Compassionate communities, Māori ageing and end-of-life: A systematic review

Abstract

Background:

Māori people in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia experience significant healthcare inequity as they age and towards the end of their lives. Compassionate community approaches to ageing and end-of-life care are increasing in popularity throughout the world. However, this approach has arisen from Eurocentric knowledge systems and not from First Nations people and their communities.

Objectives:

This research aimed to gain insight into what the Compassionate Communities approach means for First Nations people and identify implications for Māori in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. A systematic literature review explored the intersection of Compassionate Communities and First Nations peoples’ perspectives and needs. Addressing the overarching question of: What does the Compassionate Communities approach mean for older First Nations people?

Design:

A Kaupapa Māori approach was used to answer the research question and to explore the literature retrieved.

Methods:

The main literature search was conducted during 2020–2022, with subsequent searches in 2023 and a final search in 2025. The review was conducted in Covidence systematic review software following the PRISMA process. Screening was completed by two reviewers and assessed against the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Kaupapa Māori theoretical questions were applied to each full-text article, with a rating of positive, neutral or negative allocated to establish conceptual alignment. NVivo thematic analysis software was utilised to code and explore themes.

Results:

Fifty papers were imported into Covidence, with 22 studies included in the final review.

Conclusion:

The review found minimal discussion about how Compassionate Communities approaches are implemented in a way that includes First Nations knowledges of ageing and end of life. There is a greater need to understand the contribution First Nations peoples’ wellness philosophies make to the Compassionate Communities approach. Evaluations of Compassionate Community initiatives need to be more inclusive of First Nation peoples and their knowledges. In Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia, more research is needed to understand pathways to well-being for older Māori people based upon existing community strengths to ensure flourishing futures. Addressing these knowledge deficits will support efforts to address the inequities experienced by First Nations people as they age and at the end of life.

Introduction

The Compassionate Communities (CC) model is spreading across the world, with the aim to achieve connected caring cities and communities. ¹ This approach has grown from the World Health Organization, Ottawa Charter and the Healthy City movement. ¹ Most of the recent documented success of this approach has been within palliative and end-of-life care. ² However, this approach has arisen from Eurocentric ideas of what it means to be an older person, and someone reaching the end of their lives. First Nations people are often receivers of new models of community care and are less often the directors and instigators of new models. ³ Māori people are the First people of New Zealand and continue to experience healthcare inequity in their home country ⁴ ; however, there are also many Māori people living in Australia who also experience similar poor health outcomes. ⁵

There is potential for the CC model to have wider implications beyond the palliative and end-of-life agenda and improve health equity and outcomes; however, this has received little attention. From a First Nations standpoint, ageing and end-of-life are part of the continuum of life, with one intertwined with the other. Whilst the aims of the CC approach are clear, there is little known about what this means for First Nations communities and how First Nations peoples’ worldviews are incorporated into CC interventions and projects. This systematic literature review explores how the CC approach has informed community health delivery for First Nations people across the world, and what this means for Māori people living in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. The aim of the review was to establish a foundation for future critical discourse around compassionate community frameworks for Māori ageing in Australia and New Zealand.

Background

The CC model’s holistic perspective of sickness, health, death and loss recognises that care is a role for health and social services and a responsibility of the community.^6,7 One of the many initiatives to come from the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, ⁸ CC aspires to connect people and their networks in a caring community way that supports better health and care outcomes for all people.^7,9 Evidence is growing for CC success in improving palliative care experiences; however, a broad approach is needed to realise this impact. ² A strength of this approach is that it promotes the mobilisation of community assets in a way that is determined by community need.^9,10

