 67.39%, 95% CI: 52.0%-80.5%; area under the curve [AUC] = 0.803, 95% CI: 0.676-0.930).

Conclusion

GA-DS patients display distinct metabolic abnormalities. Acetovanillone and cAMP hold promise as diagnostic biomarkers, while cAMP in combination with CK-MB can be used for the early prediction of the risk of GA-DS recurrence. These findings provide novel insights into the metabolic basis of TCM dampness syndrome and offer potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and stratification of recurrence risk in GA.

Keywords: Gouty arthritis, Dampness syndrome, Recurrence, Cyclic AMP, Ureidosuccinic acid


痛风性关节炎(gouty arthritis, GA)是一种由于血尿酸(serum uric acid, SUA)升高导致单钠尿酸盐(monosodium urate, MSU)晶体在关节和软组织沉积而引发的常见炎症性疾病[1]。全球流行病学数据显示,2017年GA的年龄标准化患病率为男性790.90/100 000,女性为253.49/100 000[2],我国GA患病率逐年增长并呈年轻化趋势 [3]。尽管降尿酸治疗(urate-lowering treatments, ULTs)已被广泛推荐用于控制GA的急性发作与慢性进展,其在实际临床应用中的效果仍有限,特别是在GA合并代谢综合征等共病情形下[4]。统计资料显示[5],接受降尿酸达标治疗(即SUA维持≤6.0 mg/dL)的GA患者复发率是0.333/人年,而治疗未达标患者复发率则高达0.491/人年。此外,临床数据显示,仅有约1/3至1/2的GA患者接受了降尿酸达标治疗,且其中依从医嘱规范用药者不到一半[6]。由此可见,即便SUA水平达标,GA复发风险依然很高,反映出现有临床方案在控制复发方面的不足。GA的高复发率不仅加重患者负担,也对临床管理提出挑战。因此,亟需在提高治疗依从性的同时,探索更有效的复发干预手段,明确可用于预测复发的生物学标志物,并构建可靠的复发风险预测模型,以实现更精准的个体化管理。

在中医理论中,GA属于“痹”证范畴,其病因病机主要与湿、热、瘀、毒等因素密切相关。在辨证论治原则指导下,中医药在GA的临床治疗中应用广泛,显示出改善炎症、降低尿酸水平和减少复发等作用[7-8]。中医认为,湿邪具有黏滞、重浊、缠绵难愈的致病特点,多因外感湿邪、饮食不节、脾失运化所致,由此引发的一系列临床表现被归纳为湿证(dampness syndrome, DS)。湿邪缠绵被认为是导致GA反复发作的关键病机,但这一理论缺乏现代生物学证据支撑。鉴于湿邪的病理特性可能与机体代谢紊乱密切相关,本研究拟运用代谢组学方法,旨在揭示GA湿证的生物学基础,并探索构建一种基于代谢特征的GA复发风险预测模型。这项工作有望为中医湿证理论提供客观依据,也可能为GA复发的早期干预与个体化防治提供新的靶点与思路。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 研究病例与对照人群的来源

本研究依托已在中国临床试验注册中心登记的项目,即痛风性关节炎湿证的临床队列构建及疗效评价研究(注册号ChiCTR2000038969)开展研究。纳入标准:(1)符合2015年ACR/EULAR痛风性关节炎诊断标准;(2)年龄在18~70岁;(3)由受试者或其家属(监护人)同意参加病例注册登记研究,签署知情同意书。排除标准:如果满足以下任何一项均将被排除:(1)合并严重心血管、脑、肺、肝、肾、造血系统疾病、恶性肿瘤及精神疾病患者;(2)妊娠或哺乳期的妇女;(3)长期使用NSAIDs导致的活动性胃十二指肠溃疡或胃炎患者;(4)存在潜在疾病或使用药物(如阿司匹林、环孢素、利尿剂等)造成的继发性痛风患者。剔除标准:(1)不符合纳入标准而被误纳入的患者;(2)依从性较差,未按方案设计的登记资料进行填写信息;终止标准:(1)无法按期随访;(2)自愿退出研究。

