Abstract
We present a genome assembly from a specimen of Asellus aquaticus (pond louse; Arthropoda; Malacostraca; Isopoda; Asellidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 1,977.80 megabases. Most of the assembly (93.57%) is scaffolded into 8 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has a length of 16.53 kilobases.
Keywords: Asellus aquaticus, pond louse, genome sequence, chromosomal, Isopoda
Species taxonomy
Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Crustacea; Multicrustacea; Malacostraca; Eumalacostraca; Peracarida; Isopoda; Asellota; Aselloidea; Asellidae; Asellus; Asellus aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758) (NCBI:txid92525)
Background
The pond louse, Asellus aquaticus, is a freshwater isopod belonging to the family Asellidae. It is also known by several other common names, including pond slater, water louse, aquatic sowbug and water hoglouse. Asellus aquaticus can grow up to 15 mm in length and has a mottled brown body, resembling its terrestrial relative, the woodlouse. This species can be distinguished from the less common UK species, Proasellus meridionalis, by the presence of two white spots on its head, compared to a single white spot characteristic of P. meridionalis ( Gregory, 2009). A. aquaticus is a detritivore, and feeds on organic debris at the bottom of ponds and streams. It is widely distributed in temperate freshwater habitats across the western Palaearctic: including the British and Irish Isles, northern Europe, and Russia.
Recently, Asellus aquaticus has emerged as a model taxon for studying parallel adaptation to subterranean habitats ( Balázs et al., 2021). Asellus aquaticus has independently colonised several different cave sites across eastern Europe ( Pérez-Moreno et al., 2017; Verovnik & Konec, 2019). Isolated subterranean populations reveal strikingly similar phenotypes, with parallel evolution of cave-associated traits such as depigmentation and eye reduction ( Protas et al., 2011; Verovnik & Konec, 2019). A complete genome assembly of A. aquaticus provides a valuable resource for studying the genetic basis of parallel adaptation to subterranean environments and may help to characterise the genomic changes driving the evolution of subspecies of A. aquaticus in these habitats ( Balázs et al., 2021).
We present a chromosomally complete genome sequence for Asellus aquaticus based on an adult specimen ( Figure 1) collected from a pond in Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, UK as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project. This project is a collaborative effort to sequence all named eukaryotic species in the Atlantic Archipelago of Britain and Ireland ( Blaxter et al., 2022).
Figure 1. Photograph of the Asellus aquaticus (qmAseAqua29) specimen used for genome sequencing.
Genome sequence report
Sequencing data
The genome of a specimen of Asellus aquaticus ( Figure 1) was sequenced using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule HiFi long reads, generating 131.32 Gb from 12.64 million reads, which were used to assemble the genome. GenomeScope analysis estimated the haploid genome size at 1,920.22 Mb, with a heterozygosity of 1.96% and repeat content of 63.17%. These estimates guided expectations for the assembly. Based on the estimated genome size, the sequencing data provided approximately 56 coverage. Hi-C sequencing produced 245.60 Gb from 1,626.49 million reads, and was used to scaffold the assembly. RNA sequencing data were also generated and are available in public sequence repositories. Table 1 summarises the specimen and sequencing details.
Table 1. Specimen and sequencing data for Asellus aquaticus.