First Nations people across the world experience healthcare inequity as they age and towards the end of their lives. ¹¹ They face a unique set of challenges that have arisen from the impacts of colonisation, urbanisation and globalisation. ³ Healthcare provision is largely modelled on Eurocentric ideas of health, lacking the understanding of cultural difference when it comes to ageing and end-of-life philosophy. Prior to the SARS COVID-19 pandemic, there was a predicted 30-year surge in the number of people over 65 years of age across the world.^12,13 Coupled with the impact of long COVID on ageing, it has become even more important to explore public health approaches to population healthcare. ¹⁴ However, ageing well holds different meanings for individual communities and the people that live within them. For example, it often comes with a specific expectation that there is personal responsibility for health, rather than considering the impact that social determinants have. ¹⁵ There are few mainstream health models that meet the needs of older First Nations people, limiting access to adequate healthcare services and resources. Stephens ¹⁶ argues that setting successful ageing as a goal for the population reinforces the social exclusion and marginalisation of older people, which is a significant concern when it comes to supporting ageing Māori people.

The contemporary dominant successful ageing discourse within non-Māori research, policy and the media, focuses on independence, workplace contribution and good health as attainable goals. This forces Māori discourses on what constitutes healthy ageing into the background.^16–18 Stephens ¹⁶ argues that this construction of ageing does not allow for the inclusion of withdrawal or preparation for death, leaving only the active and healthy ageing discourses to promote healthy, coping and independent individuals. Current strategies in Aotearoa New Zealand often focus on individual and community behaviour changes as a mechanism for mitigating the burden of an ageing population and the pressure that this places upon health and community care systems.

Aims

The aim of this literature review was to explore existing research, discussion and perspectives from international approaches to CC models for older populations of First Nations peoples, and the meaning for Māori communities in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Implementation of these models and their outcomes was of particular interest to the research team to provide insight into the meaning of this approach for Māori communities. The review questions included: What does the CC approach mean for older First Nations people? What is there to learn about CC approaches to ageing and end-of-life care and support for First Nations people? Is there a role for the CC approach in Māori communities in Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia?

Methodology

A Kaupapa Māori approach was used to analyse the concepts. ¹⁹ Four authors identify as Māori health and well-being researchers from nursing and social science disciplines. The review was conducted as part of a postdoctoral research fellowship in Māori health. A systematic review methodology was adapted for this review, using Covidence software and review process, of (1) Title and abstract screening two reviewers; (2) Consensus reached, and articles progressed to full-text review; (3) Full-text review and consensus reached; (4) Data extraction and conceptual alignment rating; (5) Export to NVivo for thematic analysis.

The Kaupapa Māori critical discourse analysis method proposed by Jackson ²⁰ was applied to the literature search and analysis of findings; four points of alignment were considered. These points were an inter-professional approach, a focus on social change, critical discourse analysis and tino rangatiratanga (sovereignty). ²⁰ The review was registered with PROSPERO, registration number CRD420251156066. A full protocol was not prepared.

Methods

Search strategy

Literature was retrieved from databases during 2020, 2021 and a final search in October 2025. The search was conducted via the university library multi-database search system, and a separate search was also conducted in ProQuest, Embase Community and Google Scholar. Boolean operators were used in combinations with terms ‘Māori’ OR ‘Indigenous’ AND ‘models for compassionate community healthy ageing and end-of-life’ OR ‘Indigenous healthy ageing and end-of-life’ OR ‘Indigenous compassionate community frameworks for healthy ageing and end-of-life’. The subsequent articles retrieved were imported into EndNote, reference management software and then imported into Covidence for screening. Two reviewers, M.C. and M.G., conducted the literature searching and reviewing process.

Agreeing on article’s conceptual alignment

Team meetings occurred during the screening process. During the team meetings, it was clear that there were different theoretical approaches to the review, which made consensus difficult. To support the researchers to make confident inclusion decisions during screening, a scale was developed so that the reviewers could decide on the alignment of the articles with the review question. This reduced the risk of bias and added a way to reach team consensus through a bi-cultural exploration of the literature. The scale was developed as a quality assessment tool in the Covidence systematic review software (Veritas Health Innovation, 2025),^21,22 it consisted of themes related to the inclusion criteria. Articles were rated as positive, neutral or negative; this rating was then utilised to identify the best examples of articles that met the review aims.

Three scales were added:

• (i) Relevance to topic/review aim.