研究方案已通过广东省中医院伦理委员会批准,批准号BF2020-193-01和BF2021-235-01,所有参与者签署知情同意书。GA的西医诊断标准参照2015年美国风湿病学会/欧洲风湿病联盟(ACR/EULAR)发布的痛风性关节炎诊断标准[9]。中医湿证诊断标准则依据2020年省部共建中医湿证国家重点实验室专家组发布的《湿证诊断标准》[10]。本项目的复发是以 GA急性发作为判断标准[11-12],即复发前处于间歇期,复发时满足≥2条以下症状(无论是否有抗炎治疗):(1)疼痛达峰时间<24 h;(2)症状缓解≤14 d;(3)发作间歇期症状完全缓解。GA病例来源于广东省中医院风湿科门诊就诊的患者,健康对照组为经体检确认无慢性疾病的年龄匹配人群。队列1的GA患者包括年龄匹配的GA湿证(GA-DS),GA非湿证(GA-NDS)人群和健康对照(HC)人群;而队列2是独立的外部队列,仅纳入GA-DS的患者,根据在随访24周内的复发情况分为有复发倾向组(GA-R,定义为24周内至少发作一次)与无复发倾向组(GA-NR,定义为24周内无发作),用于验证GA-DS的复发预测模型的性能。

1.2. 方案设计

为了初步了解GA-DS的代谢和炎症状态,首先对队列1的3组人群的一般指标和实验室检查指标进行分析。随后,采用靶向代谢组进一步剖析GA-DS的血浆代谢特征。通过组间两两比较和交集分析分别筛选疾病或病证特异的血浆代谢物。为了评估代谢物是否可用于区分GA-DS与非GA-DS群体,通过逻辑回归算法分析找出AUC值排在前三位的代谢物。为了探索湿证患者是否更容易复发,我们根据随访数据统计了队列1中GA-DS组和GA-NDS组人群在样本采集时点之后12周内和24周内复发的情况。随后,根据24周内有无发生复发,将队列1的GA-DS组分为GA-R与 GA-NR,首先对比两组间的实验室检查指标和血浆代谢物的表达差异。然后为了探索这些差异代谢物和临床指标是否具有预测GA-DS短期复发的潜力,以队列1的数据作为训练数据集进行复发预测模型的构建,以外部的独立队列(队列2)作为验证数据集对复发预测模型进行检验。

1.3. 样本采集与处理

使用EDTA-K2抗凝管收集研究对象的血液样本,在3000 r/min的条件下离心10 min,然后分离血浆分装并储存于−80 °C。样本按标准操作规程保存在广东省中医院生物资源中心。

1.4. 代谢组的检测和数据分析

1.4.1. 血浆代谢物的提取

将20 μL血浆样本与等体积的内标标准品(20 μL)混合,加入120 μL样品释放液后,室温下置于1200 r/min振荡器中混匀孵育30 min。随后,在4 ℃、18000×g条件下离心30 min,取上清液30 μL转移至96孔板中。随后加入20 μL衍生化试剂(3-硝基苯肼)和20 μL 1-乙基-3-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐工作液〔1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride, EDC. HCl〕,密封后置于1200 r/min、40 ℃环境中反应60 min。衍生化完成后,在4 ℃、4000×g条件下离心5 min,再次取30 μL上清液至新96孔板,每孔加入90 μL样品稀释液,振荡混匀(600 r/min,10 min),并在4 ℃、4000×g离心30 min后,完成样品前处理,备用待测。

1.4.2. 超高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术分析(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS)

使用Waters ACQUITY UPLC I-Class Plus系统(美国Waters公司)结合QTRAP 6500 Plus高灵敏度质谱仪(美国SCIEX公司)进行代谢物分离和定量。色谱条件:在BEH C18柱(2.1 mm×10 cm,1.7 μm,Waters)上进行色谱分离。流动相由0.1%甲酸水溶液(溶剂A)和30%异丙醇的乙腈溶液(溶剂B)组成。梯度洗脱程序:0.00~1.00 min:5% B;1.00~5.00 min:5%~30% B;5.00~9.00 min:30%~50% B;9.00~11.00 min:50%~78% B;11.00~13.50 min:78%~95% B;13.50~14.00 min:95%~100% B(流速:0.400 mL/min);14.00~16.00 min:100% B(流速:0.600 mL/min);16.00~18.00 min:5% B(流速:0.400 mL/min)。

质谱条件:QTRAP 6500 Plus质谱仪配备ESI Turbo离子源,参数设定如下:离子源温度:400 ℃;离子喷雾电压正离子模式为+4500 V,负离子模式为-4500 V;离子源气体Ⅰ、气体Ⅱ及帘气分别为60 psi、60 psi和35 psi。采用多反应监测模式进行靶向扫描,设置包括前体离子/产物离子对、碰撞能、去簇电压及保留时间等。