| Project information | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study title | Asellus aquaticus (water hoglouse) | ||
| Umbrella BioProject | PRJEB74712 | ||
| Species | Asellus aquaticus | ||
| BioSpecimen | SAMEA110451522 | ||
| NCBI taxonomy ID | 92525 | ||
| Specimen information | |||
| Technology | ToLID | BioSample accession | Organism part |
| PacBio long read sequencing | qmAseAqua29 | SAMEA110451707 | whole organism |
| Hi-C sequencing | qmAseAqua15 | SAMEA7521464 | whole organism |
| RNA sequencing | qmAseAqua9 | SAMEA7521400 | whole organism |
| Sequencing information | |||
| Platform | Run accession | Read count | Base count (Gb) |
| Hi-C Illumina NovaSeq 6000 | ERR12893035 | 1.63e+09 | 245.6 |
| PacBio Sequel IIe | ERR12875181 | 5.74e+05 | 5.28 |
| PacBio Revio | ERR12875178 | 8.21e+06 | 86.15 |
| PacBio Sequel II | ERR12875179 | 1.55e+06 | 13.83 |
| PacBio Sequel IIe | ERR12875180 | 2.30e+06 | 26.07 |
| RNA Illumina HiSeq 4000 | ERR12893036 | 2.98e+07 | 4.5 |
Assembly statistics
The primary haplotype was assembled, and contigs corresponding to an alternate haplotype were also deposited in INSDC databases. The assembly was improved by manual curation, which corrected 1384 misjoins or missing joins and removed 691 haplotypic duplications. These interventions reduced the total assembly length by 24.83%, decreased the scaffold count by 18.37%, and increased the scaffold N50 by 48.32%. The final assembly has a total length of 1,977.80 Mb in 1,243 scaffolds, with 1,826 gaps, and a scaffold N50 of 253.56 Mb ( Table 2).
Table 2. Genome assembly data for Asellus aquaticus.
| Genome assembly | ||
|---|---|---|
| Assembly name | qmAseAqua29.1 | |
| Assembly accession | GCA_964212115.1 | |
| Alternate haplotype accession | GCA_964212135.1 | |
| Assembly level for primary assembly | chromosome | |
| Span (Mb) | 1,977.80 | |
| Number of contigs | 3,069 | |
| Number of scaffolds | 1,243 | |
| Longest scaffold (Mb) | 297.65 | |
| Assembly metric | Measure | Benchmark |
| Contig N50 length | 1.77 Mb | ≥ 1 Mb |
| Scaffold N50 length | 253.56 Mb | = chromosome N50 |
| Consensus quality (QV) | Primary: 53.4; alternate: 53.3; combined: 53.3 | ≥ 40 |
| k-mer completeness | Primary: 67.72%; alternate: 66.38%; combined: 97.95% | ≥ 95% |
| BUSCO * | C:88.4%[S:86.3%,D:2.1%], F:3.5%,M:8.2%,n:1,013 | S > 90%; D < 5% |
| Percentage of assembly mapped to chromosomes | 93.57% | ≥ 90% |
| Sex chromosomes | None | localised homologous pairs |
| Organelles | Mitochondrial genome: 16.53 kb | complete single alleles |
* BUSCO scores based on the arthropoda_odb10 BUSCO set using version 5.5.0. C = complete [S = single copy, D = duplicated], F = fragmented, M = missing, n = number of orthologues in comparison.
The snail plot in Figure 2 provides a summary of the assembly statistics, indicating the distribution of scaffold lengths and other assembly metrics. Figure 3 shows the distribution of scaffolds by GC proportion and coverage. Figure 4 presents a cumulative assembly plot, with separate curves representing different scaffold subsets assigned to various phyla, illustrating the completeness of the assembly.
Figure 2. Genome assembly of Asellus aquaticus, qmAseAqua29.1: metrics.
The BlobToolKit snail plot provides an overview of assembly metrics and BUSCO gene completeness. The circumference represents the length of the whole genome sequence, and the main plot is divided into 1,000 bins around the circumference. The outermost blue tracks display the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages across the bins. Scaffolds are arranged clockwise from longest to shortest and are depicted in dark grey. The longest scaffold is indicated by the red arc, and the deeper orange and pale orange arcs represent the N50 and N90 lengths. A light grey spiral at the centre shows the cumulative scaffold count on a logarithmic scale. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes in the set is presented at the top right. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_964212115.1/dataset/GCA_964212115.1/snail.
Figure 3. Genome assembly of Asellus aquaticus, qmAseAqua29.1: BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot.
Blob plot showing sequence coverage (vertical axis) and GC content (horizontal axis). The circles represent scaffolds, with the size proportional to scaffold length and the colour representing phylum membership. The histograms along the axes display the total length of sequences distributed across different levels of coverage and GC content. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_964212115.1/dataset/GCA_964212115.1/blob.