• (ii) Applicability to setting, question and cultural context.

• (iii) Transferability to Aotearoa, New Zealand or Australia.

Key reflexive questions for each scale:

1. Does the paper explore the application of the Compassionate Community Model in Ageing and End of Life for Indigenous populations? Does the paper address issues of inequity? Does the paper mobilise Indigenous knowledge? Does the paper align with Kaupapa Māori four points?

2. Applicable to the New Zealand Māori context, does it incorporate discussion regarding this context and could it be easily applied to the target community and population?

3. Can the research be transferred into the context of compassionate community ageing and end-of-life care for Māori people?

Results

There were N = 50 articles retrieved, after title and abstract screening, there were n=40 full-text articles retrieved for review. Abstract and full-text screening was conducted by two reviewers against the inclusion and exclusion criteria (see Table 1).

Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Inclusion	Exclusion
Publication year 2010–2025	Prior to 2010
English	Non-English
Primary research	No full text
Reports Systematic or Scoping reviews	Non-Indigenous focus
First Nations inclusive or focus	No relationship to Indigenous views
Compassionate Communities philosophy included	Not inclusive of Compassionate Communities approach
Includes First Nations voices, views or knowledges	Does not include First Nation’s knowledges

Twenty-two articles were included in the final analysis (see Figure 1, Prisma Flow diagram generated in Covidence). The full table of included articles can be found in Table A1.

Figure 1.

PRISMA flow chart of the study selection process. ²³

Analysis

Full-text documents of included papers were imported into NVivo software and coded by M.C. and K.M. An iterative process of higher and lower order concept coding was conducted. Thematic analysis was undertaken by exploring the key codes pertaining to the research question. Themes were discussed in team meetings, and a draft results paper was shared with all team members for wider discussion of findings. ²⁴

Overall characteristics of the literature

The literature included issues relating to compassionate ageing such as interventions for cognitive decline^7,25; social isolation and loneliness ²⁶ ; chronic disease management, ²⁷ spirituality^28,29 and nursing role and end of life. ³⁰ There were a few articles that specifically addressed Māori health, such as Māori model of older people’s palliative care ³¹ , colonisation and the impact on health equity for Māori.^32,33 Dying at an advanced age and community role^27,34 and dying at home and community role.^9,35 Culturally appropriate care, including language^36,37 models of implementation and evaluation. ³⁸ Articles also discussed the needs of the carer ²⁵ and the health professionals as partners in care. ³⁹ A scoping review of ageing well for Indigenous people ¹⁵ and an evaluation of CC for vulnerable populations. ⁴⁰ A peer education article focused on Māori elders’ social and emotional connectedness. ⁴¹ A scoping review of CC interventions, which included cultural interventions. ⁴²

Although there were many papers with overlapping themes, there were very few that specifically addressed all the objectives of the literature search.

Of the six (n = 6) articles that received the highest conceptual alignment rating by both researchers, three (n = 3) focused on palliative and end-of-life care^28,34,37 and one (n = 1) Egan and Blank ²⁹ explored spirituality and ageing. One article (n = 1) explored the application of a bi-cultural compassionate nursing model of palliative care. ⁴³ One (n = 1) article explored the development of a CC model for community capacity development. ⁴⁴ Articles were written by authors across multiple contexts, including Aotearoa New Zealand, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Table 2 demonstrates the relationship between the main themes identified in the literature. The critical analysis related to the research questions identified five key themes within the literature with the highest conceptual alignment ratings. These are depicted in Figure 2.

Table 2.

Overarching themes, concepts and intervention.

Overarching theme	Connected concepts	Interventions
Compassionate ageing	Cognitive decline	Isolation and loneliness
Māori health	Palliative care	Older people at end of life
Culturally appropriate care	Indigenous knowledge	Recognition and reconciliation, cultural safety
Models of implementation	First Nations communities	Co-design and collaboration
Family and community care	Community care	Caring for the carer, partnering with healthcare professionals

Figure 2.

Key themes.