1.4.3. 代谢物离子峰的提取与鉴定

利用Skyline软件(版本21.1.0.146)对质谱原始数据进行离子峰提取与代谢物鉴定。设定的参数包括单同位素峰质量、质量容差0.6 Da及检测质量范围50~1500 Da。生成的代谢物数据矩阵包含相应的定性与定量信息,供后续统计与模型分析使用。Skyline软件的详细介绍可参考其官方网站:https://skyline.ms/project/home/software/Skyline/begin.view

1.4.4. 代谢组数据分析

导出的代谢物数据首先进行标准化处理,计算Z值。后续统计分析均在R语言环境(R Studio)中完成。采用opls包执行正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLS-DA),分别进行组与组的降维聚类和特征筛选。差异代谢物的筛选阈值是VIP得分>1和-lg(FDR)>2。在湿证的诊断模型构建上,我们采用逻辑回归算法分别绘制了5个在GA-DS差异表达的代谢物在区分GA-DS与非GA-DS群体(包括HC和GA-NDS)的ROC曲线并计算了AUC值。在复发预测模型上,为了探索湿证患者是否更容易复发,我们根据随访数据统计了队列1中GA-DS组和GA-NDS组人群在样本采集时点之后12周内和24周内复发的情况,然后重新将队列1的GA-DS组分为有复发倾向组(GA-R,定义为24周内至少发作一次)与无复发倾向组(GA-NR,定义为24周内无发作);队列2为独立的外部队列,同样包含GA-R和GA-NR组。同样采用逻辑回归方法,基于队列1的数据构建了复发的预测模型,然后利用队列2的数据进行验证,计算对应的AUC值和准确率。数据可视化方面,主要通过ggplot2包完成;箱型图与火山图则通过GraphPad Prism软件绘制,以辅助代谢物筛选与结果展示。

1.5. 统计学方法

符合正态分布的计量资料以Inline graphic表示,不符合正态分布的计量资料以中位数(P25,P75)表示,使用GraphPad Prism v9或R统计软件包进行统计分析。两组间的单变量比较,符合正态分布的数据采用独立样本t检验,不符合正态分布的数据采用非参数曼-惠尼特检验(Mann-Whitney U检验),P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。代谢组数据经z-score 标准化处理后进行分析,多组间单变量的两两比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Turkey多重检验,以Adjusted P<0.05为差异有统计学意义;对于多组间多变量比较,采用One-way ANOVA分析和FDR(Benjamini–Hochberg)进行多重比较的控制,q<0.05为差异有统计学意义;相关性分析采用Spearman相关性分析。

2. 结果

2.1. 实验室指标显示GA-DS的代谢紊乱更明显和炎症水平更高

结果如表1所示,在体质量指数(body mass index, BMI)方面,GA-DS组高于HC组(adjusted P<0.001)。SUA水平亦呈类似趋势,GA-DS组的SUA水平高于HC组(adjusted P<0.01)和GA-NDS组(adjusted P<0.01)。脂质代谢方面,GA-DS组总胆固醇(total cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(triglycerides, TG)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C)水平均高于GA-NDS组(均P<0.05,差异均有统计学意义)。这些结果提示GA湿证的患者尿酸和脂质代谢异常更明显。

表 1. Clinical characteristics.