Figure 4. Genome assembly of Asellus aquaticus, qmAseAqua29.1: BlobToolKit cumulative sequence plot.
The grey line shows cumulative length for all scaffolds. Coloured lines show cumulative lengths of scaffolds assigned to each phylum using the buscogenes taxrule. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_964212115.1/dataset/GCA_964212115.1/cumulative.
Most of the assembly sequence (93.57%) was assigned to 8 chromosomal-level scaffolds. These chromosome-level scaffolds, confirmed by Hi-C data, are named according to size ( Figure 5; Table 3).
Figure 5. Genome assembly of Asellus aquaticus: Hi-C contact map of the qmAseAqua29.1 assembly produced in PretextView.
Chromosomes are shown in order of size and labelled with chromosome numbers (top) and chromosome accession numbers (left).
Table 3. Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the genome assembly of Asellus aquaticus, qmAseAqua29.
| INSDC accession | Name | Length (Mb) | GC% |
|---|---|---|---|
| OZ125846.1 | 1 | 297.65 | 32 |
| OZ125847.1 | 2 | 287.49 | 32 |
| OZ125848.1 | 3 | 254.79 | 32 |
| OZ125849.1 | 4 | 253.56 | 32 |
| OZ125850.1 | 5 | 243.89 | 32.5 |
| OZ125851.1 | 6 | 217.78 | 32 |
| OZ125852.1 | 7 | 152.5 | 32 |
| OZ125853.1 | 8 | 143.02 | 32 |
| OZ125854.1 | MT | 0.02 | 34 |
The mitochondrial genome was also assembled. This sequence is included as a contig in the multifasta file of the genome submission and as a standalone record.
Assembly quality metrics
The estimated Quality Value (QV) and k-mer completeness metrics, along with BUSCO completeness scores, were calculated for each haplotype and the combined assembly. The QV reflects the base-level accuracy of the assembly, while k-mer completeness indicates the proportion of expected k-mers identified in the assembly. BUSCO scores provide a measure of completeness based on benchmarking universal single-copy orthologues.
The combined primary and alternate assemblies achieve an estimated QV of 53.3. The k-mer recovery for the primary haplotype is 67.72%, and for the alternate haplotype 66.38%; the combined primary and alternate assemblies have a k-mer recovery of 97.95%. BUSCO v.5.5.0 analysis using the arthropoda_odb10 reference set ( n = 1,013) identified 88.4% of the expected gene set (single = 86.3%, duplicated = 2.1%).
Table 2 provides assembly metric benchmarks adapted from Rhie et al. (2021) and the Earth BioGenome Project Report on Assembly Standards September 2024. The assembly achieves the EBP reference standard of 6.C.Q53.
Methods
Sample acquisition and DNA barcoding
An adult Asellus aquaticus (specimen ID Ox001984, ToLID qmAseAqua29) was collected from Wytham Woods, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom (latitude 51.764, longitude –1.337) on 2021-10-10 by potting. The specimen was collected and identified by Jessica Thomas (Wellcome Sanger Institute) and preserved on dry ice.
Two other adult specimens were used for Hi-C and RNA sequencing. The specimen used for Hi-C sequencing (specimen ID NHMUK014360867, ToLID qmAseAqua15 was collected from Shropshire Union Canal, United Kingdom (latitude 52.975, longitude –2.510) on 2019-03-18, using a kick-net. The specimen used for RNA sequencing (specimen ID NHMUK014361077, ToLID qmAseAqua9) was collected from Tewin Bury Farm, Tewin, England, UK (latitude 51.810, longitude –0.164). The specimens were collected by the Environment Agency on behalf of the Natural History Museum.
The initial identification was verified by an additional DNA barcoding process according to the framework developed by Twyford et al. (2024). A small sample was dissected from the specimen and stored in ethanol, while the remaining parts were shipped on dry ice to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) ( Pereira et al., 2022). The tissue was lysed, the COI marker region was amplified by PCR, and amplicons were sequenced and compared to the BOLD database, confirming the species identification ( Crowley et al., 2023). Following whole genome sequence generation, the relevant DNA barcode region was also used alongside the initial barcoding data for sample tracking at the WSI ( Twyford et al., 2024). The standard operating procedures for Darwin Tree of Life barcoding have been deposited on protocols.io ( Beasley et al., 2023).