Synthesis of themes

Cultural safety

A scoping review of the literature concerning First Nations peoples’ palliative care in rural and small-town settings in Canada, the United States, New Zealand and Australia was conducted by Schill and Caxaj, ³⁷ where 22 articles were included in the review. The authors focused on the impacts that a culturally safe approach can have on end-of-life care experiences in rural palliative care settings for First Nations people. Recommendations from the literature included models of care that recognise First Nations cultures through symbolic gestures and that create a space that appreciates the uniqueness of First Nations people. An awareness of potential or actual barriers to care and approaches to mitigate these barriers was raised. Partnering with family and community in a shared decision-making context, when delivering end-of-life care specific to personal cultural needs, was identified as important. Respect and community ownership were also identified as key aspects of providing culturally safe end-of-life care.

Empowerment of identity and culturally responsive policy were seen as influencing end-of-life care outcomes. Schill and Caxaj ³⁷ were clear to identify and define the differences between cultural competence and cultural safety, identifying specific interventions aligned with each approach. They specifically noted that cultural safe ‘strategies in palliative care emphasize the need for individual and institutional awareness of colonialism, racism and discrimination, requiring providers to practice self-reflection as part of decolonizing their own practice’ (p. 11). Kelley ⁴⁴ is clear to articulate the inclusion of First Nations perspectives and rural models of palliative care. Despite this, the systematic review by Roleston et al. ⁴² found very little mention of cultural safety within the literature, cultural concepts were reduced to cafe events with one mention of weaving.

Reconciliation and recognition

The need for recognition for First Nations people within health and community care settings was further highlighted in a qualitative study, which emphasised how healthcare education requires better truth-telling methods to achieve health equity. ⁴⁵ The study also recommended that healthcare strategies must involve First Nations peoples and show a nuanced understanding of what it is to be a First Nations ally because the majority of the participants in the study had a limited understanding that health inequities stem from colonisation. This lack of recognition of colonial impacts on health inequities leads to a sense of invisibility within the community and the healthcare systems. As Pfaff et al. ⁴⁰ suggest the most vulnerable people are those who perceived themselves to be or were perceived by healthcare providers as being invisible or isolated within the health and social care systems. The authors highlighted that little is known about vulnerable people’s experiences of CC implementation and the impacts on care equity. They explored stakeholders’ experiences of the Vulnerable Persons (VP) programme, which was developed to provide support to people living with low income and housing insecurity in Ontario, Canada.

Spirituality in ageing and end-of-life

Egan and Blank ²⁹ focused on the growing understanding of the impact of spirituality on ageing. In this paper, the authors define and explore First Nations peoples’ concepts of spirituality, and advocate for the expansion of spirituality to address the needs of the population and move towards healthy ageing through a public health approach. Concluding that the very naming of spirituality is an issue, Egan and Blank ²⁹ leave us with an expression of the crisis of existence that took place during the COVID-19 pandemic, reminding us that ‘we have no choice but to age and die, but how well we do these things is up to us individually, and also crucially, influenced by our society, by our environment and by the communities in which we live’ (p. 122).

From a social care perspective and Māori worldview, spirituality is a cornerstone of well-being but also a complex intersection of people, place and relationships with others. ⁴⁶ The interconnectedness of spirituality and emotional health resonates with Johnson-Bogaerts ²⁸ who spoke about the importance of spiritual support, compassion and empathy during end-of-life, because part of dying is letting go, acceptance and peace.

Community and family connectedness

First Nations communities relied upon family care givers to support them through ageing and the end of life. Roleston et al. ⁴² highlight the extensive work that has been conducted through CC interventions since 2013. Their review of 310 articles in 2022 demonstrates the growth and capacity of CC approach to work with communities, finding many projects that aspired to address community determined need through co-design and collaborative processes. For First Nations communities, the emphasis on family care and community connectedness has synergy with the CC approach, with a desire to remain in the home or on country, yet this relational aspect of CC approach is often not well articulated within the literature.