临床特征

Index HC group
(n = 24)
GA
DS group
(n = 30)
NDS group
(n = 30)
 HC: healthy control; GA: gouty arthritis; DS: dampness syndrome; NDS: non-dampness syndrome; BMI: body mass index; SUA: serum uric acid; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; Cr: creatinine; hCRP: high-sensitivity c-reactive protein; ESR: erythrocyte sedimentation rate; eGFR: glomerular filtration rate; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein; LDL-C: low density lipoprotein; NA: not applicable. Data are expressed as Inline graphic, case, or median (P25, P75). * Adjusted P < 0.05, ** adjusted P < 0.01, *** adjusted P < 0.001, three-group pairwise comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA; # P < 0.05, ## P < 0.01, ### P < 0.001, versus the DS group (independent samples t-test or Mann-Whitney U test).
Age/yr. 38.46 ± 12.90 44.40 ± 11.79 38.73 ± 10.64
Sex (male/female) 24/0 30/0 30/0
BMI/(kg/m2) 22.34 ± 2.25 25.59 ± 2.86*** 24.28 ± 2.99*
SUA/(μmol/L) 356.00 ± 51.48 460.93 ± 125.43** 351.13 ± 84.71###
AST/(mmol/L) 19.28 (17.91, 23.00) 20.50 (17.5, 27.00) 21.50 (17.75, 24.25)
ALT/(mmol/L) 17.03 (12.14, 27.81) 27.00 (15.00, 35.25) 23.50 (17.00, 29.25)
Cr/(μmol/L) 87.01 (74.00, 95.37) 90.50 (83.50, 109.75) 86.50 (78.50, 99.00)
Urea/(mmol/L) 4.54 (3.74, 6.34) 4.68 (4.36, 5.56) 4.61 (3.70, 5.42)
hCRP/(mg/L) NA 3.52 (1.36, 6.86) 1.89 (0.14, 3.92)
ESR/(mm/1 h) NA 24.50 (15.00, 41.75) 21.50 (14.75, 28.25)##
eGFR/(mL/[min·1.73 m2]) NA 85.01 ± 19.94 100.45 ± 21.24##
TC/(mmol/L) NA 5.10 ± 0.95 4.34 ± 0.68##
TG/(mmol/L) NA 1.99 (1.49, 3.06) 1.23 (0.76, 1.60)###
HDL-C/(mmol/L) NA 1.10 (0.96, 1.29) 1.21 (1.01, 1.40)
LDL-C/(mmol/L) NA 3.33 (2.55, 4.01) 2.82 (2.49, 3.21)#

在炎症指标方面(包括血沉和超敏C-反应蛋白),GA-DS的中位数血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)高于GA-NDS组(P<0.01)。GA-DS组的超敏C-反应蛋白(high-sensitivity c-reactive protein, hCRP)同样高于GA-NDS组,但组间差异无统计学意义。这些结果提示GA-DS伴随更严重的系统性炎症反应。综上所述,GA-DS患者在代谢紊乱及炎症激活方面的异常更明显,提示湿证可能通过影响代谢-炎症轴加重GA病情,相关机制尚待进一步探讨。

2.2. 靶向代谢组数据揭示GA-DS的血浆代谢图谱改变

如附图1A所示,基于血浆代谢物表达数据构建的模型可以清楚地区分GA-DS组和HC组(R2Y=0.934,Q2Y=0.801)。其中对模型贡献最大的前三种代谢物分别是尿苷-5'-单磷酸(uridine-5'-monophosphate)、乙酰香草酮(acetovanillone)和S-5'-腺苷-L-同型半胱氨酸(S-5'-adenosyl-L-homocysteine)。此外,以VIP得分>1和-lg(FDR)>2的阈值,共筛选到两组间的27种差异代谢物,其中16种在GA-DS组中上调,11种下调(附图1B)。类似的,本研究也构建了GA-NDS组与HC组的OPLS-DA模型(附图1C,R2Y=0.923,Q2Y=0.808)并筛选出51种差异代谢物(附图1D)。尽管GA-DS组和GA-NDS组均为GA患者,但两组却表现出不同的血浆代谢物谱(附图1E,R2Y=0.876,Q2Y=0.652),两组间的差异代谢物高达50种。其中,33种代谢物在GA-DS组升高,17种降低(附图1F)。这些差异表明GA-DS的血浆代谢特征不仅与HC存在区别,而且与GA-NDS也有明显差异。附图见网络资源附件。

2.3. 鉴定15种GA的血浆差异代谢物

与HC(n=24)相比,GA-DS(n=30)和GA-NDS(n=30)之间有15种共同的差异代谢物,包括7种上调的和8种下调的代谢物(图1A,图中数据为q值,q<0.05为差异有统计学意义)。与临床实验室检查指标进行相关性分析发现,这15种GA特异的血浆代谢物中,对羟基苯乙酸(ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid)、邻苯二甲酸(phthalic acid)和S-5'-adenosyl-L-homocysteine与肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR)呈负相关,Sperman相关系数分别为-0.49、-0.53和-0.59(图1B),提示它们的异常可能与肾小球滤过功能降低有关。此外,S-5'-adenosyl-L-homocysteine还与hCRP呈正相关(r=0.48,图1C),提示该代谢物可能参与炎症反应。

图 1.