Metadata collection for samples adhered to the Darwin Tree of Life project standards described by Lawniczak et al. (2022).
Nucleic acid extraction
The workflow for high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction at the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) Tree of Life Core Laboratory includes a sequence of procedures: sample preparation and homogenisation, DNA extraction, fragmentation and purification. Detailed protocols are available on protocols.io ( Denton et al., 2023b). The qmAseAqua29 sample was prepared for DNA extraction by weighing and dissecting it on dry ice ( Jay et al., 2023). Tissue from the whole organism was homogenised using a PowerMasher II tissue disruptor ( Denton et al., 2023a). HMW DNA was extracted using the Manual MagAttract v1 protocol ( Strickland et al., 2023b). DNA was sheared into an average fragment size of 12–20 kb in a Megaruptor 3 system ( Todorovic et al., 2023). Sheared DNA was purified by solid-phase reversible immobilisation, using AMPure PB beads to eliminate shorter fragments and concentrate the DNA ( Strickland et al., 2023a). The concentration of the sheared and purified DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and Qubit Fluorometer using the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay kit. Fragment size distribution was evaluated by running the sample on the FemtoPulse system. For this sample, the extracted DNA had a Qubit concentration of 12.0 ng/μL and a yield of 2,400.00 ng. Spectrophotometric measurements indicated 260/280 and 260/230 ratios of 1.92 and 6.05, respectively.
RNA was extracted from whole organism tissue of qmAseAqua9 in the Tree of Life Laboratory at the WSI using the RNA Extraction: Automated MagMax™ mirVana protocol ( do Amaral et al., 2023). The RNA concentration was assessed using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and a Qubit Fluorometer using the Qubit RNA Broad-Range Assay kit. Analysis of the integrity of the RNA was done using the Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit and Eukaryotic Total RNA assay.
Hi-C sample preparation and crosslinking
Hi-C data were generated from the whole organism of the qmAseAqua15 sample using the Arima-HiC v2 kit (Arima Genomics) with 20–50 mg of frozen tissue (stored at –80 °C). As per manufacturer’s instructions, tissue was fixed, and the DNA crosslinked using a TC buffer with a final formaldehyde concentration of 2%. The tissue was then homogenised using the Diagnocine Power Masher-II. The crosslinked DNA was digested using a restriction enzyme master mix, then biotinylated and ligated. A clean up was performed with SPRIselect beads prior to library preparation. DNA concentration was quantified using the Qubit Fluorometer v4.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Qubit HS Assay Kit, and sample biotinylation percentage was estimated using the Arima-HiC v2 QC beads.
Library preparation and sequencing
Library preparation and sequencing were performed at the WSI Scientific Operations core.
PacBio HiFi
At a minimum, samples were required to have an average fragment size exceeding 8 kb and a total mass over 400 ng to proceed to the low-input SMRTbell Prep Kit 3.0 protocol (Pacific Biosciences), depending on genome size and sequencing depth required. Libraries were prepared using the SMRTbell Prep Kit 3.0 as per the manufacturer’s instructions. The kit includes the reagents required for end repair/A-tailing, adapter ligation, post-ligation SMRTbell bead cleanup, and nuclease treatment. Size-selection and clean-up were carried out using diluted AMPure PB beads (Pacific Biosciences). DNA concentration was quantified using the Qubit Fluorometer v4.0 (ThermoFisher Scientific) with Qubit 1X dsDNA HS assay kit and the final library fragment size analysis was carried out using the Agilent Femto Pulse Automated Pulsed Field CE Instrument (Agilent Technologies) and the gDNA 55kb BAC analysis kit.