Implementation and effectiveness

Librada-Flores et al. ³⁸ conducted a systematic review of the implementation of CC approaches at end of life. Reviewing 112 articles, which led to three main models being identified; top down, bottom up and co-design models. Although authors noted that the compassionate cities approach promotes and celebrates reconciliation with First Nations peoples, there was very little mention of this within the review of each implementation model. Many models discussed the need to deliver more compassionate care, to understand what compassion is, and to partner with communities and families. Yet, the explicit mention of First Nations people and their relationships with health organisations in building CC and cities is absent from the literature. There is extensive mention of community networking and community-controlled health, little definition about the various parts of community, including the intersection between First Nations people and the wider community. This leaves little insight into how the CC models are serving First Nations communities and whether the aspirations for reconciliation within compassionate cities is being realised. Concluding that there is very little evidence about how CC approaches are implemented and their impacts, Librada-Flores et al. ³⁸ recommend the need for a global best practice model which could facilitate evaluation of impact and effectiveness.

Recommendations for the way forward

Cognitive decline

Dunn et al. ²⁵ explored a compassionate intervention for cognitive decline in older Native American people, focusing on the link between resilience and traditional spiritual and cultural lifestyle to develop a programme of education for caregivers and elders. The ‘Adopt-A-Native-Elder-Program (sic)’ (original program title) is a not-for-profit organisation that provides support for Navajo elders who follow spiritual cultural traditions, through the provision of essential and nonessential resources. Informal or family care giving of older people has always been a feature of Native American families, yet Dunn et al. ²⁵ found that it was not known as this, finding that the very mention of this term generated mixed feelings from the community. Receiving payment for caring was also often a cultural concern and could be seen as against cultural ways of being and doing. This inhibits the type of intervention that can occur to support informal caregivers. The researchers utilised the Theory of Compassion Energy with a Community Participatory Action Research model. This theory explored the caring space as the caring environment where the focus was on compassionate interaction rather than the care as a task to be attended to. Although the programme was reported as successful in achieving a more resilient and understanding caring relationship between elders and their carers, the authors concluded that there is a greater need to understand ancient wellness philosophies, and the link to ageing and informal, or family care giving to guide future health promotion programmes in ageing.

Social determinants of health, connected communities

Compassionate approaches explore ways to reduce the impact of social isolation and loneliness during ageing. Breen et al. ²⁶ addressed the fragmentation of society and the impact that this has on social isolation and loneliness. Exploring how grief and loss are experienced within contemporary communities, making them often lonely places to grieve. The recommendation for a compassionate approach is to ensure that communities identify educational programmes about grief and bereavement from within their own cultural contexts. Kelley ⁴⁴ clearly articulates the importance of family as an aspect of CC implementation.

Chronic disease management

Chronic disease management is becoming increasingly important as people are living longer but presenting with increasingly complex health needs. It has been noted that the link between a slow decline from chronic illness, such as cognitive decline, requires better support and acknowledgement that this is an end-of-life journey.

Consequently, a compassionate approach requires the understanding of how the chronic disease ageing experience differs for the older person and the carer, than for people without a chronic illness. Tompkins ²⁷ identifies that a compassionate approach to the care of older people would increase focus on healthy ageing, improved integration of social and health care and improve population health equity for ageing community members and their carers. Gott et al. ³⁴ identified that people with advanced age (over 80 for Māori and 85 for non-Māori) have specific requirements for ageing and end-of-life that require specialised home and community support.

Intersection of compassionate communities and Indigenous communities

A model of considerations was developed to establish the key relationships that were explored within the literature, see Figure A1. Cross-cutting themes discussed are under the pressure of social determinants of health, whilst the CC framework is in many ways aligned with best practice in working in collaboration with First Nations communities, there lies a tension in the fulfilment of aspirations. For example, the CC priorities recommendations are for a broad systems approach, community needs focus, policy change and focusing on family care. The First Nations communities’ focus was on chronic disease prevention and management, self-determination, cognitive decline, home and country. There is a need for more collaboration to ensure that each First Nations community can achieve its own aspirations for health, well-being and flourishing into the future. The themes highlighted in this paper are at the centre of the model, forming a bridge to enhance health and well-being outcomes for First Nations communities when engaging with the CC interventions.