图 1

Analysis of 15 differential metabolites in GA

GA的15种差异代谢物分析

The abbreviations are exmplained in the note to Table 1. The data in the figure A represents the q values. q < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference. A, Relative expression levels of the 15 differential metabolites that were consistently altered in both GA-DS (n = 30) vs. HC (n = 24) and GA-NDS (n = 30) vs. HC (n = 24) comparisons across the three plasma sample groups. B, Scatter plots showing the correlations of ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, phthalic acid, and S-5'-adenosyl-L-homocysteine with eGFR. C, Scatter plot showing the correlation of S-5'-adenosyl-L-homocysteine with hCRP.

2.4. GA-DS的5种特征血浆代谢物

图2A所示,GA-DS(n=30)组与HC(n=24)和GA-NDS(n=30)组之间有五种共同的差异代谢物,分别是acetovanillone、环磷酸腺苷(cyclic AMP, cAMP)、香草酸甲酯(methyl-vanillate)、5-氨基咪唑-4-羧酰胺(5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide)和间香豆酸(m-coumaric acid)。这些代谢物在GA-DS组的表达水平均较高,与GA-NDS组和HC组相比,差异均有统计学意义(q<0.05)(图2B)。此外,acetovanillone与SUA呈正相关(r=0.50, P<0.05)(图2C),cAMP和m-coumaric acid则均与eGFR呈负相关(r=-0.53和r=-0.54, 均P<0.05),与hCRP呈正相关(r=0.48, P<0.05)(图2D、2E),提示这些代谢物可能与GA-DS过度的代谢功能异常和炎症状态有关。

图 2.

图 2

Specific plasma metabolites and diagnostic model of GA-DS

GA-DS的特异血浆代谢物和诊断模型

Fig G: A, acetovanillone; M, methyl-vanillate; C, cyclic AMP; the other abbreviations are exmplained in the note to Table 1. Fig A, Overlapping differential metabolites identified between each pair of groups (HC [n = 24], GA-DS [n = 30], and GA-NDS [n = 30]). Fig B, Bar plot of z-scores for 5 specific metabolites of GA-DS (pink, n = 30) as compared to GA-NDS (green, n = 30) and HC (gray, n = 24). Fig C, Scatter plot showing the correlation between acetovanillone and SUA. Fig D, Scatter plots showing the correlations of cyclic AMP with eGFR and hCRP. Fig E, Scatter plots showing the correlations of methyl-vanillate with eGFR and hCRP. Fig F, Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the predictive performance of acetovanillone, methyl vanillate, and cyclic AMP in distinguishing GA-DS from non-GA-DS (HC and GA-NDS). Fig G, Violin plot showing the out-of-bag (OOB) error rates of 10000 runs in the training dataset for different combinations of metabolites and the accuracy of 10000 runs in the test dataset for the same combinations of metabolites.

AUC值排在前三位的代谢物分别是acetovanillone〔曲线下面积(area under the curve, AUC)=0.915,95%置信区间(confidence interval, CI): 0.855~0.975〕、methyl-vanillate(AUC=0.826,95%CI: 0.732~0.920)和cAMP(AUC=0.794,95%CI: 0.698~0.891)(图2F)。随后,本研究将这三个代谢物进行不同组合,使用随机森林算法分别构建了诊断模型,即acetovanillone+methyl-vanillate+cAMP (A+M+C), acetovanillone+methyl-vanillate (A+M), acetovanillone+cAMP (A+C)和cAMP+methyl-vanillate (C+M)。以7∶3的比例随机将样本分成训练和测试数据集,经过10000次反复抽提建模,发现A+C模型表现最好,在训练数据集中平均袋外误差(OOB)值为0.158±0.038 (与其他组合比较,Adjusted P均<0.001,差异有统计学意义),在测试数据集中平均准确率最高,达到(84.2±6.6)%(与其他组合比较,Adjusted P均<0.001,差异有统计学意义)(图2G)。提示GA-DS的特征血浆代谢物具有开发诊断模型的潜力,但仍然需要大样本的外部独立数据集进行验证。

2.5. 构建GA-DS的复发预测模型

图3A。结果表明GA-DS在12周和24周时的复发率分别为20.0%(4/20)和41.7%(5/12),高于GA-NDS组的13.6%(3/22)和27.8%(5/18),该结果与湿邪容易导致疾病缠绵反复的认识相一致。

图 3.