Samples were sequenced using both the Sequel IIe system and Revio (Pacific Biosciences). The concentration of the library loaded onto the Sequel IIe was in the range 40–135 pM. For Revio sequencing, prepared libraries were normalised to 2 nM, and 15 μL was used for making complexes. Primers were annealed and polymerases were bound to create circularised complexes according to manufacturer’s instructions. The complexes were purified with the 1.2X clean up with SMRTbell beads. The purified complexes were then diluted to the Revio loading concentration (in the range 200–300 pM), and spiked with a Revio sequencing internal control. Samples were sequenced on Revio 25M SMRT cells (Pacific Biosciences, California, USA). The SMRT link software, a PacBio web-based end-to-end workflow manager, was used to set-up and monitor the runs, as well as perform primary and secondary analysis of the data upon completion.
Hi-C
For Hi-C library preparation, the biotinylated DNA constructs were fragmented using a Covaris E220 sonicator and size-selected to 400–600 bp using SPRISelect beads. DNA was then enriched using Arima-HiC v2 Enrichment beads. The NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs) was used for end repair, A-tailing, and adapter ligation, following a modified protocol in which library preparation is carried out while the DNA remains bound to the enrichment beads. PCR amplification was performed using KAPA HiFi HotStart mix and custom dual-indexed adapters (Integrated DNA Technologies) in a 96-well plate format. Depending on sample concentration and biotinylation percentage determined at the crosslinking stage, samples were amplified for 10–16 PCR cycles. Post-PCR clean-up was carried out using SPRISelect beads. The libraries were quantified using the Accuclear Ultra High Sensitivity dsDNA Standards Assay kit (Biotium) and normalised to 10 ng/μL before sequencing. Hi-C sequencing was performed on the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 instrument using 150 bp paired-end reads.
RNA
Poly(A) RNA-Seq libraries were prepared using the NEBNext ® Ultra™ II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (New England Biolabs), following the manufacturer’s instructions. Poly(A) mRNA in the total RNA solution was isolated using oligo(dT) beads, converted to cDNA, and uniquely indexed; 14 PCR cycles were performed. Libraries were size-selected to produce fragments between 100–300 bp. Libraries were quantified, normalised, pooled to a final concentration of 2.8 nM, and diluted to 150 pM for loading. Sequencing was carried out on the Illumina HiSeq 4000 instrument.
Genome assembly, curation and evaluation
Assembly
Prior to assembly of the PacBio HiFi reads, a database of k-mer counts ( k = 31) was generated from the filtered reads using FastK. GenomeScope2 ( Ranallo-Benavidez et al., 2020) was used to analyse the k-mer frequency distributions, providing estimates of genome size, heterozygosity, and repeat content.
The HiFi reads were first assembled using Hifiasm ( Cheng et al., 2021) with the --primary option. Haplotypic duplications were identified and removed using purge_dups ( Guan et al., 2020). The Hi-C reads ( Rao et al., 2014) were mapped to the primary contigs using bwa-mem2 ( Vasimuddin et al., 2019), and the contigs were scaffolded using YaHS ( Zhou et al., 2023) using the --break option for handling potential misassemblies. The scaffolded assemblies were evaluated using Gfastats ( Formenti et al., 2022), BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021) and MERQURY.FK ( Rhie et al., 2020).
The mitochondrial genome was assembled using MitoHiFi ( Uliano-Silva et al., 2023) and OATK ( Zhou et al., 2024).
Assembly curation
The assembly was decontaminated using the Assembly Screen for Cobionts and Contaminants (ASCC) pipeline. Flat files and maps used in curation were generated via the TreeVal pipeline ( Pointon et al., 2023). Manual curation was conducted primarily in PretextView ( Harry, 2022) and HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018), with additional insights provided by JBrowse2 ( Diesh et al., 2023). Scaffolds were visually inspected and corrected as described by Howe et al. (2021). Any identified contamination, missed joins, and mis-joins were amended, and duplicate sequences were tagged and removed. The curation process is documented at https://gitlab.com/wtsi-grit/rapid-curation.
Assembly quality assessment
The Merqury.FK tool ( Rhie et al., 2020), run in a Singularity container ( Kurtzer et al., 2017), was used to evaluate k-mer completeness and assembly quality for the primary and alternate haplotypes using the k-mer databases ( k = 31) computed prior to genome assembly. The analysis outputs included assembly QV scores and completeness statistics.