Discussion

There are implications for public health that influence the healthy ageing agenda for Māori people. ⁴⁷ First Nations peoples’ perspectives of the determinants of health have been identified by Moewaka Barnes and McCreanor ³² outlining the impact that colonisation has on the health and well-being of Māori communities; the significance of this continued impact is a point to address. When considering a compassionate approach to community development, this must be acknowledged and factored into strategies for future implementation. Moewaka Barnes and McCreanor ³² take an approach to re-conceptualising health and well-being for Māori through the historical trauma lens, bridging the past with the contemporary health disparity for Māori communities, with the vision of developing a sovereign Māori paradigm. They envisage a Māori public health which they have called Tangata Whenua Tangata Ora, an integrated value-based approach grounded in the notion of mauri (life force essence of a person and their connection to their surroundings). Integrating the holistic aspects of te ao Māori (the Māori world) and the relationship between Māori peoples and the world around them provides insight into how the notion of a CC can be re-conceptualised for the modern diverse community of Māori people living within Aotearoa New Zealand and Australia. Connection to cultural identity and cultural resources has been identified by Yashadhana et al. ⁴⁸ as being important to resilience in ageing and end-of-life for First Nations people and to compassionate approaches to care. Spirituality is often discussed at the end of life; however, rarely is it linked to healthy ageing or ageing well.

There is a need to ensure spirituality is embedded in all approaches to care. ⁴⁶ There remains a need to not only understand barriers and enablers to achieve well-being for ageing Māori people but to provide pathways to wellness for Māori communities based on existing community strengths. As a population group, Māori are overrepresented in data relating to chronic illness, and they continue to experience many barriers to adequate healthcare services. ⁴⁹ The research shows that inequity faced by Māori and other marginalised communities can be perpetuated by the differences in worldviews between the community and practitioner, including within CC’ initiatives. Links between ageing concerns such as cognitive decline, loneliness and end-of-life experiences were identified as needing greater attention. However, overall, very few articles addressed First Nations people’s relationship with the compassionate community approach to ageing and end-of-life. This paper shows there is a need to further explore how public health approaches, such as the CC model, can support ageing for older First Nations’ peoples, including older Māori.

Strengths and limitations

The strength of this review is that it was undertaken through a decolonising lens and by a bi-cultural team of multidisciplinary health researchers. Limitations of this research are in the lack of direct literature addressing the specific research questions and the limited perspectives of First Nations communities included. The review processes were complex due to the nature of the questions and the bi-cultural perspectives, requiring strategies to overcome the differences in worldview. There was no best practice framework to guide the review.

Conclusion

There remains a need for more research to understand pathways to well-being for older Māori people based upon existing community strengths to ensure flourishing Indigenous futures. Indigenous people continue to experience healthcare inequity as they age and at the end-of-life. There is a greater need to understand the contribution Indigenous wellness philosophies make to the CC approach. This includes Indigenous knowledge being valued as a guide for improving care delivery for older people to achieve living longer well and ageing and dying in place. Where there are CC programmes, they must be assessed and measured against community aspirations.

Appendix A

Figure A1.

Model of considerations.

Table A1.

Table of articles included in the review.