图 3

Differential metabolites and predictive modeling for GA-DS recurrence

GA-DS复发的差异代谢物和预测建模

GA-R: gouty arthritis with recurrence; GA-NR: gouty arthritis with no recurrence; CK: creatine kinase; CK-MB: creatine kinase-myocardial band; VIP: variable importance in the projection; Acc: accuracy; the other abbreviations are explained in the note to Table 1. A, Bar charts showing the recurrence rates of GA-DS and GA-NDS at the 12-week and 24-week follow-ups. B, Scatter plots illustrating the differences in clinical indicators between GA-NR (n = 24) and GA-R (n = 22). C, Scatter plots displaying the differential metabolites between GA-NR and GA-R in Cohort 1 and Cohort 2. D, Venn diagram showing the overlap of differential metabolites between GA-NR and GA-R across the two cohorts, with box plots depicting the expression levels of the two overlapping metabolites. E, Bar charts depicting the accuracy (blue) and AUC values (yellow) in Cohort 2 for recurrence-prediction models constructed in Cohort 1 using randomly combined metabolites and clinical indicators as variables. F, Confusion matrix and ROC curve of the best-performing model (cyclic AMP + CK-MB) for predicting GA recurrence.

24周内对比队列1和队列2两组间的实验室检查指标发现GA-R组的SUA、TC和LDL-C水平较高,而肌酸激酶同工酶MB(creatine kinase-myocardial band, CK-MB)水平较低(图3B)。该结果表明复发风险高的GA-DS人群尿酸和脂质代谢紊乱更突出。此外,本研究也进行两组间的差异代谢物分析,并利用队列2的数据进行验证。如图3C火山图所示,队列1中GA-NR和GA-R的差异代谢物有27种,而队列2中两组间的差异代谢物有24种。经交集分析发现cAMP和尿苷琥珀酸(ureidosuccinic acid)均在GA-R组中明显升高(图3D)。

复发预测模型显示cAMP+CK-MB构建的模型最佳,在队列2中的精准度为67.39%(95%CI: 52.0%~80.5%),AUC值为0.803(95%CI: 0.676~0.930),优于其他组合(图3E3F)。这表明cAMP+CK-MB的数据组合对于构建稳定的GA-DS复发预测模型是有潜力的。

3. 讨论

本研究结果显示,与HC和GA-NDS相比,GA-DS患者呈现更突出的代谢紊乱和系统性炎症激活,表现为BMI、SUA及脂质代谢指标(如TC、TG、LDL-C)均显著升高。该结果提示,中医“湿证”可能通过干扰代谢-炎症轴,加重GA病情并提高复发风险。

为了揭示GA-DS的代谢特征及其潜在生物标志物,我们采用靶向代谢组学分析血浆代谢物,发现acetovanillone、cAMP等5种代谢物在GA-DS患者中显著升高。acetovanillone是一种天然产物,具有NADPH氧化酶抑制活性[13-14],已在多项动物研究中显示抗关节炎效应[15-17]。例如,acetovanillone可抑制T细胞介导的免疫反应,从而抑制小鼠体内CD4+和CD8+ T细胞的活化以及细胞内干扰素-γ的表达[12]。然而在本研究中,acetovanillone水平与炎症指标无明显相关性,反而在炎症水平升高的GA-DS患者中升高,可能与其来源于中药成分(如麻黄、牡丹皮)相关。此外,本研究观察到acetovanillone与SUA呈正相关,提示其可能参与尿酸代谢。整体上,该代谢物的升高可能为一种代偿性反应,或反映患者特定用药背景,具体机制仍待深入探讨。

cAMP作为经典第二信使,广泛参与免疫与炎症调控,已被报道通过多种机制减轻炎症。例如,由蛋白酶激活受体2(PAR2)介导的cAMP生成可抑制肺泡巨噬细胞中TRPV4依赖的Ca2+信号传导,从而缓解由TLR4诱导的炎症[18]。cAMP能够以时间依赖的方式抑制M-CSF诱导的成熟和未成熟巨噬细胞中ERK、JNK和p38的激活[19]。但本研究观察到cAMP与hCRP正相关,且在GA-DS中升高,提示其可能在GA-DS患者中反映炎症负反馈激活状态,而非单纯的抗炎信号。这一现象表明,cAMP在GA-DS中的动态调控作用可能更复杂,其升高或为慢性炎症应激的一部分。值得注意的是,acetovanillone和cAMP均展现出较好的诊断潜力。在随机森林建模中,基于二者组合的模型(A+C)在测试集中的准确率达84.2%,提示其有望作为GA-DS客观诊断工具,为中医“湿证”辨证提供代谢组学支持。总之,这些具有病证特异性的代谢物为探讨GA-DS的病理机制提供了新的线索,然而其在GA-DS发病中的具体分子作用仍有待进一步深入研究。