The blobtoolkit pipeline is a Nextflow ( Di Tommaso et al., 2017) port of the previous Snakemake Blobtoolkit pipeline ( Challis et al., 2020). It aligns the PacBio reads in SAMtools and minimap2 ( Li, 2018) and generates coverage tracks for regions of fixed size. In parallel, it queries the GoaT database ( Challis et al., 2023) to identify all matching BUSCO lineages to run BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021). For the three domain-level BUSCO lineages, the pipeline aligns the BUSCO genes to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database ( Bateman et al., 2023) with DIAMOND blastp ( Buchfink et al., 2021). The genome is also divided into chunks according to the density of the BUSCO genes from the closest taxonomic lineage, and each chunk is aligned to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database using DIAMOND blastx. Genome sequences without a hit are chunked using seqtk and aligned to the NT database with blastn ( Altschul et al., 1990). The blobtools suite combines all these outputs into a blobdir for visualisation.
The blobtoolkit pipeline was developed using nf-core tooling ( Ewels et al., 2020) and MultiQC ( Ewels et al., 2016), relying on the Conda package manager, the Bioconda initiative ( Grüning et al., 2018), the Biocontainers infrastructure ( da Veiga Leprevost et al., 2017), as well as the Docker ( Merkel, 2014) and Singularity ( Kurtzer et al., 2017) containerisation solutions.
Table 4 contains a list of relevant software tool versions and sources.
Table 4. Software tools: versions and sources.
Wellcome Sanger Institute – Legal and Governance
The materials that have contributed to this genome note have been supplied by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner. The submission of materials by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner is subject to the ‘Darwin Tree of Life Project Sampling Code of Practice’, which can be found in full on the Darwin Tree of Life website here. By agreeing with and signing up to the Sampling Code of Practice, the Darwin Tree of Life Partner agrees they will meet the legal and ethical requirements and standards set out within this document in respect of all samples acquired for, and supplied to, the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Further, the Wellcome Sanger Institute employs a process whereby due diligence is carried out proportionate to the nature of the materials themselves, and the circumstances under which they have been/are to be collected and provided for use. The purpose of this is to address and mitigate any potential legal and/or ethical implications of receipt and use of the materials as part of the research project, and to ensure that in doing so we align with best practice wherever possible. The overarching areas of consideration are:
• Ethical review of provenance and sourcing of the material
• Legality of collection, transfer and use (national and international)
Each transfer of samples is further undertaken according to a Research Collaboration Agreement or Material Transfer Agreement entered into by the Darwin Tree of Life Partner, Genome Research Limited (operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute), and in some circumstances other Darwin Tree of Life collaborators.
Funding Statement
This work was supported by Wellcome through core funding to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (220540) and the Darwin Tree of Life Discretionary Award [218328, <a href=https://doi.org/10.35802/218328>https://doi.org/10.35802/218328 </a>].
The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
[version 1; peer review: 2 approved]
Data availability
European Nucleotide Archive: Asellus aquaticus (water hoglouse). Accession number PRJEB74712; https://identifiers.org/ena.embl/PRJEB74712. The genome sequence is released openly for reuse. The Asellus aquaticus genome sequencing initiative is part of the Darwin Tree of Life (DToL) project and the European Reference Genome Atlas Pilot Project ( ERGA-PI). All raw sequence data and the assembly have been deposited in INSDC databases. The genome will be annotated using available RNA-Seq data and presented through the Ensembl pipeline at the European Bioinformatics Institute. Raw data and assembly accession identifiers are reported in Table 1 and Table 2.
Author information
Members of the University of Oxford and Wytham Woods Genome Acquisition Lab are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12157525.
Members of the Natural History Museum Genome Acquisition Lab are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12159242.
Members of the Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12158331.
Members of the Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12162482.
Members of Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12165051.
Members of the Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12160324.
Members of the Tree of Life Core Informatics collective are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12205391.
Members of the Darwin Tree of Life Consortium are listed here: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4783558.
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