No.	Title	Authors	Published year	Journal
1	Nurses leading the response to the crisis of palliative care for vulnerable populations	McHugh, Marlene E; Arnold, Joan; Buschman, Penelope R	2012	Nursing Economics
2	Bringing our dying home: how caring for someone at end of life builds social capital and develops compassionate communities	Horsfall, Debbie; Noonan, Kerrie; Leonard, Rosemary	2012	Health Sociology Review
3	Why patients have a moral obligation to give care to clinicians	Buetow, Stephen	2014	Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice
4	Spiritual care is integral to compassionate care: speakers at a recent conference stressed the value of spiritual care. (news focus)	Johnson-Bogaerts, Hilda	2015	Nursing New Zealand (Wellington, N.Z.: 1995)
5	Making self-care a priority: caring for the carer	Charmaine, Smit	2017	Whitireia Nursing and Health Journal
6	Compassionate Communities in Canada: it is everyone’s responsibility	Tompkins, Bonnie	2018	Annals of Palliative Medicine
7	Improving equity and cultural responsiveness with marginalised communities: understanding competing worldviews	Wilson, Denise; Heaslip, Vanessa; Jackson, Debra	2018	Journal of Clinical Nursing
8	What is the role of community at the end of life for people dying in advanced age? A qualitative study with bereaved family carers	Gott, Merryn; Wiles, Janine; Moeke-Maxwell, Tess; Black, Stella; Williams, Lisa; Kerse, Ngaire; Trussardi, Gabriella	2018	Palliative Medicine
9	Healthy End of Life Project (HELP): a progress report on implementing community guidance on public health palliative care initiatives in Australia	Grindrod, Andrea; Rumbold, Bruce	2018	Annals of Palliative Medicine
10	Addressing palliative and end-of-life care needs with Native American elders	Isaacson, Mary J	2018	International Journal of Palliative Nursing
11	Colonisation, hauora and whenua in Aotearoa	Moewaka Barnes, Helen; McCreanor, Tim	2019	Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand
12	Cultural safety strategies for rural Indigenous palliative care: a scoping review	Schill, Kaela; Caxaj, Susana	2019	BMC Palliative Care
13	Educational program to promote resilience for caregivers, family members, and community members in the care of elderly Native Americans who are experiencing memory loss and cognitive decline	Dunn, Dorothy; Schwartz, Anna; Teufel-Shone, Nicolette I; Meyer, Linda A	2019	Visions: The Journal of Rogerian Nursing
14	Grief literacy: a call to action for compassionate communities	Breen, Lauren J; Kawashima, Daisuke; Joy, Karima; Cadell, Susan; Roth, David; Chow, Amy; Macdonald, Mary Ellen	2020	Death Studies
15	The Compassionate Communities Connectors model for end-of-life care: a community and health service partnership in Western Australia	Aoun, Samar M; Abel, Julian; Rumbold, Bruce; Cross, Kate; Moore, Jo; Skeers, Piari; Deliens, Luc	2020	Palliative Care and Social Practice
16	Implementation models of compassionate communities and compassionate cities at the end of life: a systematic review	Librada-Flores, Silvia; Nabal-Vicuña, María; Forero-Vega, Diana; Muñoz-Mayorga, Ingrid; Guerra-Martín, María Dolores	2020	International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
17	Bereaved families perspectives of end-of-life care: towards a bicultural Whare Tapa Whā older persons palliative care model	Moeke-Maxwell, Tess; Collier, Aileen; Wiles, Janine; Williams, Lisa; Black, Stella; Gott, Merryn	2020	Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology
18	Optimising compassionate nursing care at the end of life in hospital settings	Robinson, Jackie; Moeke-Maxell, Tess; Parr, Jenny; Slark, Julia; Black, Stella; Williams, Lisa; Gott, Merryn	2020	Journal of Clinical Nursing
19	A framework for understanding spirituality and healthy ageing: perspectives from Aotearoa New Zealand	Egan, Richard; Blank, Mei-Ling	2021	Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging
20	Developing a compassionate community: a Canadian conceptual model for community capacity development	Kelley, Mary Lou	2023	Palliative Care and Social Practice
21	Compassionate communities interventions: a scoping review	Roleston, Caity; Shaw, Rachel; West, Karen	2023	Annals of Palliative Medicine
22	Tuakana-teina peer education programme to help Māori elders enhance wellbeing and social connectedness	Oetzel, JG; Simpson, M; Meha, P; Cameron, MP; Zhang, Y; Nock, S; Reddy, R; Adams, H; Akapita, N; Akariri, N; Anderson, J; Clark, M; Ngaia, K; Hokowhitu, B	2024	BMC Geriatrics