更为重要的是,本研究发现cAMP与另一代谢物ureidosuccinic acid在GA-DS复发前即已升高,且能稳定区分复发倾向人群。Ureidosuccinic acid为嘧啶合成中间体,其在代谢疾病中的作用尚不明确,有限研究提示其可能与肿瘤发生有关[20-21]。在本研究中,其升高提示可能参与GA的代谢异常或免疫激活过程,值得进一步研究。将cAMP与反映心肌代谢的CK-MB联合建模后,构建的痛风性关节炎复发预测模型在验证队列中的AUC达0.803,优于其他组合。该模型提示cAMP作为GA-DS复发预测的生物标志物具有一定的潜力,未来有望开发为早期识别高复发风险的GA患者的指标。总之,本研究揭示了GA-DS的代谢异常特征及其与炎症、复发的相关性,初步确立了cAMP等代谢物作为潜在生物标志物的应用价值。未来需进一步在大样本及前瞻性研究中验证这些标志物的稳定性与临床实用性,并深入探索其机制。

本研究基于靶向代谢组学分析,揭示了GA-DS患者存在独特的代谢紊乱特征,筛选出acetovanillone和cAMP等特征性血浆代谢物,并初步构建了具有较好潜力的诊断与复发预测模型。然而,本研究仍存在一些局限性,如由于样本来源较为单一,且均为男性患者,结论的普适性仍需在更大规模、多中心的人群中进一步验证。此外,当前研究主要揭示了代谢物与表型之间的关联,其在疾病发生发展中的具体作用机制尚未明确。下一步,我们计划通过扩大样本量并结合功能实验,深入探索关键代谢物的病理生理功能,同时结合中医辨证开展针对湿证不同亚型的分层研究,以期更全面揭示痛风中医证候的生物学基础。

*    *    *

作者贡献声明 朱芳洁和沈正东负责调查研究、可视化和初稿写作,萧韵婷负责调查研究和可视化,吴晓东、梅丽艳和杜海芳负责调查研究,徐瑶和陈秀敏负责研究方法,王茂杰负责论文构思、经费获取、研究方法、监督指导、可视化和审读与编辑写作,黄闰月负责论文构思、经费获取、监督指导和审读与编辑写作。所有作者已经同意将文章提交给本刊,且对将要发表的版本进行最终定稿,并同意对工作的所有方面负责。

Author Contribution ZHU Fangjie and SHEN Zhengdong are responsible for investigation, visualization, and writing--original draft. XIAO Yunting is responsible for investigation and visualization. WU Xiaodong, MEI Yanli, and DU Haifang are responsible for investigation. XU Yao and CHEN Xiumin are responsible for methodology. WANG Maojie is responsible for conceptualization, funding acquisition, methodology, supervision, visualization, and writing--review and editing. HUANG Runyue is responsible for conceptualization, funding acquisition, supervision, and writing--review and editing. All authors consented to the submission of the article to the Journal. All authors approved the final version to be published and agreed to take responsibility for all aspects of the work.

利益冲突 所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Conflicts of Interest All authors declare no competing interests.

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金面上项目(No. 82174285),省部共建中医湿证国家重点实验室专项基金(No. SZ2023ZZ10和No. SZ2021KF16),广东省科技计划项目(No. 2023B1212060063), 广东省2020年科技创新战略专项基金(粤港澳联合实验室)(No. 2020B1212030006),广东省中医药管理局(科研平台专项项目)(No. 20244021),广州市科技局市院联合专项(No. 2023A03J0237),广东省中医院院内专项(No. YN2023HL03、No. YN2023ZH06和No. YN2023HL02)和广东省中医院李济仁学术经验传承工作室(No. [2020]161)资助

Contributor Information

芳洁 朱 (Fangjie ZHU), Email: zhufangjieying@foxmail.com.

茂杰 王 (Maojie WANG), Email: maojiewang@gzucm.edu.cn.

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